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Chen K, Zhao J, Qiu M, Zhang L, Yang K, Chang L, Jia P, Qi J, Deng L, Li C. Osteocytic HIF-1α Pathway Manipulates Bone Micro-structure and Remodeling via Regulating Osteocyte Terminal Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:721561. [PMID: 35118061 PMCID: PMC8804240 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.721561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) signaling has promising implications for the treatment of bone diseases such as osteoporosis and skeletal fractures. However, the effects of manipulating HIF-1α pathway on bone micro-structure and remodeling should be fully studied before the clinical application of therapeutics that interfere with the HIF-1α pathway. In this study, we found that osteocyte-specific HIF-1α pathway had critical role in manipulating bone mass accrual, bone material properties and micro-structures, including bone mineralization, bone collagen fiber formation, osteocyte/canalicular network, and bone remodeling. In addition, our results suggest that osteocyte-specific HIF-1α pathway regulates bone micro-structure and remodeling via impairing osteocyte differentiation and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizhe Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Central Hospital of Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Minglong Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianfang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Leilei Chang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jin Qi, ; Lianfu Deng, ; Changwei Li, ,
| | - Lianfu Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jin Qi, ; Lianfu Deng, ; Changwei Li, ,
| | - Changwei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jin Qi, ; Lianfu Deng, ; Changwei Li, ,
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Cheng YH, Liu SF, Dong JC, Bian Q. Transcriptomic alterations underline aging of osteogenic bone marrow stromal cells. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:128-138. [PMID: 33584984 PMCID: PMC7859986 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i1.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multipotent bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are adult stem cells that form functional osteoblasts and play a critical role in bone remodeling. During aging, an increase in bone loss and reduction in structural integrity lead to osteoporosis and result in an increased risk of fracture. We examined age-dependent histological changes in murine vertebrae and uncovered that bone loss begins as early as the age of 1 mo.
AIM To identify the functional alterations and transcriptomic dynamics of BMSCs during early bone loss.
METHODS We collected BMSCs from mice at early to middle ages and compared their self-renewal and differentiation potential. Subsequently, we obtained the transcriptomic profiles of BMSCs at 1 mo, 3 mo, and 7 mo.
RESULTS The colony-forming and osteogenic commitment capacity showed a comparable finding that decreased at the age of 1 mo. The transcriptomic analysis showed the enrichment of osteoblastic regulation genes at 1 mo and loss of osteogenic features at 3 mo. The BMSCs at 7 mo showed enrichment of adipogenic and DNA repair features. Moreover, we demonstrated that the WNT and MAPK signaling pathways were upregulated at 1 mo, followed by increased pro-inflammatory and apoptotic features.
CONCLUSION Our study uncovered the cellular and molecular dynamics of bone aging in mice and demonstrated the contribution of BMSCs to the early stage of age-related bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hao Cheng
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Shu-Fen Liu
- Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jing-Cheng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qin Bian
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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Peng H, Jenkins ZA, White R, Connors S, Hunter MF, Ronan A, Zankl A, Markie DM, Daniel PB, Robertson SP. An Activating Variant in CTNNB1 is Associated with a Sclerosing Bone Dysplasia and Adrenocortical Neoplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5714342. [PMID: 31970420 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The WNT/β-catenin pathway is central to the pathogenesis of various human diseases including those affecting bone development and tumor progression. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of a gain-of-function variant in CTNNB1 in a child with a sclerosing bone dysplasia and an adrenocortical adenoma. DESIGN Whole exome sequencing with corroborative biochemical analyses. PATIENTS We recruited a child with a sclerosing bone dysplasia and an adrenocortical adenoma together with her unaffected parents. INTERVENTION Whole exome sequencing and performance of immunoblotting and luciferase-based assays to assess the cellular consequences of a de novo variant in CTNNB1. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)/RESULT A de novo variant in CTNNB1 (c.131C>T; p.[Pro44Leu]) was identified in a patient with a sclerosing bone dysplasia and an adrenocortical adenoma. A luciferase-based transcriptional assay of WNT signaling activity verified that the activity of β-catenin was increased in the cells transfected with a CTNNB1p.Pro44Leu construct (P = 4.00 × 10-5). The β-catenin p.Pro44Leu variant was also associated with a decrease in phosphorylation at Ser45 and Ser33/Ser37/Thr41 in comparison to a wild-type (WT) CTNNB1 construct (P = 2.16 × 10-3, P = 9.34 × 10-8 respectively). CONCLUSION Increased β-catenin activity associated with a de novo gain-of-function CTNNB1 variant is associated with osteosclerotic phenotype and adrenocortical neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Zandra A Jenkins
