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Jeong J, Choi KH, Kim SH, Lee DK, Oh JN, Lee M, Choe GC, Lee CK. Combination of cell signaling molecules can facilitate MYOD1-mediated myogenic transdifferentiation of pig fibroblasts. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:64. [PMID: 33980301 PMCID: PMC8117598 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myogenic transdifferentiation can be accomplished through ectopic MYOD1 expression, which is facilitated by various signaling pathways associated with myogenesis. In this study, we attempted to transdifferentiate pig embryonic fibroblasts (PEFs) myogenically into skeletal muscle through overexpression of the pig MYOD1 gene and modulation of the FGF, TGF-β, WNT, and cAMP signaling pathways. Results The MYOD1 overexpression vector was constructed based on comparative sequence analysis, demonstrating that pig MYOD1 has evolutionarily conserved domains across various species. Although forced MYOD1 expression through these vectors triggered the expression of endogenous muscle markers, transdifferentiated muscle cells from fibroblasts were not observed. Therefore, various signaling molecules, including FGF2, SB431542, CHIR99021, and forskolin, along with MYOD1 overexpression were applied to enhance the myogenic reprogramming. The modified conditions led to the derivation of myotubes and activation of muscle markers in PEFs, as determined by qPCR and immunostaining. Notably, a sarcomere-like structure was observed, indicating that terminally differentiated skeletal muscle could be obtained from transdifferentiated cells. Conclusions In summary, we established a protocol for reprogramming MYOD1-overexpressing PEFs into the mature skeletal muscle using signaling molecules. Our myogenic reprogramming can be used as a cell source for muscle disease models in regenerative medicine and the production of cultured meat in cellular agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsol Jeong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hwan Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,Present address: Research and Development Center, Space F corporation, Hwasung-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18471, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kyung Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,Present address: Research and Development Center, Space F corporation, Hwasung-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18471, South Korea
| | - Jong-Nam Oh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Mingyun Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Gyung Cheol Choe
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea. .,Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeong Chang, Kangwon-do, 25354, South Korea.
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2
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Oh JN, Son D, Choi KH, Hwang JY, Lee DK, Kim SH, Lee M, Jeong J, Choe GC, Lee CK. MicroRNA expression data of pluripotent and somatic cells and identification of cell type-specific MicroRNAs in pigs. Data Brief 2020; 33:106563. [PMID: 33294536 PMCID: PMC7701342 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.106563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical models of pluripotency, humans and mice, have been used to analyse the characteristics of pluripotent stem cells. However, these species exhibit molecular differences in many aspects. With similar physiology and genomics as humans, pigs are promising model for the research of pluripotency. The data of porcine pluripotent cells would be helpful in understanding the molecular network of human pluripotency. Pluripotent cells of humans and mice exhibit specific MicroRNA (miRNA) expression patterns to maintain the pluripotent state. Information about miRNA expression in pig pluripotent cells is not sufficient, so we analysed miRNAs in pluripotent (blastocysts and ES-like) and somatic cell samples (PEB and PFF). We screened cell-type specific miRNAs and identified their target genes. Functional annotation of the target genes was also conducted. Our data may facilitate miRNA-based induction and maintenance of the pluripotent state of porcine cells and provide support to fill the gap between the pluripotency networks of humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Nam Oh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dongchan Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hwan Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Hwang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Dong-Kyung Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Mingyun Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jinsol Jeong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Gyung Cheol Choe
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute (DATRI), Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
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Alhaji SY, Ngai SC, Abdullah S. Silencing of transgene expression in mammalian cells by DNA methylation and histone modifications in gene therapy perspective. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2018; 35:1-25. [PMID: 30514178 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2018.1551594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation and histone modifications are vital in maintaining genomic stability and modulating cellular functions in mammalian cells. These two epigenetic modifications are the most common gene regulatory systems known to spatially control gene expression. Transgene silencing by these two mechanisms is a major challenge to achieving effective gene therapy for many genetic conditions. The implications of transgene silencing caused by epigenetic modifications have been extensively studied and reported in numerous gene delivery studies. This review highlights instances of transgene silencing by DNA methylation and histone modification with specific focus on the role of these two epigenetic effects on the repression of transgene expression in mammalian cells from integrative and non-integrative based gene delivery systems in the context of gene therapy. It also discusses the prospects of achieving an effective and sustained transgene expression for future gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleiman Yusuf Alhaji
- a Medical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM , Serdang , Malaysia.,b Department of Human Anatomy , College of Medical Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, ATBU , Bauchi , Nigeria
| | - Siew Ching Ngai
- c School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science , University of Nottingham Malaysia , Semenyih , Malaysia
| | - Syahril Abdullah
- a Medical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM , Serdang , Malaysia.,d UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience , Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM , Serdang , Malaysia
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4
