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Dodero VI, Herrera MG. Oligomerization of 33-mer Gliadin Peptides: Supramolecular Assemblies in Celiac Disease. ChemMedChem 2025; 20:e202400789. [PMID: 39635969 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2024] [Revised: 12/04/2024] [Accepted: 12/05/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
The 33-mer gliadin peptide and its deamidated derivative, known as 33-mer DGP, are proteolytically resistant peptides central to the pathomechanism of celiac disease (CeD), the autoimmune presentation of gluten-related disorders (GRD). Both peptides can form spontaneous oligomers in the nanomolar concentration, leading to the formation of nanostructures. In other protein-related diseases, oligomers and aggregates are central in their pathomechanism; therefore, it was hypothesized that the oligomerization of proteolytical-resistant 33-mer gliadin peptides could be an underrecognized disease trigger. This review focuses on the current understanding of 33-mer peptides and their oligomers in vitro and cellular experiments. We intend to give the necessary details that incentivize the chemistry community to get involved in the effort to understand the self-assembly of gliadin peptides and the role of their supramolecular structures in CeD and the other GRD. More research is needed to design effective and safe chemical and/or nutritional interventions beyond the gluten-free diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica I Dodero
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - María G Herrera
- Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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Neuman V, Plachy L, Pruhova S, Sumnik Z. Dietary Components in the Pathogenesis and Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes in Children. Horm Res Paediatr 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38838652 DOI: 10.1159/000539575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a disease closely linked to nutrition and modifications in various dietary components have been part of the effort to prevent or slow the progression of the disease even before the discovery of insulin. SUMMARY The scientific focus in the prevention or progression modification of T1D is mostly centered on four dietary compounds and their modifications - gluten and its omission, vitamin D supplementation, omega-3 fatty acids supplementation, and decreasing of the amount of ingested carbohydrates. The aim of this narrative review was to provide an overview of nutritional interventions studied in children either as preventive methods or as modifiers in the early stages of T1D from autoantibody positive individuals to persons with newly diagnosed T1D. KEY MESSAGES Our review shows that dietary modifications in various dietary components might be useful but none of them seems to provide universal effects in T1D prevention or progression modification. More research is therefore needed with focus on promising modes of action of individual dietary components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vit Neuman
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lukas Plachy
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Stepanka Pruhova
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zdenek Sumnik
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
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3
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Aguilar EC, Fernandes-Braga W, Santos EA, Leocádio PCL, Dos Santos Aggum Capettini L, Orellano LAA, Campos PP, Lemos VS, Soares FLP, Navia-Pelaez JM, Alvarez-Leite JI. Gluten worsens non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by affecting lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in diet-induced obese apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:1335-1347. [PMID: 37402020 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is closely associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by hepatic fat accumulation and hepatocyte injury. Preclinical studies have shown exacerbated weight gain associated with an obesogenic gluten-containing diet. However, whether gluten affects obesity-induced hepatic lipid accumulation still remains unclear. We hypothesized that gluten intake could affect fatty liver development in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Thus, we aimed to investigate the impact of gluten intake on NAFLD in HFD-induced obese mice. Male apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice were fed with a HFD containing (GD) or not (GFD) vital wheat gluten (4.5%) for 10 weeks. Blood and liver were collected for further analysis. We found that gluten exacerbated weight gain, hepatic fat deposition, and hyperglycemia without affecting the serum lipid profile. Livers of the GD group showed a larger area of fibrosis, associated with the expression of collagen and MMP9, and higher expression of apoptosis-related factors, p53, p21, and caspase-3. The expression of lipogenic factors, such as PPARγ and Acc1, was more elevated and factors related to beta-oxidation, such as PPARα and Cpt1, were lower in the GD group compared to the GFD. Further, gluten intake induced a more significant expression of Cd36, suggesting higher uptake of free fatty acids. Finally, we found lower protein expression of PGC1α followed by lower activation of AMPK. Our data show that gluten-containing high-fat diet exacerbated NAFLD by affecting lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in obese Apoe-/- mice through a mechanism involving lower activation of AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edenil Costa Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB - Federal University of Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, 30161-970, Brazil.
