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Interferon Family Cytokines in Obesity and Insulin Sensitivity. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244041. [PMID: 36552805 PMCID: PMC9776768 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its associated complications are global public health concerns. Metabolic disturbances and immune dysregulation cause adipose tissue stress and dysfunction in obese individuals. Immune cell accumulation in the adipose microenvironment is the main cause of insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction. Infiltrated immune cells, adipocytes, and stromal cells are all involved in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in adipose tissues and affect systemic homeostasis. Interferons (IFNs) are a large family of pleiotropic cytokines that play a pivotal role in host antiviral defenses. IFNs are critical immune modulators in response to pathogens, dead cells, and several inflammation-mediated diseases. Several studies have indicated that IFNs are involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. In this review, we discuss the roles of IFN family cytokines in the development of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance.
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Chakraborty N, Srinivasan S, Yang R, Miller SA, Gautam A, Detwiler LJ, Carney BC, Alkhalil A, Moffatt LT, Jett M, Shupp JW, Hammamieh R. Comparison of Transcriptional Signatures of Three Staphylococcal Superantigenic Toxins in Human Melanocytes. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061402. [PMID: 35740423 PMCID: PMC9219963 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a gram-positive bacterium, causes toxic shock through the production of superantigenic toxins (sAgs) known as Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE), serotypes A-J (SEA, SEB, etc.), and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). The chronology of host transcriptomic events that characterizes the response to the pathogenesis of superantigenic toxicity remains uncertain. The focus of this study was to elucidate time-resolved host responses to three toxins of the superantigenic family, namely SEA, SEB, and TSST-1. Due to the evolving critical role of melanocytes in the host’s immune response against environmental harmful elements, we investigated herein the transcriptomic responses of melanocytes after treatment with 200 ng/mL of SEA, SEB, or TSST-1 for 0.5, 2, 6, 12, 24, or 48 h. Functional analysis indicated that each of these three toxins induced a specific transcriptional pattern. In particular, the time-resolved transcriptional modulations due to SEB exposure were very distinct from those induced by SEA and TSST-1. The three superantigens share some similarities in the mechanisms underlying apoptosis, innate immunity, and other biological processes. Superantigen-specific signatures were determined for the functional dynamics related to necrosis, cytokine production, and acute-phase response. These differentially regulated networks can be targeted for therapeutic intervention and marked as the distinguishing factors for the three sAgs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabarun Chakraborty
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (S.S.); (R.Y.); (S.-A.M.); (A.G.); (L.J.D.); (M.J.); (R.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-452-8940 or +1-301-319-7363
| | - Seshamalini Srinivasan
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (S.S.); (R.Y.); (S.-A.M.); (A.G.); (L.J.D.); (M.J.); (R.H.)
- The Geneva Foundation, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Ruoting Yang
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (S.S.); (R.Y.); (S.-A.M.); (A.G.); (L.J.D.); (M.J.); (R.H.)
| | - Stacy-Ann Miller
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (S.S.); (R.Y.); (S.-A.M.); (A.G.); (L.J.D.); (M.J.); (R.H.)
| | - Aarti Gautam
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (S.S.); (R.Y.); (S.-A.M.); (A.G.); (L.J.D.); (M.J.); (R.H.)
| | - Leanne J. Detwiler
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (S.S.); (R.Y.); (S.-A.M.); (A.G.); (L.J.D.); (M.J.); (R.H.)
- The Geneva Foundation, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Bonnie C. Carney
- Firefighters’ Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA; (B.C.C.); (A.A.); (L.T.M.); (J.W.S.)
- Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Abdulnaser Alkhalil
- Firefighters’ Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA; (B.C.C.); (A.A.); (L.T.M.); (J.W.S.)
| | - Lauren T. Moffatt
- Firefighters’ Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA; (B.C.C.); (A.A.); (L.T.M.); (J.W.S.)
- Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Marti Jett
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (S.S.); (R.Y.); (S.-A.M.); (A.G.); (L.J.D.); (M.J.); (R.H.)
| | - Jeffrey W. Shupp
- Firefighters’ Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA; (B.C.C.); (A.A.); (L.T.M.); (J.W.S.)
- Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- The Burn Center, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (S.S.); (R.Y.); (S.-A.M.); (A.G.); (L.J.D.); (M.J.); (R.H.)
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Gupta K, Pandey S, Bagang N, Mehra K, Singh G. Trimetazidine an emerging paradigm in renal therapeutics: Preclinical and clinical insights. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 913:174624. [PMID: 34774496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Trimetazidine (TMZ) is a well-known anti-ischemic agent used for the treatment of angina pectoris. In the past decades, the efficacy of this drug has been tested in a wide range of kidney injuries, including drug-induced nephrotoxicity (DIN), radio-contrast agent-induced nephropathy, and surgically induced renal ischemic injury. TMZhas renoprotective effects by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine release, maintaining oxygen and energy balance. Moreover, TMZ administration prevented kidney graft rejection in the porcine model by suppressing the infiltration of mononuclear cells, preserving mitochondrial functions, and maintaining Ca+ homeostasis. In DIN and diabetic kidney diseases,TMZ treatment prevents renal injury by inactivating immune cells, attenuating renal fibrosis, inflammation, apoptosis, and histological abnormalities. Interestingly, the clinical therapeutic efficacy of TMZ has also been documented in pre-existing kidney disease patients undergoing contrast exposure for diagnostic intervention. However, the mechanistic insights into the TMZ mediated renoprotective effects in other forms of renal injuries, including type-2 diabetes, drug-induced nephrotoxicity, and hypertension-induced chronic kidney diseases, remain uninvestigated and incomplete. Moreover, the clinical utility of TMZ as a renoprotective agent in radio-contrast-induced nephrotoxicity needs to be tested in a large patient population. Nevertheless, the available pieces of evidence suggest that TMZ is a promising and emerging renal therapy for the treatment and management of kidney diseases of variable etiologies. This review discusses the various pre-clinical and clinical findings and provides mechanistic insights into the TMZ mediated beneficial effects in various kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar Deemed to be University, Mullana, Ambala (Haryana), India
| | - Sneha Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Newly Bagang
- Department of Pharmacology, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Kamalpreet Mehra
- Department of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar Deemed to be University, Mullana, Ambala (Haryana), India
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Knopick P, Terman D, Riha N, Alvine T, Larson R, Badiou C, Lina G, Ballantyne J, Bradley D. Endogenous HLA-DQ8αβ programs superantigens (SEG/SEI) to silence toxicity and unleash a tumoricidal network with long-term melanoma survival. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-001493. [PMID: 33109631 PMCID: PMC7592263 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As the most powerful T cell agonists known, superantigens (SAgs) have enormous potential for cancer immunotherapy. Their development has languished due to high incidence (60%–80%) of seroreactive neutralizing antibodies in humans and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-mediated cardiopulmonary toxicity. Such toxicity has narrowed their therapeutic index while neutralizing antibodies have nullified their therapeutic effects. Methods Female HLA-DQ8 (DQA*0301/DQB*0302) tg mice expressing the human major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII) HLA-DQ8 allele on a high proportion of PBL, spleen and lymph node cells were used. In the established tumor model, staphylococcal enterotoxin G and staphylococcal enterotoxin I (SEG/ SEI) (50 µg each) were injected on days 6 and 9 following tumor inoculation. Lymphoid, myeloid cells and tumor cell digests from tumor tissue were assayed using flow cytometry or quantitated using a cytometric bead array. Tumor density, necrotic and viable areas were quantitated using the ImageJ software. Results In a discovery-driven effort to address these problems we introduce a heretofore unrecognized binary complex comprizing SEG/SEI SAgs linked to the endogenous human MHCII HLA-DQ8 allele in humanized mice. By contrast to staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) deployed previously in clinical trials, SEG and SEI does not exhibit neutralizing antibodies in humans or TNFα-mediated toxicity in humanized HLA-DQ8 mice. In the latter model wherein SAg behavior is known to be ‘human-like’, SEG/SEI induced a powerful tumoricidal response and long-term survival against established melanoma in 82% of mice. Other SAgs deployed in the same model displayed toxic shock. Initially, HLA-DQ8 mediated melanoma antigen priming, after which SEG/SEI unleashed a broad CD4+ and CD8+ antitumor network marked by expansion of melanoma reactive T cells and interferon-γ (IFNy) in the tumor microenvironment (TME). SEG/SEI further initiated chemotactic recruitment of tumor reactive T cells to the TME converting the tumor from ‘cold’ to a ‘hot’. Long-term survivors displayed remarkable resistance to parental tumor rechallenge along with the appearance of tumor specific memory and tumor reactive T memory cells. Conclusions Collectively, these findings show for the first time that the SEG/SEI-(HLA-DQ8) empowers priming, expansion and recruitment of a population of tumor reactive T cells culminating in tumor specific memory and long-term survival devoid of toxicity. These properties distinguish SEG/SEI from other SAgs used previously in human tumor immunotherapy. Consolidation of these principles within the SEG/SEI-(HLA-DQ8) complex constitutes a conceptually new therapeutic weapon with compelling translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Knopick