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Oh JN, Choi KH, Lee CK. Multi-resistance strategy for viral diseases and in vitro short hairpin RNA verification method in pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 31:489-498. [PMID: 29268580 PMCID: PMC5838320 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective Foot and mouth disease (FMD) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) are major diseases that interrupt porcine production. Because they are viral diseases, vaccinations are of only limited effectiveness in preventing outbreaks. To establish an alternative multi-resistant strategy against FMD virus (FMDV) and PRRS virus (PRRSV), the present study introduced two genetic modification techniques to porcine cells. Methods First, cluster of differentiation 163 (CD163), the PRRSV viral receptor, was edited with the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated protein 9 technique. The CD163 gene sequences of edited cells and control cells differed. Second, short hairpin RNA (shRNAs) were integrated into the cells. The shRNAs, targeting the 3D gene of FMDV and the open reading frame 7 (ORF7) gene of PRRSV, were transferred into fibroblasts. We also developed an in vitro shRNA verification method with a target gene expression vector. Results shRNA activity was confirmed in vitro with vectors that expressed the 3D and ORF7 genes in the cells. Cells containing shRNAs showed lower transcript levels than cells with only the expression vectors. The shRNAs were integrated into CD163-edited cells to combine the two techniques, and the viral genes were suppressed in these cells. Conclusion We established a multi-resistant strategy against viral diseases and an in vitro shRNA verification method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Nam Oh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hwan Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute (DATRI), Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
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5
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Aggregation of cloned embryos in empty zona pellucida improves derivation efficiency of pig ES-like cells. ZYGOTE 2016; 24:909-917. [PMID: 27692031 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199416000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from large animal species has become an important model for therapeutic cloning using ESCs derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). However, poor embryo quality and blastocyst formation have been major limitations for derivation of cloned ESCs (ntESCs). In this study, we have tried to overcome these problems by treating these cells with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) and aggregating porcine embryos. First, cloned embryos were treated with Scriptaid to confirm the effect of HDACi on cloned embryo quality. The Scriptaid-treated blastocysts showed significantly higher total cell numbers (29.50 ± 2.10) than non-treated blastocysts (22.29 ± 1.50, P < 0.05). Next, cloned embryo quality and blastocyst formation were analyzed in aggregates. Three zona-free, reconstructed, four-cell-stage SCNT embryos were injected into the empty zona of hatched parthenogenetic (PA) blastocysts. Blastocyst formation and total cell number of cloned blastocysts increased significantly for all aggregates (76.4% and 83.18 ± 8.33) compared with non-aggregates (25.5% and 27.11 ± 1.67, P < 0.05). Finally, aggregated blastocysts were cultured on a feeder layer to examine the efficiency of porcine ES-like cell derivation. Aggregated blastocysts showed a higher primary colony formation rate than non-aggregated cloned blastocysts (17.6 ± 12.3% vs. 2.2 ± 1.35%, respectively, P < 0.05). In addition, derived ES-like cells showed typical characters of ESCs. In conclusion, the aggregation of porcine SCNT embryos at the four-cell stage could be a useful technique for improving the development rate and quality of porcine-cloned blastocysts and the derivation efficiency of porcine ntESCs.
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Choi KH, Park JK, Son D, Hwang JY, Lee DK, Ka H, Park J, Lee CK. Reactivation of Endogenous Genes and Epigenetic Remodeling Are Barriers for Generating Transgene-Free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Pig. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158046. [PMID: 27336671 PMCID: PMC4918974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular reprogramming of committed cells into a pluripotent state can be induced by ectopic expression of genes such as OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and MYC. Reprogrammed cells can be maintained by activating endogenous pluripotent networks without transgene expression. Although various research groups have attempted to generate pig induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), authentic iPSCs have not be obtained, instead showing dependence on transgene expression. In this study, iPSCs were derived from porcine fetal fibroblasts via drug-inducible vectors carrying human transcription factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and MYC). Therefore, this study investigated characteristics of iPSCs and reprogramming mechanisms in pig. The iPSCs were stably maintained over an extended period with potential in vitro differentiation into three germ layers. In addition, the pluripotent state of iPSCs was regulated by modulating culture conditions. They showed naive- or primed-like pluripotent states in LIF or bFGF supplemented culture conditions, respectively. However, iPSCs could not be maintained without ectopic expression of transgenes. The cultured iPSCs expressed endogenous transcription factors such as OCT4 and SOX2, but not NANOG (a known gateway to complete reprogramming). Endogenous genes related to mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (DPPA2, CDH1, EPCAM, and OCLN) were not sufficiently reactivated, as measured by qPCR. DNA methylation analysis for promoters of OCT4, NANOG, and XIST showed that epigenetic reprogramming did not occur in female iPSCs. Based on our results, expression of exogenous genes could not sufficiently activate the essential endogenous genes and remodel the epigenetic milieu to achieve faithful pluripotency in pig. Accordingly, investigating iPSCs could help us improve and develop reprogramming methods by understanding reprogramming mechanisms in pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Hwan Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Park
- Division of Animal Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dongchan Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Hwang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Kyung Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hakhyun Ka
- Department of Biological Resources and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | | | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeong Chang, Kangwon do, Korea
- * E-mail:
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7