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Weslley Fernandes-Braga
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB - Federal University of Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, 30161-970, Brazil
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elandia Aparecida Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB - Federal University of Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, 30161-970, Brazil
| | - Paola Caroline Lacerda Leocádio
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB - Federal University of Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, 30161-970, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paula Peixoto Campos
- Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Virginia Soares Lemos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Maria Navia-Pelaez
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Jacqueline I Alvarez-Leite
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB - Federal University of Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, 30161-970, Brazil
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4
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Herrera MG, Amundarain MJ, Dörfler PW, Dodero VI. The Celiac-Disease Superantigen Oligomerizes and Increases Permeability in an Enterocyte Cell Model. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317552. [PMID: 38497459 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten proteins, affecting approximately 1 % of the global population. The 33-mer deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP) is a metabolically modified wheat-gluten superantigen for CeD. Here, we demonstrate that the 33-mer DGP spontaneously assembles into oligomers with a diameter of approximately 24 nm. The 33-mer DGP oligomers present two main secondary structural motifs-a major polyproline II helix and a minor β-sheet structure. Importantly, in the presence of 33-mer DGP oligomers, there is a statistically significant increase in the permeability in the gut epithelial cell model Caco-2, accompanied by the redistribution of zonula occludens-1, a master tight junction protein. These findings provide novel molecular and supramolecular insights into the impact of 33-mer DGP in CeD and highlight the relevance of gliadin peptide oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Herrera
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Translational Biology (iB3), Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1428EG, Argentina
| | - Maria J Amundarain
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Philipp W Dörfler
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Veronica I Dodero
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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Arora S, Tayade A, Bhardwaj T, Pathak SS. Unveiling the Link: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of the Relationship Between Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Celiac Disease. Cureus 2023; 15:e47726. [PMID: 38022113 PMCID: PMC10676227 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune condition with a genetic predisposition. It has underlying autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic cells that produce insulin. It is often accompanied by other autoimmune conditions. This article focuses on celiac disease (CD), also an autoimmune disease. It is caused by gluten exposure. Both these conditions have genetic predisposing factors. Apart from the genetic background, aberrant small intestine immune response, inflammation, and different grades of enteropathy present in T1DM and CD are the same. With a mean frequency of 8%, the CD frequency of T1DM ranges from 3 to 16%. All T1DM patients should undergo serological testing for CD using antibodies to tissue transglutaminase at the time of T1DM onset. Individuals with T1DM and those accompanied by CD must follow a diet with no gluten. To outline the steps that can avert the development of these disorders and reduce the morbidity of the affected people, a complete understanding of the intricate pathophysiology of T1DM and its connection to CD has been undertaken in this review. The use of resources, such as PubMed and Google Scholar, has made this possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanvi Arora
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Ayush Tayade
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Tanya Bhardwaj
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Swanand S Pathak
- Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Aguilar EC, Fernandes-Braga W, Leocádio PCL, Campos GP, Lemos VS, de Oliveira RP, Caetano de Faria AM, Dos Santos Aggum Capettini L, Alvarez-Leite JI. Dietary gluten worsens hepatic steatosis by increasing inflammation and oxidative stress in ApoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet. Food Funct 2023; 14:3332-3347. [PMID: 36940107 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00149k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disorder in the world. We have seen that gluten intake exacerbated obesity and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice. In this study, we investigated the effect of gluten consumption on inflammation and oxidative stress in the liver of mice with NAFLD. Male ApoE-/- mice were fed a gluten-free (GF-HFD) or gluten-containing (G-HFD) high-fat diet for 10 weeks. Blood, liver, and spleen were collected to perform the analyses. The animals of the gluten group had increased hepatic steatosis, followed by increased serum AST and ALT. Gluten intake increased hepatic infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils, as well as the levels of chemotaxis-related factors CCL2, Cxcl2, and Cxcr3. The production of the TNF, IL-1β, IFNγ, and IL-4 cytokines in the liver was also increased by gluten intake. Furthermore, gluten exacerbated the hepatic lipid peroxidation and nitrotyrosine deposition, which were associated with increased production of ROS and nitric oxide. These effects were related to increased expression of NADPH oxidase and iNOS, as well as decreased activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes. There was an increased hepatic expression of the NF-κB and AP1 transcription factors, corroborating the worsening effect of gluten on inflammation and oxidative stress. Finally, we found an increased frequency of CD4+FOXP3+ lymphocytes in the spleen and increased gene expression of Foxp3 in the livers of the G-HFD group. In conclusion, dietary gluten aggravates NAFLD, exacerbating hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress in obese ApoE-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edenil Costa Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais/UFMG, Caixa Postal 486, 30161-970 Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Weslley Fernandes-Braga
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais/UFMG, Caixa Postal 486, 30161-970 Belo Horizonte, Brazil. .,Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Paola Caroline Lacerda Leocádio
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais/UFMG, Caixa Postal 486, 30161-970 Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Gianne Paul Campos
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Virginia Soares Lemos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | | | - Ana Maria Caetano de Faria
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais/UFMG, Caixa Postal 486, 30161-970 Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | | | - Jacqueline I Alvarez-Leite
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais/UFMG, Caixa Postal 486, 30161-970 Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Gluten-Free Diet in Co-Existent Celiac Disease and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Is It Detrimental or Beneficial to Glycemic Control, Vascular Complications, and Quality of Life? Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010199. [PMID: 36615856 PMCID: PMC9824312 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and both have the same genetic background. Most patients with T1DM who develop CeD are either asymptomatic or have mild CeD-related gastrointestinal symptoms. Therefore, children affected by T1DM should undergo screening for asymptomatic CeD. The aim of this review is to highlight the influence of a gluten-free diet (GFD) on glycemic control, growth rate, microvascular complications, and quality of life in patients with T1DM and CeD. PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central databases were searched. Reports reviewed were those published from 1969 to 2022 that focused on the interplay of T1DM and CeD and examined the effect of diet on glycemic control, growth rate, and quality of life. The most challenging aspect for a child with T1DM and CeD is that most GFD foods have a high glycemic index, while low glycemic index foods are recommended for T1DM. Interestingly, dietary therapy for CeD could improve the elevated HbA1c levels. Avoiding gluten added to a diabetic dietary regimen in T1DM patients might impose practical limitations and lead to important restrictions in the lifestyle of a young patient. Consequently, non-adherence to GFD in patients with T1DM and CeD is common. GFD in patients with T1DM and CeD seems to lower the incidence of micro- and macrovascular complications, but this requires further investigation. It seems that adherence to GFD in young patients with T1DM and CeD leads to regular growth and a stable body mass index without any negative effect on HbA1c or insulin requirements. Furthermore, the lipid profile and quality of life seem to have improved with the introduction of GFD.