- Biomedical Sciences, Universtiy of North Dakota School of Medicine, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - David Terman
- Biomedical Sciences, Universtiy of North Dakota School of Medicine, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Nathan Riha
- Biomedical Sciences, Universtiy of North Dakota School of Medicine, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Travis Alvine
- Biomedical Sciences, Universtiy of North Dakota School of Medicine, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Riley Larson
- Biomedical Sciences, Universtiy of North Dakota School of Medicine, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Cedric Badiou
- University of Lyon, Lyon, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Gerard Lina
- University of Lyon 1 University Institute of Tecnology Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | | | - David Bradley
- Biomedical Sciences, Universtiy of North Dakota School of Medicine, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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The application of omic technologies to research in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:1075-1086. [PMID: 32356189 PMCID: PMC7606209 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in critically ill children and adults, and sepsis-associated AKI (SA-AKI) is the most frequent cause of AKI in the ICU. To date, no mechanistically targeted therapeutic interventions have been identified. High-throughput "omic" technologies (e.g., genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, etc.) offer a new angle of approach to achieve this end. In this review, we provide an update on the current understanding of SA-AKI pathophysiology. Omic technologies themselves are briefly discussed to facilitate interpretation of studies using them. We next summarize the body of SA-AKI research to date that has employed omic technologies. Importantly, omic studies are helping to elucidate a pathophysiology of SA-AKI centered around cellular stress responses, metabolic changes, and dysregulation of energy production that underlie its clinical features. Finally, we propose opportunities for future research using clinically relevant animal models, integrating multiple omic technologies and ultimately progressing to translational human studies focusing therapeutic strategies on targeted disease mechanisms.
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Jabeen K, Malik U, Mansoor S, Shahzad S, Zahid S, Javed A. Effect of oxidative stress and calcium deregulation on FAM26F (CALHM6) expression during hepatitis B virus infection. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:228. [PMID: 33639860 PMCID: PMC7913464 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Family with sequence similarity 26, member F (FAM26F) is an important innate immunity modulator playing a significant role in diverse immune responses, however, the association of FAM26F expression with HBV infection is not yet known. Thus, the current study aims to explore the differential expression of FAM26F in vitro in HepAD38 and HepG2 cell lines upon HBV infection, and in vivo in HBV infected individuals. The effects of antioxidant and calcium inhibitors on the regulation of FAM26F expression were also evaluated. The expression of FAM26F was simultaneously determined with well-established HBV infection markers: IRF3, and IFN-β. Methods The expression of FAM26F and marker genes was analyzed through Real-time qPCR and western blot. Results Our results indicate that the differential expression of FAM26F followed the same trend as that of IRF3 and IFN-β. The in vitro study revealed that, in both HBV infected cell lines, FAM26F expression was significantly down-regulated as compared to uninfected control cells. Treatment of cells with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), EGTA-AM, BAPTA-AM, and Ru360 significantly upregulated the expression of FAM26F in both the cell lines. Moreover, in in vivo study, FAM26F expression was significantly downregulated in all HBV infected groups as compared to controls (p = 0.0007). The expression was higher in the HBV recovered cases, probably due to the decrease in infection and increase in the immunity of these individuals. Conclusion Our study is the first to show the association of FAM26F with HBV infection. It is proposed that FAM26F expression could be an early predictive marker for HBV infection, and thus is worthy of further investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-05888-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehkshan Jabeen
- Genomics Research Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Malik
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Campus, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Mansoor
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Campus, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shaheen Shahzad