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ruby White
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sam Connors
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Matthew F Hunter
- Monash Genetics, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anne Ronan
- Hunter Genetics, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andreas Zankl
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Genomic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David M Markie
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Philip B Daniel
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen P Robertson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Li H, Jing Y, Zhang R, Zhang Q, Wang J, Martin A, Feng JQ. Hypophosphatemic rickets accelerate chondrogenesis and cell trans-differentiation from TMJ chondrocytes into bone cells via a sharp increase in β-catenin. Bone 2020; 131:115151. [PMID: 31751752 PMCID: PMC6930687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) is primarily expressed in osteocytes, although a low level of DMP1 is also detected in chondrocytes. Removing Dmp1 in mice or a mutation in humans leads to hypophosphatemic rickets (identical to X-linked hypophosphatemia). The deformed skeletons were currently thought to be a consequence of an inhibition of chondrogenesis (leading to an accumulation of hypertrophic chondrocytes and a failure in the replacement of cartilage by bone). To precisely study the mechanisms by which DMP1 and phosphorus control temporomandibular condyle formation, we first showed severe malformed condylar phenotypes in Dmp1-null mice (great expansions of deformed cartilage layers and subchondral bone), which worst as aging. Next, we excluded the direct role of DMP1 in condylar hypertrophic-chondrogenesis by conditionally deleting Dmp1 in hypertrophic chondrocytes using Col10a1-Cre and Dmp1 loxP mice (displaying no apparent phosphorous changes and condylar phenotype). To address the mechanism by which the onset of endochondral phenotypes takes place, we generated two sets of tracing lines in the Dmp1 KO background: AggrecanCreERT2-ROSA-tdTomato and Col 10a1-Cre-ROSA-tdTomato, respectively. Both tracing lines displayed an acceleration of chondrogenesis and cell trans-differentiation from chondrocytes into bone cells in the Dmp1 KO. Next, we showed that administrations of neutralizing fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) antibodies in Dmp1-null mice restored hypophosphatemic condylar cartilage phenotypes. In further addressing the rescue mechanism, we generated compound mice containing Col10a1-Cre with ROSA-tdTomato and Dmp1 KO lines with and without a high Pi diet starting at day 10 for 39 days. We demonstrated that hypophosphatemia leads to an acceleration of chondrogenesis and trans-differentiation of chondrocytes to bone cells, which were largely restored under a high Pi diet. Finally, we identified the causative molecule (β-catenin). Together, this study demonstrates that the Dmp1-null caused hypophosphatemia, leading to acceleration (instead of inhibition) of chondrogenesis and bone trans-differentiation from chondrocytes but inhibition of bone cell maturation due to a sharp increase in β-catenin. These findings will aid in the future treatment of hypophosphatemic rickets with FGF23 neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Traumatic and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Jing
- Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; Faculty of Medicine, Northwest University, #229 Taibai North Rd, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Aline Martin
- Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
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Disruption of Dhcr7 and Insig1/2 in cholesterol metabolism causes defects in bone formation and homeostasis through primary cilium formation. Bone Res 2020; 8:1. [PMID: 31934493 PMCID: PMC6946666 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-019-0078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human linkage studies suggest that craniofacial deformities result from either genetic mutations related to cholesterol metabolism or high-cholesterol maternal diets. However, little is known about the precise roles of intracellular cholesterol metabolism in the development of craniofacial bones, the majority of which are formed through intramembranous ossification. Here, we show that an altered cholesterol metabolic status results in abnormal osteogenesis through dysregulation of primary cilium formation during bone formation. We found that cholesterol metabolic aberrations, induced through disruption of either Dhcr7 (which encodes an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis) or Insig1 and Insig2 (which provide a negative feedback mechanism for cholesterol biosynthesis), result in osteoblast differentiation abnormalities. Notably, the primary cilia responsible for sensing extracellular cues were altered in number and length through dysregulated ciliary vesicle fusion in Dhcr7 and Insig1/2 mutant osteoblasts. As a consequence, WNT/β-catenin and hedgehog signaling activities were altered through dysregulated primary cilium formation. Strikingly, the normalization of defective cholesterol metabolism by simvastatin, a drug used in the treatment of cholesterol metabolic aberrations, rescued the abnormalities in both ciliogenesis and osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our results indicate that proper intracellular cholesterol status is crucial for primary cilium formation during skull formation and homeostasis.