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8
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Söderström H, Cervin M, Dereke J, Hillman M, Tiberg I, Norström F, Carlsson A. Does a gluten-free diet lead to better glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes? Results from a feasibility study and recommendations for future trials. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2022; 26:100893. [PMID: 35243123 PMCID: PMC8866053 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2022.100893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Söderström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Skåne University Hospital Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Corresponding author.
| | - Matti Cervin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonatan Dereke
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes Research Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Hillman
- Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Iren Tiberg
- Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Norström
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Annelie Carlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Skåne University Hospital Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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9
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El-Feky AM, Elbatanony MM, Aboul Naser AF, Younis EA, Hamed MA. Salvia hispanica L. seeds extract alleviate encephalopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats: Role of oxidative stress, neurotransmitters, DNA and histological indices. Biomarkers 2022; 27:427-440. [PMID: 35253573 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2022.2051072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder and may lead to cognitive dysfunctions. OBJECTIVE The aim of this work is to evaluate the potency of Salvia hispanica L. seeds (S. hispanica L.) (chia seeds) petroleum ether extract in attenuating brain complications associated with streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Phytochemical composition of the seeds extract, macro and micro elements, vitamins, protein, carbohydrate and caloric values were estimated. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg body weight (b.wt)). Glibenclamide as a reference drug was also evaluated. The biochemical evaluation was done by measuring levels of glucose, insulin, α amylase, glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HD), noradrenaline (NE), acetylcholinesterase (AchE), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), DNA fragmentation pattern and the histopathological profile of the brain hippocampus region. RESULTS Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis revealed the presence of twenty-five fatty acid esters and twenty-two compounds. Column chromatography led to the isolation of nine compounds. Treatment with the seeds extract revealed improvement of the measured parameters with variable degrees. CONCLUSION Chia seeds extract succeeded to attenuate the neurodegeneration in diabetic rats. Thereafter, it could be potentially used as a new dietary supplement against diabetic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal M El-Feky
- Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Asmaa F Aboul Naser
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman A Younis
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Manal A Hamed
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Hansen CH, Larsen CS, Zachariassen LF, Mentzel CM, Laigaard A, Krych L, Nielsen DS, Gobbi A, Haupt-Jorgensen M, Buschard K, Hansen AK. Gluten-free diet reduces autoimmune diabetes mellitus in mice across multiple generations in a microbiota-independent manner. J Autoimmun 2022; 127:102795. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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11
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Gliadin proteolytical resistant peptides: the interplay between structure and self-assembly in gluten-related disorders. Biophys Rev 2022; 13:1147-1154. [PMID: 35047092 PMCID: PMC8724473 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the evaluation of the structural properties of food has become of crucial importance in the understanding of food-related disorders. One of the most exciting systems is gliadin, a protein in wheat gluten, that plays a protagonist role in gluten-related disorders with a worldwide prevalence of 5%, including autoimmune celiac disease (CeD) (1%) and non-celiac wheat sensitivity (0.5–13%). It is accepted that gliadin is not fully digested by humans, producing large peptides that reach the gut mucosa. The gliadin peptides cross the lamina propria eliciting different immune responses in susceptible patients. Many clinical and biomedical efforts aim to diagnose and understand gluten-related disorders; meanwhile, the early stages of the inflammatory events remain elusive. Interestingly, although the primary sequence of many gliadin peptides is well known, it was only recently revealed the self-assembly capability of two pathogenic gliadin fragments and their connection to the early stage of diseases. This review is dedicated to the most relevant biophysical characterization of the complex gliadin digest and the two most studied gliadin fragments, the immunodominant 33-mer peptide and the toxic p31-43 in connection with inflammation and innate immune response. Here, we want to emphasize that combining different biophysical methods with cellular and in vivo models is of key importance to get an integrative understanding of a complex biological problem, as discussed here.
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Di Liberto D, Carlisi D, D’Anneo A, Emanuele S, Giuliano M, De Blasio A, Calvaruso G, Lauricella M. Gluten Free Diet for the Management of Non Celiac Diseases: The Two Sides of the Coin. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:healthcare8040400. [PMID: 33066519 PMCID: PMC7712796 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8040400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A lifelong adherence to a gluten-free (GF) diet is currently the only treatment for Celiac disease (CD), an autoimmune disorder that arises after gluten ingestion in individuals who are genetically predisposed. The gluten intake exerts toxic effects through several pathways involving gut barrier integrity, intestinal microbiota composition and immune system stimulation. However, despite the great benefit of GF diet for CD patients, its use has been debated. Indeed, individuals who adopt this diet regime may be at risk of nutrient deficiencies. Emerging evidence supports a beneficial effect of a GF diet also for other pathological conditions, including gluten-related disorders (GRD) often associated to CD, such as Non celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) and Dermatitis Herpetiforme (DH) as well as Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and Diabetes. This suggests a pathogenic role of gluten in these conditions. Despite the growing popularity of GF diet among consumers, to date, there are limited evidences supporting its use for the management of non-celiac diseases. Therefore, in this review, we discuss whether the GF diet could really improve the general quality of life of patients with GRD and non-GRD conditions, keeping in mind its sensorial limitations and nutritional inadequacies. In addition, we discuss the current motivations, leading to the use of a GF diet, despite the inferior quality of GF products respect to those containing gluten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Di Liberto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), CLADIBIOR, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.D.L.); (A.D.); Tel.: +39-09123865854 (D.D.L.); +39-09123890650 (A.D.)