- Genomics Research Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Saadia Zahid
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Campus, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Javed
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Campus, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
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Zhang H, Mao YF, Zhao Y, Xu DF, Wang Y, Xu CF, Dong WW, Zhu XY, Ding N, Jiang L, Liu YJ. Upregulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Protects against Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Promoting the Release of Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8889313. [PMID: 33628393 PMCID: PMC7889353 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8889313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of matrix metalloproteinase- (MMP-) 9 is implicated in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI). However, it remains controversial whether MMP-9 improves or deteriorates acute lung injury of different etiologies. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury. MMPs are known to mediate RAGE shedding and release of soluble RAGE (sRAGE), which can act as a decoy receptor by competitively inhibiting the binding of RAGE ligands to RAGE. Therefore, this study is aimed at clarifying whether and how pulmonary knockdown of MMP-9 affected sepsis-induced acute lung injury as well as the release of sRAGE in a murine cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model. The analysis of GEO mouse sepsis datasets GSE15379, GSE52474, and GSE60088 revealed that the mRNA expression of MMP-9 was significantly upregulated in septic mouse lung tissues. Elevation of pulmonary MMP-9 mRNA and protein expressions was confirmed in CLP-induced mouse sepsis model. Intratracheal injection of MMP-9 siRNA resulted in an approximately 60% decrease in pulmonary MMP-9 expression. It was found that pulmonary knockdown of MMP-9 significantly increased mortality of sepsis and exacerbated sepsis-associated acute lung injury. Pulmonary MMP-9 knockdown also decreased sRAGE release and enhanced sepsis-induced activation of the RAGE/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, meanwhile aggravating sepsis-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in lung tissues. In addition, administration of recombinant sRAGE protein suppressed the activation of the RAGE/NF-κB signaling pathway and ameliorated pulmonary oxidative stress, inflammation, and lung injury in CLP-induced septic mice. In conclusion, our data indicate that MMP-9-mediated RAGE shedding limits the severity of sepsis-associated pulmonary edema, inflammation, oxidative stress, and lung injury by suppressing the RAGE/NF-κB signaling pathway via the decoy receptor activities of sRAGE. MMP-9-mediated sRAGE production may serve as a self-limiting mechanism to control and resolve excessive inflammation and oxidative stress in the lung during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yan-Fei Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- School of Kinesiology, The Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dun-Feng Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chu-Fan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wen-Wen Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Lai Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yu-Jian Liu
- School of Kinesiology, The Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
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Staphylococcal Superantigens: Pyrogenic Toxins Induce Toxic Shock. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11030178. [PMID: 30909619 PMCID: PMC6468478 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and related superantigenic toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus are potent activators of the immune system. These protein toxins bind to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and specific Vβ regions of T-cell receptors (TCRs), resulting in the activation of both monocytes/macrophages and T lymphocytes. The bridging of TCRs with MHC class II molecules by superantigens triggers an early “cytokine storm” and massive polyclonal T-cell proliferation. Proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2, interferon γ (IFNγ), and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 elicit fever, inflammation, multiple organ injury, hypotension, and lethal shock. Upon MHC/TCR ligation, superantigens induce signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and cytokine receptor signaling, which results in NFκB activation and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. In addition, gene profiling studies have revealed the essential roles of innate antimicrobial defense genes in the pathogenesis of SEB. The genes expressed in a murine model of SEB-induced shock include intracellular DNA/RNA sensors, apoptosis/DNA damage-related molecules, endoplasmic reticulum/mitochondrial stress responses, immunoproteasome components, and IFN-stimulated genes. This review focuses on the signaling pathways induced by superantigens that lead to the activation of inflammation and damage response genes. The induction of these damage response genes provides evidence that SEB induces danger signals in host cells, resulting in multiorgan injury and toxic shock. Therapeutics targeting both host inflammatory and cell death pathways can potentially mitigate the toxic effects of staphylococcal superantigens.
