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Ray ME, Rothstein TL. Human VH4-34 antibodies derived from B1 cells are more frequently autoreactive than VH4-34 antibodies derived from memory cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1259827. [PMID: 38162664 PMCID: PMC10754998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1259827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Human B1 cells produce natural antibodies characterized by overutilization of heavy chain variable region VH4-34 in comparison to other B cell populations. VH4-34-containing antibodies have been reported to be autoreactive and to be associated with lupus and other autoimmune dyscrasias. However, it has been unclear to what extent VH4-34 antibodies manifest autoreactivity in B1 cells or other B cell populations-in other words, are VH4-34 containing antibodies autoreactive wherever found, or mainly within the B1 cell population? To address this issue we sort purified single human B1 and memory B cells and then amplified, sequenced, cloned and expressed VH4-34-containing antibodies from 76 individual B cells. Each of these antibodies was tested for autoreactivity by HEp-2 IFA and autoantigen ELISA. Antibodies were scored as autoreactive if positive by either assay. We found VH4-34 antibodies rescued from B1 cells were much more frequently autoreactive (14/48) than VH4-34 antibodies rescued from memory B cells (2/28). Among B1 cell antibodies, 4 were HEp-2+, 6 were dsDNA+ and 4 were positive for both. Considering only HEp-2+ antibodies, again these were found more frequently among B1 cell VH4-34 antibodies (8/48) than memory B cell VH4-34 antibodies (1/28). We found autoreactivity was associated with greater CDR3 length, as expected; however, we found no association between autoreactivity and a previously described FR1 "hydrophobic patch". Our results indicate that autoreactive VH4-34-containing antibodies tend to reside within the human B1 cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas L. Rothstein
- Center for Immunobiology and Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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2
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Ghraichy M, Galson JD, Kelly DF, Trück J. B-cell receptor repertoire sequencing in patients with primary immunodeficiency: a review. Immunology 2017; 153:145-160. [PMID: 29140551 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) now allows a detailed assessment of the adaptive immune system in health and disease. In particular, high-throughput B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoire sequencing provides detailed information about the functionality and abnormalities of the B-cell system. However, it is mostly unknown how the BCR repertoire is altered in the context of primary immunodeficiencies (PID) and whether findings are consistent throughout phenotypes and genotypes. We have performed an extensive literature search of the published work on BCR repertoire sequencing in PID patients, including several forms of predominantly antibody disorders and combined immunodeficiencies. It is somewhat surprising that BCR repertoires, even from severe clinical phenotypes, often show only mild abnormalities and that diversity or immunoglobulin gene segment usage is generally preserved to some extent. Despite the great variety of wet laboratory and analytical methods that were used in the different studies, several findings are common to most investigated PIDs, such as the increased usage of gene segments that are associated with self-reactivity. These findings suggest that BCR repertoire characteristics may be used to assess the functionality of the B-cell compartment irrespective of the underlying defect. With the use of NGS approaches, there is now the opportunity to apply BCR repertoire sequencing to multiple patients and explore the PID BCR repertoire in more detail. Ultimately, using BCR repertoire sequencing in translational research could aid the management of PID patients by improving diagnosis, estimating functionality of the immune system and improving assessment of prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Ghraichy
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacob D Galson
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominic F Kelly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Johannes Trück
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Hart GT, Akkaya M, Chida AS, Wei C, Jenks SA, Tipton C, He C, Wendel BS, Skinner J, Arora G, Kayentao K, Ongoiba A, Doumbo O, Traore B, Narum DL, Jiang N, Crompton PD, Sanz I, Pierce SK. The Regulation of Inherently Autoreactive VH4-34-Expressing B Cells in Individuals Living in a Malaria-Endemic Area of West Africa. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3841-3849. [PMID: 27798155 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a deadly infectious disease in which Abs play a critical role in naturally acquired immunity. However, the specificity and nature of Abs elicited in response to malaria are only partially understood. Autoreactivity and polyreactivity are common features of Ab responses in several infections and were suggested to contribute to effective pathogen-specific Ab responses. In this article, we report on the regulation of B cells expressing the inherently autoreactive VH4-34 H chain (identified by the 9G4 mAb) and 9G4+ plasma IgG in adults and children living in a P. falciparum malaria-endemic area in West Africa. The frequency of 9G4+ peripheral blood CD19+ B cells was similar in United States adults and African adults and children; however, more 9G4+ B cells appeared in classical and atypical memory B cell compartments in African children and adults compared with United States adults. The levels of 9G4+ IgG increased following acute febrile malaria but did not increase with age as humoral immunity is acquired or correlate with protection from acute disease. This was the case, even though a portion of 9G4+ B cells acquired phenotypes of atypical and classical memory B cells and 9G4+ IgG contained equivalent numbers of somatic hypermutations compared with all other VHs, a characteristic of secondary Ab repertoire diversification in response to Ag stimulation. Determining the origin and function of 9G4+ B cells and 9G4+ IgG in malaria may contribute to a better understanding of the varied roles of autoreactivity in infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey T Hart
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Munir Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Asiya S Chida
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Chungwen Wei
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Scott A Jenks
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Chenfeng He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Ben S Wendel
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Jeff Skinner
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Gunjan Arora
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Kassoum Kayentao
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali; and
| | - Aissata Ongoiba
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali; and
| | - Ogobara Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali; and
| | - Boubacar Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali; and
| | - David L Narum
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852;