| | - Daniela Carlisi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (D.C.); (S.E.); (M.L.)
| | - Antonella D’Anneo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.G.); (A.D.B.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.D.L.); (A.D.); Tel.: +39-09123865854 (D.D.L.); +39-09123890650 (A.D.)
| | - Sonia Emanuele
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (D.C.); (S.E.); (M.L.)
| | - Michela Giuliano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.G.); (A.D.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Anna De Blasio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.G.); (A.D.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Calvaruso
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (M.G.); (A.D.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Marianna Lauricella
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (D.C.); (S.E.); (M.L.)
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Escudero-Hernández C, Martín Á, de Pedro Andrés R, Fernández-Salazar L, Garrote JA, Bernardo D, Arranz E. Circulating Dendritic Cells from Celiac Disease Patients Display a Gut-Homing Profile and are Differentially Modulated by Different Gliadin-Derived Peptides. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1900989. [PMID: 31970917 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Circulating dendritic cell (DC) and monocyte subsets contribute to the pool of intestinal DC and macrophages in celiac disease (CeD), an autoimmune gut disorder triggered by dietary gluten. Here, this study aims to characterize these circulating subsets in CeD and assess the effect of different gliadin-derived peptides on conventional DC (cDC). METHODS AND RESULTS Flow cytometry profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells reveals a slight decrease in the proportion of plasmacytoid and type 1 cDC in gluten-free diet (GFD)-treated CeD patients. In comparison to healthy donors, DC and monocyte subsets from active and GFD-treated CeD patients display an increased gut-homing profile. Type 2 cDC (cDC2) are sorted and stimulated with the gliadin-derived peptides 8-mer, 19-mer, and 33-mer. All peptides induce cDC2 maturation, although the profile is different. While peptide 8-mer induces a Th1/Th17 pro-inflammatory cytokine profile in active CeD patients, cDC2 primed with peptide 33-mer displays a higher capacity to promote gut-homing CCR9+ expression onto autologous T-cells. CONCLUSION Distinct gliadin-derived peptides elicit different effects on cDC2 phenotype and function. This effect is compatible with a model where diverse gliadin peptides may cooperate to promote full cDC2 activation and the subsequent T-cell response in genetically predisposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Escudero-Hernández
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), University of Valladolid-CSIC, C/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003, Valladolid, Spain.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Álvaro Martín
- Flow Cytometry facility. Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), University of Valladolid-CSIC, C/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo de Pedro Andrés
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), University of Valladolid-CSIC, C/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Luis Fernández-Salazar
- Digestive Disease Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Avda Ramón y Cajal 3, 47003, Valladolid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Garrote
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), University of Valladolid-CSIC, C/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003, Valladolid, Spain.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, C/ Dulzaina 2, 47012, Valladolid, Spain
| | - David Bernardo
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), University of Valladolid-CSIC, C/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Arranz
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), University of Valladolid-CSIC, C/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003, Valladolid, Spain
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Olivares M, Rodriguez J, Pötgens SA, Neyrinck AM, Cani PD, Bindels LB, Delzenne NM. The Janus Face of Cereals: Wheat-Derived Prebiotics Counteract the Detrimental Effect of Gluten on Metabolic Homeostasis in Mice Fed a High-Fat/High-Sucrose Diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900632. [PMID: 31608562 PMCID: PMC7003472 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Cereals are important sources of carbohydrates, but also contain nutrients that could impact adiposity. The contribution of gluten to obesity and the effects of prebiotics-arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides (AXOS) and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS)-that can be extracted from gluten-containing cereals are analyzed. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice are fed a control diet, Western diet (WD, consisting of high fat/high sucrose), or WD with 5% gluten. Prebiotics are tested in the WD with gluten. Gluten does not increase body weight and has a minor effect on ileal inflammation. Gluten decreases the expression of browning markers in the fat and increases the triglycerides synthesis in the muscle. AXOS decreases body weight and adiposity in fat pads muscle and liver. AXOS promotes gluten cleavage by the induction of prolyl endopeptidase that is translated into a reduction of gluten immunogenic peptides. Gluten has minor effects on cecal microbiota composition, whereas prebiotics increased Bifidobacterium, Butyricicoccus, Prevotella, and Parasutterella, which are all negatively correlated to the cecal content of gluten peptides. CONCLUSION While gluten may affect metabolic homeostasis, these effects are lessened when gluten is consumed along with cereal-derived fibers. If confirmed in humans, the authors bring new arguments to eat fiber-rich cereals to promote a healthy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Olivares