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Zheng H, Yang B, Xu D, Wang W, Tan J, Sun L, Li Q, Sun L, Xia X. Induction of specific T helper-9 cells to inhibit glioma cell growth. Oncotarget 2018; 8:4864-4874. [PMID: 28002799 PMCID: PMC5354876 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) on regulation of immune response have been recognized; whether SEB can enhance the effects of immunotherapy on glioma remains to be investigated. This study tests a hypothesis that administration with SEB enhances the effects of specific immunotherapy on glioma growth in mice. In this study, a glioma-bearing mouse model was developed by adoptive transfer with GL261 cells (a mouse glioma cell line). The mice were treated with the GL261 cell extracts (used as an Ag) with or without administration of SEB. We observed that treating glioma-bearing mice with the glioma Ag and SEB induced glioma-specific Th9 cells in both glioma tissue and the spleen. Treating CD4+ CD25− T cells with SEB increased p300 phosphorylation, histone H3K4 acetylation at the interleukin (IL)-9 promoter locus, and increased the IL-9 transcriptional factor binding to the IL-9 promoter. Treating CD4+ CD25− T cells with both SEB and glioma Ag induced glioma-specific Th9 cells. The glioma-specific Th9 cells induced glioma cell apoptosis in the culture. Treating the glioma-bearing mice with SEB and glioma Ag significantly inhibited the glioma growth. In conclusion, SEB plus glioma Ag immunotherapy inhibits the experimental glioma growth, which may be a novel therapeutic remedy for the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Baohua Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guilin Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, 541001, China
| | - Dedong Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guilin Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, 541001, China
| | - Jie Tan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China
| | - Liyuan Sun
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China
| | - Qinghua Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China
| | - Li Sun
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China
| | - Xuewei Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guilin Medical University, Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, 541001, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China
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Hultström M, Becirovic-Agic M, Jönsson S. Comparison of acute kidney injury of different etiology reveals in-common mechanisms of tissue damage. Physiol Genomics 2017; 50:127-141. [PMID: 29341864 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00037.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a syndrome of reduced glomerular filtration rate and urine production caused by a number of different diseases. It is associated with renal tissue damage. This tissue damage can cause tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis that leads to nephron loss and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review describes the in-common mechanisms behind tissue damage in AKI caused by different underlying diseases. Comparing six high-quality microarray studies of renal gene expression after AKI in disease models (gram-negative sepsis, gram-positive sepsis, ischemia-reperfusion, malignant hypertension, rhabdomyolysis, and cisplatin toxicity) identified 5,254 differentially expressed genes in at least one of the AKI models; 66% of genes were found only in one model, showing that there are unique features to AKI depending on the underlying disease. There were in-common features in the form of four genes that were differentially expressed in all six models, 49 in at least five, and 215 were found in common between at least four models. Gene ontology enrichment analysis could be broadly categorized into the injurious processes hypoxia, oxidative stress, and inflammation, as well as the cellular outcomes of cell death and tissue remodeling in the form of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Pathway analysis showed that MYC is a central connection in the network of activated genes in-common to AKI, which suggests that it may be a central regulator of renal gene expression in tissue injury during AKI. The outlining of this molecular network may be useful for understanding progression from AKI to CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hultström
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden.,Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Mediha Becirovic-Agic
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Sofia Jönsson
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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11