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Xue B, Li Y, He Y, Wei R, Sun R, Yin Z, Bou G, Liu Z. Porcine Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from IVF Embryos Contribute to Chimeric Development In Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151737. [PMID: 26991423 PMCID: PMC4798268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the pig is considered an important model of human disease and an ideal animal for the preclinical testing of cell transplantation, the utility of this model has been hampered by a lack of genuine porcine embryonic stem cells. Here, we derived a porcine pluripotent stem cell (pPSC) line from day 5.5 blastocysts in a newly developed culture system based on MXV medium and a 5% oxygen atmosphere. The pPSCs had been passaged more than 75 times over two years, and the morphology of the colony was similar to that of human embryonic stem cells. Characterization and assessment showed that the pPSCs were alkaline phosphatase (AKP) positive, possessed normal karyotypes and expressed classic pluripotent markers, including OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG. In vitro differentiation through embryonic body formation and in vivo differentiation via teratoma formation in nude mice demonstrated that the pPSCs could differentiate into cells of the three germ layers. The pPSCs transfected with fuw-DsRed (pPSC-FDs) could be passaged with a stable expression of both DsRed and pluripotent markers. Notably, when pPSC-FDs were used as donor cells for somatic nuclear transfer, 11.52% of the reconstructed embryos developed into blastocysts, which was not significantly different from that of the reconstructed embryos derived from porcine embryonic fibroblasts. When pPSC-FDs were injected into day 4.5 blastocysts, they became involved in the in vitro embryonic development and contributed to the viscera of foetuses at day 50 of pregnancy as well as the developed placenta after the chimeric blastocysts were transferred into recipients. These findings indicated that the pPSCs were porcine pluripotent cells; that this would be a useful cell line for porcine genetic engineering and a valuable cell line for clarifying the molecular mechanism of pluripotency regulation in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghua Xue
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yilong He
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Renyue Wei
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ruizhen Sun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Zhi Yin
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Gerelchimeg Bou
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- * E-mail:
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8
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Wen S, Zhang H, Li Y, Wang N, Zhang W, Yang K, Wu N, Chen X, Deng F, Liao Z, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Yan Z, Liu W, Zhang Z, Ye J, Deng Y, Zhou G, Luu HH, Haydon RC, Shi LL, He TC, Wei G. Characterization of constitutive promoters for piggyBac transposon-mediated stable transgene expression in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). PLoS One 2014; 9:e94397. [PMID: 24714676 PMCID: PMC3979777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can undergo self-renewal and give rise to multi-lineages under given differentiation cues. It is frequently desirable to achieve a stable and high level of transgene expression in MSCs in order to elucidate possible molecular mechanisms through which MSC self-renewal and lineage commitment are regulated. Retroviral or lentiviral vector-mediated gene expression in MSCs usually decreases over time. Here, we choose to use the piggyBac transposon system and conduct a systematic comparison of six commonly-used constitutive promoters for their abilities to drive RFP or firefly luciferase expression in somatic HEK-293 cells and MSC iMEF cells. The analyzed promoters include three viral promoters (CMV, CMV-IVS, and SV40), one housekeeping gene promoter (UbC), and two composite promoters of viral and housekeeping gene promoters (hEFH and CAG-hEFH). CMV-derived promoters are shown to drive the highest transgene expression in HEK-293 cells, which is however significantly reduced in MSCs. Conversely, the composite promoter hEFH exhibits the highest transgene expression in MSCs whereas its promoter activity is modest in HEK-293 cells. The reduced transgene expression driven by CMV promoters in MSCs may be at least in part caused by DNA methylation, or to a lesser extent histone deacetlyation. However, the hEFH promoter is not significantly affected by these epigenetic modifications. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the hEFH composite promoter may be an ideal promoter to drive long-term and high level transgene expression using the piggyBac transposon vector in progenitor cells such as MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wen
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Pediatrics, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy and Engineering Center, and Department of Urology, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, and the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yasha Li
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Pediatrics, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy and Engineering Center, and Department of Urology, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Departments of Cell Biology and Oncology of the Affiliated Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine and School of Clinical Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Pediatrics, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy and Engineering Center, and Department of Urology, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ningning Wu
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Pediatrics, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy and Engineering Center, and Department of Urology, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine and School of Clinical Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xian Chen
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine and School of Clinical Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Deng
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Departments of Cell Biology and Oncology of the Affiliated Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhan Liao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Affiliated Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine and School of Clinical Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Pediatrics, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy and Engineering Center, and Department of Urology, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Zhengjian Yan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine and School of Clinical Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Pediatrics, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy and Engineering Center, and Department of Urology, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Zhonglin Zhang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, the Affiliated Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jixing Ye
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Youlin Deng
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine and School of Clinical Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guolin Zhou
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hue H. Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rex C. Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lewis L. Shi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Pediatrics, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy and Engineering Center, and Department of Urology, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine and School of Clinical Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (TCH); (GW)
| | - Guanghui Wei
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Pediatrics, Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy and Engineering Center, and Department of Urology, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (TCH); (GW)
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