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6
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Schlesinger PH, Blair HC, Beer Stolz D, Riazanski V, Ray EC, Tourkova IL, Nelson DJ. Cellular and extracellular matrix of bone, with principles of synthesis and dependency of mineral deposition on cell membrane transport. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 318:C111-C124. [PMID: 31532718 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00120.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone differs from other connective tissues; it is isolated by a layer of osteoblasts that are connected by tight and gap junctions. This allows bone to create dense lamellar type I collagen, control pH, mineral deposition, and regulate water content forming a compact and strong structure. New woven bone formed after degradation of mineralized cartilage is rapidly degraded and resynthesized to impart structural order for local bone strength. Ossification is regulated by thickness of bone units and by patterning via bone morphogenetic receptors including activin, other bone morphogenetic protein receptors, transforming growth factor-β receptors, all part of a receptor superfamily. This superfamily interacts with receptors for additional signals in bone differentiation. Important features of the osteoblast environment were established using recent tools including osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Osteoblasts deposit matrix protein, over 90% type I collagen, in lamellae with orientation alternating parallel or orthogonal to the main stress axis of the bone. Into this organic matrix, mineral is deposited as hydroxyapatite. Mineral matrix matures from amorphous to crystalline hydroxyapatite. This process includes at least two-phase changes of the calcium-phosphate mineral as well as intermediates involving tropocollagen fibrils to form the bone composite. Beginning with initiation of mineral deposition, there is uncertainty regarding cardinal processes, but the driving force is not merely exceeding the calcium-phosphate solubility product. It occurs behind a epithelial-like layer of osteoblasts, which generate phosphate and remove protons liberated during calcium-phosphate salt deposition. The forming bone matrix is discontinuous from the general extracellular fluid. Required adjustment of ionic concentrations and water removal from bone matrix are important details remaining to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harry C Blair
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Donna Beer Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Vladimir Riazanski
- Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Physiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Evan C Ray
- Renal Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Irina L Tourkova
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Deborah J Nelson
- Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Physiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Bao Q, Li A, Chen S, Feng J, Liu H, Qin H, Li J, Liu D, Shen Y, Zong Z. Disruption of bone morphogenetic protein type IA receptor in osteoblasts impairs bone quality and bone strength in mice. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:263-273. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2873-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Bao Q, Chen S, Qin H, Feng J, Liu H, Liu D, Li A, Shen Y, Zhao Y, Li J, Zong Z. An appropriate Wnt/β-catenin expression level during the remodeling phase is required for improved bone fracture healing in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2695. [PMID: 28578392 PMCID: PMC5457421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a dominant role in bone repair. However, the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the remodeling phase during bone fracture healing is currently unknown. In the present study, β-catenin was activated at different levels or deleted in mice at the late stage of fracture healing, and the effects on healing quality were investigated. Deletion of β-catenin disturbed bone remodeling, as confirmed by increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation, and significantly decreased bone strength compared with wildtype mice. In addition, the constitutive activation of β-catenin significantly increased the bone mass and delayed the bone remodeling process, resulting in slightly impaired bone strength. In contrast, a slight activation of β-catenin significantly increased bone formation and slightly hindered bone resorption. These effects lead to improved bone fracture healing quality compared with wildtype mice. In summary, the present study provides the first demonstration showing that Wnt/β-catenin signaling should be maintained at a slightly activated level during the late stage of fracture healing to ensure better bone fracture repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanwei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400042, China
| | - Sixu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400042, China
| | - Hao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400042, China
| | - Jianquan Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Huayu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400042, China
| | - Daocheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400042, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400042, China
| | - Yue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400042, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400042, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400042, China
| | - Zhaowen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, 400042, China.