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Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) disease (EVD) results from an exacerbated immunological response that is highlighted by a burst in the production of inflammatory mediators known as a "cytokine storm." Previous reports have suggested that nonspecific activation of T lymphocytes may play a central role in this phenomenon. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 1 (Tim-1) has recently been shown to interact with virion-associated phosphatidylserine to promote infection. Here, we demonstrate the central role of Tim-1 in EBOV pathogenesis, as Tim-1-/- mice exhibited increased survival rates and reduced disease severity; surprisingly, only a limited decrease in viremia was detected. Tim-1-/- mice exhibited a modified inflammatory response as evidenced by changes in serum cytokines and activation of T helper subsets. A series of in vitro assays based on the Tim-1 expression profile on T cells demonstrated that despite the apparent absence of detectable viral replication in T lymphocytes, EBOV directly binds to isolated T lymphocytes in a phosphatidylserine-Tim-1-dependent manner. Exposure to EBOV resulted in the rapid development of a CD4Hi CD3Low population, non-antigen-specific activation, and cytokine production. Transcriptome and Western blot analysis of EBOV-stimulated CD4+ T cells confirmed the induction of the Tim-1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, comparative analysis of transcriptome data and cytokine/chemokine analysis of supernatants highlight the similarities associated with EBOV-stimulated T cells and the onset of a cytokine storm. Flow cytometry revealed virtually exclusive binding and activation of central memory CD4+ T cells. These findings provide evidence for the role of Tim-1 in the induction of a cytokine storm phenomenon and the pathogenesis of EVD.IMPORTANCE Ebola virus infection is characterized by a massive release of inflammatory mediators, which has come to be known as a cytokine storm. The severity of the cytokine storm is consistently linked with fatal disease outcome. Previous findings have demonstrated that specific T-cell subsets are key contributors to the onset of a cytokine storm. In this study, we investigated the role of Tim-1, a T-cell-receptor-independent trigger of T-cell activation. We first demonstrated that Tim-1-knockout (KO) mice survive lethal Ebola virus challenge. We then used a series of in vitro assays to demonstrate that Ebola virus directly binds primary T cells in a Tim-1-phosphatidylserine-dependent manner. We noted that binding induces a cytokine storm-like phenomenon and that blocking Tim-1-phosphatidylserine interactions reduces viral binding, T-cell activation, and cytokine production. These findings highlight a previously unknown role of Tim-1 in the development of a cytokine storm and "immune paralysis."
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12
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Younan P, Iampietro M, Nishida A, Ramanathan P, Santos RI, Dutta M, Lubaki NM, Koup RA, Katze MG, Bukreyev A. Ebola Virus Binding to Tim-1 on T Lymphocytes Induces a Cytokine Storm. mBio 2017. [PMID: 28951472 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00845-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) disease (EVD) results from an exacerbated immunological response that is highlighted by a burst in the production of inflammatory mediators known as a "cytokine storm." Previous reports have suggested that nonspecific activation of T lymphocytes may play a central role in this phenomenon. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 1 (Tim-1) has recently been shown to interact with virion-associated phosphatidylserine to promote infection. Here, we demonstrate the central role of Tim-1 in EBOV pathogenesis, as Tim-1-/- mice exhibited increased survival rates and reduced disease severity; surprisingly, only a limited decrease in viremia was detected. Tim-1-/- mice exhibited a modified inflammatory response as evidenced by changes in serum cytokines and activation of T helper subsets. A series of in vitro assays based on the Tim-1 expression profile on T cells demonstrated that despite the apparent absence of detectable viral replication in T lymphocytes, EBOV directly binds to isolated T lymphocytes in a phosphatidylserine-Tim-1-dependent manner. Exposure to EBOV resulted in the rapid development of a CD4Hi CD3Low population, non-antigen-specific activation, and cytokine production. Transcriptome and Western blot analysis of EBOV-stimulated CD4+ T cells confirmed the induction of the Tim-1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, comparative analysis of transcriptome data and cytokine/chemokine analysis of supernatants highlight the similarities associated with EBOV-stimulated T cells and the onset of a cytokine storm. Flow cytometry revealed virtually exclusive binding and activation of central memory CD4+ T cells. These findings provide evidence for the role of Tim-1 in the induction of a cytokine storm phenomenon and the pathogenesis of EVD.IMPORTANCE Ebola virus infection is characterized by a massive release of inflammatory mediators, which has come to be known as a cytokine storm. The severity of the cytokine storm is consistently linked with fatal disease outcome. Previous findings have demonstrated that specific T-cell subsets are key contributors to the onset of a cytokine storm. In this study, we investigated the role of Tim-1, a T-cell-receptor-independent trigger of T-cell activation. We first demonstrated that Tim-1-knockout (KO) mice survive lethal Ebola virus challenge. We then used a series of in vitro assays to demonstrate that Ebola virus directly binds primary T cells in a Tim-1-phosphatidylserine-dependent manner. We noted that binding induces a cytokine storm-like phenomenon and that blocking Tim-1-phosphatidylserine interactions reduces viral binding, T-cell activation, and cytokine production. These findings highlight a previously unknown role of Tim-1 in the development of a cytokine storm and "immune paralysis."