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Bhat NM, Kshirsagar MA, Bieber MM, Teng NNH. IgG Subclasses and Isotypes of VH4-34 Encoded Antibodies. Immunol Invest 2016; 44:400-10. [PMID: 25942350 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1015682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
VH4-34 gene encoded autoantibodies are elevated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in other diseases associated with B-cell hyperproliferation/dysfunction. One of the autoantigens recognized by VH4-34-encoded antibodies are branched/linear poly N-acetyl lactosamine chains. Since the anti-carbohydrate response in humans is dominated by the IgG2 subclass, here we tested whether VH4-34 encoded IgG showed similar subclass segregation. Serum samples from SLE, infectious mononucleosis, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and hepatitis-C were analyzed. Levels of VH4-34-encoded IgM and IgA isotypes were also tested. VH4-34-IgM and IgA were elevated in all four clinical conditions. VH4-34-IgG was detected in the IgG1 and IgG3 subclass but not in the IgG2 and IgG4 subclass. Interestingly, VH4-34-IgG3 was also detected in serum samples of normal healthy adults. These observations are discussed in context of the VH4-34 gene regulation. VH4-34 repertoire development is of interest since it is the only human VH gene profoundly overrepresented in the naïve repertoire but counter-selected for antibody secretion. VH4-34 B-cell could thus become a unique tool to inspect germinal center independent/dependent pathways of subclass and isotype-specific antibody secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelima M Bhat
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California , USA
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Kobie JJ, Zheng B, Piepenbrink MS, Hessell AJ, Haigwood NL, Keefer MC, Sanz I. Functional and Molecular Characteristics of Novel and Conserved Cross-Clade HIV Envelope Specific Human Monoclonal Antibodies. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2016; 34:65-72. [PMID: 25897603 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2014.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To define features of the B cell response to HIV that may be translated to vaccine development, we have isolated a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) from HIV-infected patients. These MAbs are all highly reactive to HIV envelope (Env) from multiple clades, and include gp120 and gp41 specificities. Three of the MAbs exhibit substantial homology to previously described VH1-69, VH3-30, and VH4-59 HIV broadly neutralizing antibody lineages. An inherently autoreactive VH4-34 encoded MAb was reactive to diverse Env despite its minimal mutation from germline. Its isolation is consistent with our previous observation of increased VH4-34+antibodies in HIV-infected patients. These results suggest that conserved developmental processes contribute to immunoglobulin repertoire usage and maturation in response to HIV Env and that intrinsically autoreactive VH genes, despite the absence of mutation, could serve as effective templates for maturation and development of protective antibodies. These results also bear significant implications for the development of immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Kobie
- 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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Rosenspire AJ, Chen K. Anergic B Cells: Precarious On-Call Warriors at the Nexus of Autoimmunity and False-Flagged Pathogens. Front Immunol 2015; 6:580. [PMID: 26635794 PMCID: PMC4659919 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Allen J Rosenspire
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI , USA
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI , USA ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI , USA ; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI , USA ; Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health , Detroit, MI , USA ; Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit, MI , USA ; Mucosal Immunology Studies Team, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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Murira A, Lapierre P, Lamarre A. Evolution of the Humoral Response during HCV Infection: Theories on the Origin of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Implications for Vaccine Design. Adv Immunol 2015; 129:55-107. [PMID: 26791858 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1, vaccine-induced elicitation of broadly neutralizing (bNt) antibodies (Abs) is gaining traction as a key goal toward the eradication of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) pandemic. Previously, the significance of the Ab response against HCV was underappreciated given the prevailing evidence advancing the role of the cellular immune response in clearance and overall control of the infection. However, recent findings have driven growing interest in the humoral arm of the immune response and in particular the role of bNt responses due to their ability to confer protective immunity upon passive transfer in animal models. Nevertheless, the origin and development of bNt Abs is poorly understood and their occurrence is rare as well as delayed with emergence only observed in the chronic phase of infection. In this review, we characterize the interplay between the host immune response and HCV as it progresses from the acute to chronic phase of infection. In addition, we place these events in the context of current hypotheses on the origin of bNt Abs against the HIV-1, whose humoral immune response is better characterized. Based on the increasing significance of the humoral immune response against HCV, characterization of these events may be critical in understanding the development of the bNt responses and, thus, provide strategies toward effective vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armstrong Murira
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Pascal Lapierre
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Lamarre
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada.
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Bonsignori M. Will studies in individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus be the key to future HIV vaccine design? Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:1271-3. [PMID: 25017952 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.938056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The induction of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) remains the primary goal of a preventive HIV-1 vaccine but no HIV-1 vaccine candidate has succeeded in inducing bnAbs. All the bnAbs isolated from chronically HIV-1 infected subjects display one or more traits associated with control by host tolerance and immunoregulatory mechanisms, including reactivity against self antigens. Recent studies on a HIV-1 patient with concurrent systemic lupus erythematosus have informed on how similar bnAbs are to typical autoantibodies controlled by immune tolerance mechanisms. Future studies aimed at elucidating the intersection between autoantibodies generated in the context of systemic lupus erythematosus and the development of HIV-1 bnAbs will further our knowledge of specific roadblocks that hamper the production of bnAbs and, ultimately, inform us on how to implement vaccine strategies to circumvent them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, MSRB II - Room 4013, PO Box 103020, 2 Genome Court, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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