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9
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Li J, Bao Q, Chen S, Liu H, Feng J, Qin H, Li A, Liu D, Shen Y, Zhao Y, Zong Z. Different bone remodeling levels of trabecular and cortical bone in response to changes in Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mice. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:812-819. [PMID: 27306622 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Trabecular bone and cortical bone have different bone remodeling levels, and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In the present study, the expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and its downstream molecules along with bone mass in trabecular and cortical bone were compared in wild-type mice, constitutive activation of β-catenin (CA-β-catenin) mice and β-catenin deletion mice. It was found that the expression level of most of the examined genes such as Wnt3a, β-catenin, osteocalcin and RANKL/OPG ratio were significantly higher in trabecular bone than in cortical bone in wild-type mice. CA-β-catenin resulted in up-regulated expression of the above-mentioned genes except for RANKL/OPG ratio, which were down-regulated. Also, CA-β-catenin led to increased number of osteoblasts, decreased number of osteoclasts and increased bone mass in both the trabecular bone and cortical bone compared with wild-type mice; however, the extent of changes was much greater in the trabecular bone than in the cortical bone. By contrast, null β-catenin led to down-regulated expression of the above-mentioned genes except for RANKL/OPG ratio. Furthermore, β-catenin deletion led to decreased number of osteoblasts, increased number of osteoclasts and decreased bone mass when compared with wild-type mice. Again, the extent of these changes was more significant in trabecular bone than cortical bone. Taken together, we found that the expression level of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and bone remodeling-related molecules were different in cortical bone and trabecular bone, and the trabecular bone was more readily affected by changes in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:812-819, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Li
- Department of Trauma Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing 400042, China
| | - Quanwei Bao
- Department of Trauma Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing 400042, China
| | - Sixu Chen
- Department of Trauma Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing 400042, China
| | - Huayu Liu
- Department of Trauma Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing 400042, China
| | - Jianquan Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, Texas 75246
| | - Hao Qin
- Department of Trauma Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing 400042, China
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Trauma Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing 400042, China
| | - Daocheng Liu
- Department of Trauma Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing 400042, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Trauma Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing 400042, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- Department of Trauma Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing 400042, China
| | - Zhaowen Zong
- Department of Trauma Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing 400042, China
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Constitutive β-catenin activation in osteoblasts impairs terminal osteoblast differentiation and bone quality. Exp Cell Res 2016; 350:123-131. [PMID: 27865936 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a central role in controlling bone mass. We previously reported that constitutive activation of β-catenin (CA-β-catenin) in osteoblasts potentially has side effects on the bone growth and bone remodeling process, although it could increase bone mass. The present study aimed to observe the effects of osteoblastic CA-β-catenin on bone quality and to investigate possible mechanisms of these effects. It was found that CA-β-catenin mice exhibited lower mineralization levels and disorganized collagen in long bones as confirmed by von Kossa staining and sirius red staining, respectively. Also, bone strength decreased significantly in CA-β-catenin mice. Then the effect of CA-β-catenin on biological functions of osteoblasts were investigated and it was found that the expression levels of osteocalcin, a marker for the late differentiation of osteoblasts, decreased in CA-β-catenin mice, while the expression levels of osterix and alkaline phosphatase, two markers for the early differentiation of osteoblasts, increased in CA-β-catenin mice. Furthermore, higher proliferation rate were revealed in osteoblasts that were isolated from CA-β-catenin mice. The Real-time PCR and western blot examination found that the expression level of c-myc and cyclin D1, two G1 progression-related molecules, increased in osteoblasts that were isolated from the CA-β-catenin mice, and the expression levels of CDK14 and cyclin Y, two mitotic-related molecules that can accelerate cells entering into S and G2/M phases, increased in osteoblasts that were isolated from the CA-β-catenin mice. In summary, osteoblastic CA-β-catenin kept osteoblasts in high proliferative state and impaired the terminal osteoblast differentiation, and this led to changed bone structure and decreased bone strength.