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Younan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Mathieu Iampietro
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Nishida
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Palaniappan Ramanathan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Rodrigo I Santos
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Mukta Dutta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ndongala Michel Lubaki
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael G Katze
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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13
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Hudson Reichenberg LC, Garg R, Fernalld R, Bost KL, Piller KJ. Systemic cytokine and chemokine responses in immunized mice challenged with staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Toxicon 2017; 133:82-90. [PMID: 28478060 PMCID: PMC5534135 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine storm induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) describes the rapid and dramatic induction of mediators which are likely responsible for the toxin's deleterious effects. However despite the use of numerous animal models for investigating SEB related illness in humans, mechanisms of toxicity and correlates of protection remain unclear. In the present study, we used an LPS-potentiated model of SEB lethality to investigate the toxin-induced cytokine and chemokine responses in untreated and immunized mice. Of 30 separate mediators analyzed, serum levels for 28 or 27 of these cytokines and chemokines were elevated following administration of dosages of 3 or 30 LD50 of native SEB, respectively. Mice immunized with a non-toxic SEB vaccine candidate expressed in either E. coli or transgenic soy expression systems were protected from lethality when challenged with potentiated SEB. The majority of SEB-induced cytokines and chemokines (21 of 28 or 23 of 27 following challenge with dosages of 3 or 30 LD50 of native SEB, respectively) were significantly decreased in mice immunized with an SEB vaccine candidate when compared to control animals. Together, these studies provide the most comprehensive evaluation of the cytokine storm induced in this LPS-potentiated model of SEB lethality to date. As with other animal models, the identification of those mediators which are necessary and sufficient for SEB-induced toxicity remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Hudson Reichenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA; SoyMeds, Inc., Davidson, NC, USA.
| | - Renu Garg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA; SoyMeds, Inc., Davidson, NC, USA.
| | | | - Kenneth L Bost
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
| | - Kenneth J Piller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA; SoyMeds, Inc., Davidson, NC, USA
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14
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Krakauer T. FDA-approved immunosuppressants targeting staphylococcal superantigens: mechanisms and insights. Immunotargets Ther 2017; 6:17-29. [PMID: 28497030 PMCID: PMC5423536 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s125429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunostimulating staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and related superantigenic toxins cause diseases in human beings and laboratory animals by hyperactivating cells of the immune system. These protein toxins bind to the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules and specific Vβ regions of T-cell receptors (TCRs), resulting in the stimulation of both monocytes/macrophages and T lymphocytes. The bridging of TCR with MHC II molecules by superantigens triggers intracellular signaling cascades, resulting in excessive release of proinflammatory mediators and massive polyclonal T-cell proliferation. The early induction of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interferon gamma (IFNγ), and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 promotes fever, inflammation, and multiple organ injury. The signal transduction pathways for staphylococcal superantigen-induced toxicity downstream from TCR/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ligation and interaction of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules include the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and cytokine receptor signaling, activating nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. Knowledge of host regulation within these activated pathways and molecules initiated by SEB and other superantigens enables the selection of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs to interrupt and prevent superantigen-induced shock in animal models. This review focuses on the use of FDA-approved immunosuppressants in targeting the signaling pathways induced by staphylococcal superantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Krakauer
- Department of Immunology, Molecular Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
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15