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUniversité catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)B‐1200BrusselsBelgium
| | - Julie Rodriguez
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUniversité catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)B‐1200BrusselsBelgium
| | - Sarah A. Pötgens
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUniversité catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)B‐1200BrusselsBelgium
| | - Audrey M. Neyrinck
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUniversité catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)B‐1200BrusselsBelgium
| | - Patrice D. Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUniversité catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)B‐1200BrusselsBelgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO)Louvain Drug Research InstituteUCLouvainB‐1200BrusselsBelgium
| | - Laure B. Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUniversité catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)B‐1200BrusselsBelgium
| | - Nathalie M. Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUniversité catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)B‐1200BrusselsBelgium
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15
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Hansen CHF, Larsen CS, Petersson HO, Zachariassen LF, Vegge A, Lauridsen C, Kot W, Krych Ł, Nielsen DS, Hansen AK. Targeting gut microbiota and barrier function with prebiotics to alleviate autoimmune manifestations in NOD mice. Diabetologia 2019; 62:1689-1700. [PMID: 31139852 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4910-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Adopting a diet containing indigestible fibre compounds such as prebiotics to fuel advantageous bacteria has proven beneficial for alleviating inflammation. The effect of the microbial changes on autoimmunity, however, remains unknown. We studied the effects of prebiotic xylooligosaccharides (XOS) on pancreatic islet and salivary gland inflammation in NOD mice and tested whether these were mediated by the gut microbiota. METHODS Mother and offspring mice were fed an XOS-supplemented diet until diabetes onset or weaning and were compared with a control-fed group. Diabetes incidence was monitored, insulitis and sialadenitis were scored in histological sections from adult mice, and several metabolic and immune variables were analysed in mice before the development of diabetes. Gut barrier function was assessed using an in vivo FITC-dextran permeability test. The importance of XOS-mediated gut microbial changes were evaluated in antibiotic-treated mice fed either XOS or control diet or given a faecal microbiota transplant from test animals. RESULTS Diabetes onset was delayed in the XOS-fed mice, which also had fewer cellular infiltrations in their pancreatic islets and salivary glands. Interestingly, insulitis was most reduced in the XOS-fed groups when the mice were also treated with an antibiotic cocktail. There was no difference in sialadenitis between the dietary groups treated with antibiotics; the mice were protected by microbiota depletion regardless of diet. Faecal microbiota transplantation was not able to transfer protection. No major differences in glucose-insulin regulation, glucagon-like peptide-1, or short-chain fatty acid production were related to the XOS diet. The XOS diet did, however, reduce gut permeability markers in the small and large intestine. This was accompanied by a more anti-inflammatory environment locally and systemically, dominated by a shift from M1 to M2 macrophages, a higher abundance of activated regulatory T cells, and lower levels of induction of natural killer T cells and cytotoxic T cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Prebiotic XOS have microbiota-dependent effects on salivary gland inflammation and microbiota-independent effects on pancreatic islet pathology that are accompanied by an improved gut barrier that seems able to heighten control of intestinal diabetogenic antigens that have the potential to penetrate the mucosa to activate autoreactive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla H F Hansen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Christian S Larsen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henriette O Petersson
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Line F Zachariassen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Witold Kot
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Łukasz Krych
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Dennis S Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Axel K Hansen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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16
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Possible Prevention of Diabetes with a Gluten-Free Diet. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111746. [PMID: 30428550 PMCID: PMC6266002 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gluten seems a potentially important determinant in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Intake of gluten, a major component of wheat, rye, and barley, affects the microbiota and increases the intestinal permeability. Moreover, studies have demonstrated that gluten peptides, after crossing the intestinal barrier, lead to a more inflammatory milieu. Gluten peptides enter the pancreas where they affect the morphology and might induce beta-cell stress by enhancing glucose- and palmitate-stimulated insulin secretion. Interestingly, animal studies and a human study have demonstrated that a gluten-free (GF) diet during pregnancy reduces the risk of T1D. Evidence regarding the role of a GF diet in T2D is less clear. Some studies have linked intake of a GF diet to reduced obesity and T2D and suggested a role in reducing leptin- and insulin-resistance and increasing beta-cell volume. The current knowledge indicates that gluten, among many environmental factors, may be an aetiopathogenic factors for development of T1D and T2D. However, human intervention trials are needed to confirm this and the proposed mechanisms.