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11
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MacNabb C, Patton D, Hayes JS. Sclerostin Antibody Therapy for the Treatment of Osteoporosis: Clinical Prospects and Challenges. J Osteoporos 2016; 2016:6217286. [PMID: 27313945 PMCID: PMC4899597 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6217286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that over 200 million adults worldwide have osteoporosis, a disease that has increasing socioeconomic impact reflected by unsustainable costs associated with disability, fracture management, hospital stays, and treatment. Existing therapeutic treatments for osteoporosis are associated with a variety of issues relating to use, clinical predictability, and health risks. Consequently, additional novel therapeutic targets are increasingly sought. A promising therapeutic candidate is sclerostin, a Wnt pathway antagonist and, as such, a negative regulator of bone formation. Sclerostin antibody treatment has demonstrated efficacy and superiority compared to other anabolic treatments for increasing bone formation in both preclinical and clinical settings. Accordingly, it has been suggested that sclerostin antibody treatment is set to achieve market approval by 2017 and aggressively compete as the gold standard for osteoporotic treatment by 2021. In anticipation of phase III trial results which may potentially signify a significant step in achieving market approval here, we review the preclinical and clinical emergence of sclerostin antibody therapies for both osteoporosis and alternative applications. Potential clinical challenges are also explored as well as ongoing developments that may impact on the eventual clinical application of sclerostin antibodies as an effective treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire MacNabb
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, NUI Galway, Biosciences Research Building, Corrib Village, Dangan, Galway, Ireland
| | - D. Patton
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, NUI Galway, Biosciences Research Building, Corrib Village, Dangan, Galway, Ireland
| | - J. S. Hayes
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, NUI Galway, Biosciences Research Building, Corrib Village, Dangan, Galway, Ireland
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12
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Duan P, Bonewald LF. The role of the wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in formation and maintenance of bone and teeth. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 77:23-29. [PMID: 27210503 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is known as one of the important molecular cascades that regulate cell fate throughout lifespan. The Wnt signaling pathway is further separated into the canonical signaling pathway that depends on the function of β-catenin (Wnt/β-catenin pathway) and the noncanonical pathways that operate independently of β-catenin (planar cell polarity pathway and Wnt/Ca(2+) pathway). The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is complex and consists of numerous receptors, inhibitors, activators, modulators, phosphatases, kinases and other components. However, there is one central, critical molecule to this pathway, β-catenin. While there are at least 3 receptors, LRP 4, 5 and 6, and over twenty activators known as the wnts, and several inhibitors such as sclerostin, dickkopf and secreted frizzled-related protein, these all target β-catenin. These regulators/modulators function to target β-catenin either to the proteasome for degradation or to the nucleus to regulate gene expression. Therefore, the interaction of β-catenin with different factors and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway will be the subject of this review with a focus on how this pathway relates to and functions in the formation and maintenance of bone and teeth based on mainly basic and pre-clinical research. Also in this review, the role of this pathway in osteocytes, bone cells embedded in the mineralized matrix, is covered in depth. This pathway is not only important in mineralized tissue growth and development, but for modulation of the skeleton in response to loading and unloading and the viability and health of the adult and aging skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - L F Bonewald
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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13
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Aurrekoetxea M, Irastorza I, García-Gallastegui P, Jiménez-Rojo L, Nakamura T, Yamada Y, Ibarretxe G, Unda FJ. Wnt/β-Catenin Regulates the Activity of Epiprofin/Sp6, SHH, FGF, and BMP to Coordinate the Stages of Odontogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:25. [PMID: 27066482 PMCID: PMC4811915 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We used an in vitro tooth development model to investigate the effects of overactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway during odontogenesis by bromoindirubin oxime reagent (BIO), a specific inhibitor of GSK-3 activity. RESULTS Overactivating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway at tooth initiation upregulated and ectopically expressed the epithelial markers Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), Epiprofin (Epfn), and Fibroblast growth factor8 (Fgf8), which are involved in the delimitation of odontogenic fields in the oral ectoderm. This result indicated an ectopic extension of the odontogenic potential. During tooth morphogenesis, Fibroblast growth factor4 (Fgf4), Fibroblast growth factor10 (Fgf10), Muscle segment homeobox 1 (Msx-1), Bone Morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4), and Dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1 (Dkk-1) were overexpressed in first molars cultured with BIO. Conversely, the expression levels of Wingless integration site 10b (Wnt-10b) and Shh were reduced. Additionally, the odontoblast differentiation markers Nestin and Epfn showed ectopic overexpression in the dental mesenchyme of BIO-treated molars. Moreover, alkaline phosphatase activity increased in the dental mesenchyme, again suggesting aberrant, ectopic mesenchymal cell differentiation. Finally, Bmp4 downregulated Epfn expression during dental morphogenesis. CONCLUSIONS We suggest the presence of a positive feedback loop wherein Epfn and β-catenin activate each other. The balance of the expression of these two molecules is essential for proper tooth development. We propose a possible link between Wnt, Bmp, and Epfn that would critically determine the correct patterning of dental cusps and the differentiation of odontoblasts and ameloblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitane Aurrekoetxea