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17
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Haupt-Jorgensen M, Larsen J, Josefsen K, Jørgensen TZ, Antvorskov JC, Hansen AK, Buschard K. Gluten-free diet during pregnancy alleviates signs of diabetes and celiac disease in NOD mouse offspring. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2018; 34:e2987. [PMID: 29392873 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gluten-free (GF) diet during pregnancy ameliorates autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse offspring. Due to comorbidity of celiac disease in type 1 diabetes, we hypothesized that GF diet in utero alleviates the humoral and histopathological signs of celiac disease in NOD mice. We aimed to establish the mechanisms behind the diabetes-protective effect of GF diet in utero. METHODS Breeding pairs of NOD mice were fed a GF or gluten-containing standard (STD) diet until parturition. The offspring were nursed by mothers on STD diet and continued on this diet until ages 4 and 13 weeks. Analyses of serum antitissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) intestine and islet histology, islet transglutaminase (TG) activity, and cytokine expression in T cells from lymphoid organs were performed. RESULTS GF versus STD diet in utero led to reduced serum anti-tTG titre and increased villus-to-crypt ratio at both ages. Insulitis along with systemic and local inflammation were decreased, but islet TG activity was unchanged in 13-week-old GF mice. These mice had unchanged beta-cell volumes, but increased islet numbers throughout the prediabetic period. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, GF diet administered during pregnancy improves signs of celiac disease and autoimmune diabetes in the offspring. The diabetes-ameliorative effect of GF diet in utero is followed by dampening of inflammation, unchanged beta-cell volume, but increased islet numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesper Larsen
- The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Knud Josefsen
- The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Axel K Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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18
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Abstract
Gluten‐related disorders are a complex group of diseases that involve the activation of the immune system triggered by the ingestion of gluten. Among these, celiac disease, with a prevalence of 1 %, is the most investigated, but recently, a new pathology, named nonceliac gluten sensitivity, was reported with a general prevalence of 7 %. Finally, there other less‐prevalent gluten‐related diseases such as wheat allergy, gluten ataxia, and dermatitis herpetiformis (with an overall prevalence of less than 0.1 %). As mentioned, the common molecular trigger is gluten, a complex mixture of storage proteins present in wheat, barley, and a variety of oats that are not fully degraded by humans. The most‐studied protein related to disease is gliadin, present in wheat, which possesses in its sequence many pathological fragments. Despite a lot of effort to treat these disorders, the only effective method is a long‐life gluten‐free diet. This Review summarizes the actual knowledge of gluten‐related disorders from a translational chemistry point of view. We discuss what is currently known from the literature about the interaction of gluten with the gut and the critical host responses it evokes and, finally, connect them to our current and novel molecular understanding of the supramolecular organization of gliadin and the 33‐mer gliadin peptide fragment under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Lammers
- Laboratory Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control VU University Medical Center 1081 Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Maria G Herrera
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry Institute of biological chemistry and Physicochemical CONICET-University of Buenos Aires Junín 956 C1113AAD Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Veronica I Dodero
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry III Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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19
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Lerner A, Shoenfeld Y, Matthias T. Adverse effects of gluten ingestion and advantages of gluten withdrawal in nonceliac autoimmune disease. Nutr Rev 2017; 75:1046-1058. [PMID: 29202198 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2025] Open
Abstract
In light of the coincident surge in overall gluten intake and the incidence of autoimmune diseases, the possible biological adverse effects of gluten were explored. PubMed, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library databases were screened for reports published between 1964 and 2016 regarding the adverse effects of gluten as well as the effects of a gluten-free diet on autoimmune diseases. In vitro and in vivo studies describing gluten intake in animal models or cell lines and gluten-free diets in human autoimmune diseases were reviewed. Multiple detrimental aspects of gluten affect human health, including gluten-dependent digestive and extradigestive manifestations mediated by potentially immunological or toxic reactions that induce gastrointestinal inadequacy. Gluten affects the microbiome and increases intestinal permeability. It boosts oxidative stress and affects epigenetic behavior. It is also immunogenic, cytotoxic, and proinflammatory. Gluten intake increases apoptosis and decreases cell viability and differentiation. In certain nonceliac autoimmune diseases, gluten-free diets may help curtail the adverse effects of gluten. Additional in vivo studies are needed to unravel the puzzle of gluten effects in humans and to explore the potential beneficial effects of gluten-free diets in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- B. Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- AESKU.KIPP Institute, Wendelsheim, Germany
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center-Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel, and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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20
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Haupt-Jorgensen M, Buschard K, Hansen AK, Josefsen K, Antvorskov JC. Gluten-free diet increases beta-cell volume and improves glucose tolerance in an animal model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2016; 32:675-684. [PMID: 26991675 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gluten-free (GF) diet alleviates type 1 diabetes in animal models and possibly in humans. We recently showed that fatty acid-induced insulin secretion is enhanced by enzymatically digested gluten (gliadin) stimulation in INS-1E insulinoma cells. We therefore hypothesized that GF diet would induce beta-cell rest and ameliorate type 2 diabetes. METHODS C57BL/6JBomTac (B6) mice were fed a high-fat (HF), gluten-free high-fat (GF-HF), standard (STD) or gluten-free (GF) diet for 42 weeks. RESULTS Short-term (6-24 weeks) GF-HF versus HF feeding impaired glucose tolerance and increased fasting glucose. Long-term (36-42 weeks) GF-HF versus HF feeding improved glucose tolerance and decreased fasting leptin. Mice fed a GF-HF versus HF diet for 42 weeks showed higher volumes of beta cells, islets and pancreas. The beta-cell volume correlated with the islet- and pancreas volume as well as body weight. GF-HF versus HF diet did not influence toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4), interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) or tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA expression in intestine. STD versus GF feeding did not affect any parameter studied. CONCLUSIONS Long-term feeding with GF-HF versus HF increases beta-cell volume and improves glucose tolerance in B6 mice. The mechanism may include beta-cell rest, but is unlikely to include TLR4 and proinflammatory cytokines in the intestine. Beta-cell volume correlates with pancreas volume and body weight, indicating that insulin secretion capacity controls pancreas volume. Thus, long-term GF diets may be beneficial for obese type 2 diabetes patients and trials should be performed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Axel K Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Knud Josefsen