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Leioa, Spain
| | - Igor Irastorza
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Leioa, Spain
| | - Patricia García-Gallastegui
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Leioa, Spain
| | - Lucia Jiménez-Rojo
- Center of Dental Medicine, Institute of Oral Biology, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, Department of Oral Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Yamada
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gaskon Ibarretxe
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Leioa, Spain
| | - Fernando J Unda
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Leioa, Spain
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14
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Preitschopf A, Schörghofer D, Kinslechner K, Schütz B, Zwickl H, Rosner M, Joó JG, Nehrer S, Hengstschläger M, Mikula M. Rapamycin-Induced Hypoxia Inducible Factor 2A Is Essential for Chondrogenic Differentiation of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:580-90. [PMID: 27025692 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Amniotic fluid stem (AFS) cells represent a major source of donor cells for cartilage repair. Recently, it became clear that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition has beneficial effects on cartilage homeostasis, but the effect of mTOR on chondrogenic differentiation is still elusive. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) modulation on the expression of SOX9 and on its downstream targets during chondrogenic differentiation of AFS cells. We performed three-dimensional pellet culturing of AFS cells and of in vitro-expanded, human-derived chondrocytes in the presence of chondrogenic factors. Inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin or by small interfering RNA-mediated targeting of raptor (gene name, RPTOR) led to increased AKT activation, upregulation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) 2A, and an increase in SOX9, COL2A1, and ACAN abundance. Here we show that HIF2A expression is essential for chondrogenic differentiation and that AKT activity regulates HIF2A amounts. Importantly, engraftment of AFS cells in cell pellets composed of human chondrocytes revealed an advantage of raptor knockdown cells compared with control cells in their ability to express SOX9. Our results demonstrate that mTORC1 inhibition leads to AKT activation and an increase in HIF2A expression. Therefore, we suggest that mTORC1 inhibition is a powerful tool for enhancing chondrogenic differentiation of AFS cells and also of in vitro-expanded adult chondrocytes before transplantation. SIGNIFICANCE Repair of cartilage defects is still an unresolved issue in regenerative medicine. Results of this study showed that inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, by rapamycin or by small interfering RNA-mediated targeting of raptor (gene name, RPTOR), enhanced amniotic fluid stem cell differentiation toward a chondrocytic phenotype and increased their engrafting efficiency into cartilaginous structures. Moreover, freshly isolated and in vitro passaged human chondrocytes also showed redifferentiation upon mTORC1 inhibition during culturing. Therefore, this study revealed that rapamycin could enable a more efficient clinical use of cell-based therapy approaches to treat articular cartilage defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Preitschopf
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Center for Regenerative Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - David Schörghofer
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Birgit Schütz
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Zwickl
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Margit Rosner
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - József Gabor Joó
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stefan Nehrer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | | | - Mario Mikula
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Chen S, Feng J, Bao Q, Li A, Zhang B, Shen Y, Zhao Y, Guo Q, Jing J, Lin S, Zong Z. Adverse Effects of Osteocytic Constitutive Activation of ß-Catenin on Bone Strength and Bone Growth. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1184-94. [PMID: 25639729 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in both mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts has been demonstrated to increase bone mass, showing promise for the treatment of low bone volume conditions such as osteoporosis. However, the possible side effects of manipulating this pathway have not been fully addressed. Previously, we reported that the constitutive activation of ß-catenin in osteoblasts impaired vertebral linear growth. In the present study, β-catenin was constitutively activated in osteocytes by crossing Catnb+/lox(exon 3) mice with dentin matrix protein 1(DMP1)-Cre transgenic mice, and the effects of this activation on bone mass, bone growth and bone strength were then observed. DMP1-Cre was found to be predominantly expressed in osteocytes, with weak expression in a small portion of osteoblasts and growth plate chondrocytes. After the activation, the cancellous bone mass was dramatically increased, almost filling the entire bone marrow cavity in long bones. However, bone strength decreased significantly. Thinner and more porous cortical bone along with impaired mineralization were responsible for the decrease in bone strength. Furthermore, the mice showed shorter stature with impaired linear growth of the long bones. Moreover, the concentration of serum phosphate decreased significantly after the activation of ß-catenin, and a high inorganic phosphate (Pi) diet could partially rescue the phenotype of decreased mineralization level and impaired linear growth. Taken together, the constitutive activation of β-catenin in osteocytes may increase cancellous bone mass; however, the activation also had adverse effects on bone strength and bone growth. These adverse effects should be addressed before the adoption of any therapeutic clinical application involving adjustment of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China.,Department of Orthopedics, the 118th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianquan Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Quanwei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Yue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Qingshan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
| | - Junjun Jing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shuxian Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zhaowen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China
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