- The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Svensson J, Sildorf SM, Pipper CB, Kyvsgaard JN, Bøjstrup J, Pociot FM, Mortensen HB, Buschard K. Potential beneficial effects of a gluten-free diet in newly diagnosed children with type 1 diabetes: a pilot study. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:994. [PMID: 27398272 PMCID: PMC4936999 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2641-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Gluten-free diet has shown promising effects in preventing type 1 diabetes (T1D) in animals as well as beneficial effects on the immune system. Gluten-free diet at diabetes onset may alter the natural course and outcome of autoimmune diseases such as T1D. METHODS In a 12-month study, 15 children newly diagnosed with T1D were instructed to follow a gluten-free diet. Questionnaires were used to evaluate adherence to the gluten-free diet. Partial remission (PR) was defined by insulin dose-adjusted A1c (IDAA1c) ≤9 or stimulated C-peptide (SCP) >300 pmol/L measured 90 min after a liquid mixed meal at the inclusion, six and 12 months after onset. The intervention group was compared with two previous cohorts. Linear mixed models were used to estimate differences between cohorts. RESULTS After 6 months, more children on a gluten-free diet tended to have SCP values above 300 pmol/L compared to the European cohort (p = 0.08). The adherence to a gluten-free diet decreased during the 12-month study period. After 1 year there was no difference in SCP levels or percentage in remission according to SCP (p > 0.1). Three times as many children were still in PR based on IDAA1c (p < 0.05). Twelve months after onset HbA1c were 21 % lower and IDAA1c >1 unit lower in the cohort on a gluten-free diet compared to the two previous cohorts (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Gluten-free diet is feasible in highly motivated families and is associated with a significantly better outcome as assessed by HbA1c and IDAA1c. This finding needs confirmation in a randomized trial including screening for quality of life. (Clinicaltrials.gov number NCT02284815).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannet Svensson
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Children and Adolescents, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Stine Møller Sildorf
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Children and Adolescents, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Christian B Pipper
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie N Kyvsgaard
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Children and Adolescents, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Julie Bøjstrup
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Children and Adolescents, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Flemming M Pociot
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Children and Adolescents, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Henrik B Mortensen
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Children and Adolescents, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Karsten Buschard
- The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Biocenter, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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RamaKrishnan AM, Sankaranarayanan K. Understanding autoimmunity: The ion channel perspective. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:585-620. [PMID: 26854401 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels are integral membrane proteins that orchestrate the passage of ions across the cell membrane and thus regulate various key physiological processes of the living system. The stringently regulated expression and function of these channels hold a pivotal role in the development and execution of various cellular functions. Malfunction of these channels results in debilitating diseases collectively termed channelopathies. In this review, we highlight the role of these proteins in the immune system with special emphasis on the development of autoimmunity. The role of ion channels in various autoimmune diseases is also listed out. This comprehensive review summarizes the ion channels that could be used as molecular targets in the development of new therapeutics against autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kavitha Sankaranarayanan
- AU-KBC Research Centre, Madras Institute of Technology, Anna University, Chrompet, Chennai 600 044, India.
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23
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Bruun SW, Josefsen K, Tanassi JT, Marek A, Pedersen MHF, Sidenius U, Haupt-Jorgensen M, Antvorskov JC, Larsen J, Heegaard NH, Buschard K. Large Gliadin Peptides Detected in the Pancreas of NOD and Healthy Mice following Oral Administration. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:2424306. [PMID: 27795959 PMCID: PMC5067331 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2424306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gluten promotes type 1 diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and likely also in humans. In NOD mice and in non-diabetes-prone mice, it induces inflammation in the pancreatic lymph nodes, suggesting that gluten can initiate inflammation locally. Further, gliadin fragments stimulate insulin secretion from beta cells directly. We hypothesized that gluten fragments may cross the intestinal barrier to be distributed to organs other than the gut. If present in pancreas, gliadin could interact directly with the immune system and the beta cells to initiate diabetes development. We orally and intravenously administered 33-mer and 19-mer gliadin peptide to NOD, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 mice and found that the peptides readily crossed the intestinal barrier in all strains. Several degradation products were found in the pancreas by mass spectroscopy. Notably, the exocrine pancreas incorporated large amounts of radioactive label shortly after administration of the peptides. The study demonstrates that, even in normal animals, large gliadin fragments can reach the pancreas. If applicable to humans, the increased gut permeability in prediabetes and type 1 diabetes patients could expose beta cells directly to gliadin fragments. Here they could initiate inflammation and induce beta cell stress and thus contribute to the development of type 1 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Gliadin/immunology
- Gliadin/pharmacokinetics
- Inflammation
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Secretion
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/immunology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Male
- Mass Spectrometry
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Pancreas/metabolism
- Pancreas, Exocrine/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacokinetics
- Permeability
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Knud Josefsen
- The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- *Knud Josefsen:
| | - Julia T. Tanassi
- Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology & Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Aleš Marek
- The Hevesy Laboratory, DTU Nutech, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin H. F. Pedersen
- The Hevesy Laboratory, DTU Nutech, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Sidenius
- Enzyme Purification and Characterization, Novozymes A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jesper Larsen
- The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Niels H. Heegaard
- Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology & Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
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24
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Antvorskov JC, Josefsen K, Haupt-Jorgensen M, Fundova P, Funda DP, Buschard K. Gluten-Free Diet Only during Pregnancy Efficiently Prevents Diabetes in NOD Mouse Offspring. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:3047574. [PMID: 27642610 PMCID: PMC5014974 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3047574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have documented that the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes is influenced by the intake of gluten. Aims. To investigate the importance of gluten exposure during pregnancy and the subsequent development of autoimmune diabetes in offspring. Methods. Nonobese diabetic mice were divided into 7 groups to receive combinations of gluten-free and standard diet before, during, or after pregnancy. Diabetes incidence in offspring was followed in each group (n = 16-27) for 310 days. Insulitis score and intestinal expression of T-cell transcription factors (RT-QPCR) were evaluated in animals from the different diet groups. Results. If mothers were fed a gluten-free diet only during pregnancy, the development of autoimmune diabetes in offspring was almost completely prevented with an incidence reduction from 62.5% in gluten-consuming mice to 8.3% (p < 0.0001) in the gluten-free group. The islets of Langerhans were less infiltrated (p < 0.001) and the intestinal expression of RORγt (Th17) (p < 0.0001) reduced in mice whose mothers were Gluten-free during pregnancy. Conclusion. A gluten-free diet exclusively during pregnancy efficiently prevents autoimmune diabetes development in offspring and reduces insulitis and intestinal expression of RORγt (Th17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C. Antvorskov
- The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Julie C. Antvorskov:
| | - Knud Josefsen
- The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Petra Fundova
- The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory of Specific Cellular Immunity, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, 54922 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David P. Funda
- The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory of Specific Cellular Immunity, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, 54922 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karsten Buschard
- The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Jönsson T, Memon AA, Sundquist K, Sundquist J, Olsson S, Nalla A, Bauer M, Linse S. Digested wheat gluten inhibits binding between leptin and its receptor. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 16:3. [PMID: 25600821 PMCID: PMC4308898 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-015-0032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Leptin resistance is considered a primary risk factor for obesity. It has been hypothesized that dietary cereal grain protein could cause leptin resistance by preventing leptin from binding to its receptor. Non-degraded dietary wheat protein has been found in human serum at a mean level of 41 ng/mL. Here, we report our findings from testing whether enzymatically digested gluten from wheat prevents leptin from binding to the leptin receptor in vitro. Gluten from wheat was digested with pepsin and trypsin under physiological conditions. Pepsin and trypsin activity was removed from the gluten digest with a 10 kDa spin-filter or by heat treatment at 100°C for 30 min. Binding to the leptin receptor of leptin mixed with gluten digest at a series of concentrations was measured using surface plasmon resonance technology. Results Binding of the gluten digest to the leptin receptor was not detected. Spin-filtered gluten digest inhibited binding of leptin to the leptin receptor, with 50% inhibition at a gluten digest concentration of ~10 ng/mL. Heat-treated gluten digest did not inhibit leptin binding. Conclusions Digested wheat gluten inhibits binding of leptin to the leptin receptor, with half-maximal inhibition at 10 ng/mL. The inhibition is significant at clinically relevant concentrations and could therefore serve as a novel pathway to investigate to understand the molecular basis of leptin resistance, obesity and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Jönsson
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Ashfaque A Memon
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University/Region Skåne, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Olsson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Amarnadh Nalla
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Mikael Bauer
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Sara Linse
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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26
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Larsen J, Dall M, Antvorskov JC, Weile C, Engkilde K, Josefsen K, Buschard K. Dietary gluten increases natural killer cell cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3056-67. [PMID: 25043259 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dietary gluten influences the development of type 1 diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and biobreeding rats, and has been shown to influence a wide range of immunological factors in the pancreas and gut. In the present study, the effects of gluten on NK cells were studied in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that gliadin increased direct cytotoxicity and IFN-γ secretion from murine splenocytes and NK cells toward the pancreatic beta-cell line MIN6 cells. Additionally, stimulation of MIN6 cells led to a significantly increased proportion of degranulating C57BL/6 CD107a(+) NK cells. Stimulation of C57BL/6 pancreatic islets with gliadin significantly increased secretion of IL-6 more than ninefold. In vivo, the gluten-containing diet led to a higher expression of NKG2D and CD71 on NKp46(+) cells in all lymphoid organs in BALB/c and NOD mice compared with the gluten-free diet. Collectively, our data suggest that dietary gluten increases murine NK-cell activity against pancreatic beta cells. This mechanism may contribute to development of type 1 diabetes and explain the higher disease incidence associated with gluten intake in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Larsen
- The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Antvorskov JC, Josefsen K, Engkilde K, Funda DP, Buschard K. Dietary gluten and the development of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1770-80. [PMID: 24871322 PMCID: PMC4119241 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Gluten proteins differ from other cereal proteins as they are partly resistant to enzymatic processing in the intestine, resulting in a continuous exposure of the proteins to the intestinal immune system. In addition to being a disease-initiating factor in coeliac disease (CD), gluten intake might affect type 1 diabetes development. Studies in animal models of type 1 diabetes have documented that the pathogenesis is influenced by diet. Thus, a gluten-free diet largely prevents diabetes in NOD mice while a cereal-based diet promotes diabetes development. In infants, amount, timing and mode of introduction have been shown to affect the diabetogenic potential of gluten, and some studies now suggest that a gluten-free diet may preserve beta cell function. Other studies have not found this effect. There is evidence that the intestinal immune system plays a primary role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, as diabetogenic T cells are initially primed in the gut, islet-infiltrating T cells express gut-associated homing receptors, and mesenteric lymphocytes transfer diabetes from NOD mice to NOD/severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. Thus, gluten may affect diabetes development by influencing proportional changes in immune cell populations or by modifying the cytokine/chemokine pattern towards an inflammatory profile. This supports an important role for gluten intake in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes and further studies should be initiated to clarify whether a gluten-free diet could prevent disease in susceptible individuals or be used with newly diagnosed patients to stop disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Antvorskov
- The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, section 3733, Copenhagen, Denmark,
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