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Malik U, Javed A, Ali A, Asghar K. Structural and functional annotation of human FAM26F: A multifaceted protein having a critical role in the immune system. Gene 2016; 597:66-75. [PMID: 27784631 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immune system is a complex amalgam of a greatly diverse ensemble comprising of various cellular and non-cellular components, including proteins. FAM26F (family with sequence similarity 26, member F) is a relatively recently identified gene reported to play important role in diverse immune responses. Numerous studies have reported FAM26F to be differentially expressed in several viral, bacterial and parasitic infections, in certain pathophysiological conditions such as heart and liver transplantation, and in several cancers. FAM26F has also been found to be upregulated by various stimulants such as polyI:C, LPS, INF gamma and TNF alpha, and via various anticipated pathways including TLR3, TLR4 IFN-β and Dectin-1. Moreover, the synergistic expression of FAM26F on both NK-cells and myeloid dendritic cells is required to activate NK-cells against tumors via its cytoplasmic tail, thus emphasizing the therapeutic potential of FAM26F for NK sensitive tumors. Although a considerable amount of evidence is present regarding the potential role of FAM26F in immune modulation, the exact function and modulatory pathways of this gene are yet to be elucidated. We aimed to completely characterize FAM26F in order to apprehend its function and role in the immune responses. RESULTS The results revealed human FAM26F to be located at chromosomal position 6q22.1. FAM26F mRNA contains 1141bp coding region encoding a 315 amino acid long, stable protein that has been well-conserved throughout evolution. It is a signal peptide deprived transmembrane protein that is secreted through non-classical pathway. The presence of a single well-conserved Ca_hom_mod domain indicated FAM26F to be a cation channel involved in the transport of molecules. A potential N-glycosylation and 14 phosphorylation sites were also predicted, along with four interacting partners of FAM26F. The secondary and tertiary structures of FAM26F were determined. Moreover, the presence of an immunoglobulin-like fold in FAM26F emphasized its role in immune responses. CONCLUSION This is the first in silico structural and functional characterization of FAM26F which will be helpful in better understanding the role of FAM26F in the context of the immune system and may also lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Malik
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Aneela Javed
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Amjad Ali
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Kashif Asghar
- Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH & RC), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
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Javed A, Leuchte N, Salinas G, Opitz L, Stahl-Hennig C, Sopper S, Sauermann U. Pre-infection transcript levels of FAM26F in peripheral blood mononuclear cells inform about overall plasma viral load in acute and post-acute phase after simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3400-3412. [PMID: 27902344 PMCID: PMC5203675 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ cells from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected long-term non-progressors and some uninfected macaques can suppress viral replication in vitro without killing the infected cells. The aim of this study was to identify factors responsible for non-cytolytic viral suppression by transcriptional profiling and to investigate their potential impact on SIV replication. Results of microarray experiments and further validation with cells from infected and uninfected macaques revealed that FAM26F RNA levels distinguished CD8+ cells of controllers and non-controllers (P=0.001). However, FAM26F was also expressed in CD4+ T-cells and B-cells. FAM26F expression increased in lymphocytes after in vitro IFN-γ treatment on average 40-fold, and ex vivo FAM26F RNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells correlated with plasma IFN-γ but not with IFN-α. Baseline FAM26F expression appeared to be stable for months, albeit the individual expression levels varied up to tenfold. Investigating its role in SIV-infection revealed that FAM26F was upregulated after infection (P<0.0008), but did not directly correlate with viral load in contrast to MX1 and CXCL10. However, pre-infection levels of FAM26F correlated inversely with overall plasma viral load (AUC) during the acute and post-acute phases of infection (e.g. AUC weeks post infection 0–8; no AIDS vaccine: P<0.0001, Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rs)=−0.89, n=16; immunized with an AIDS vaccine: P=0.033, rs=−0.43; n=25). FAM26F transcript levels prior to infection can provide information about the pace and strength of the antiviral immune response during the early stage of infection. FAM26F expression represented, in our experiments, one of the earliest prognostic markers, and could supplement major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-typing to predict disease progression before SIV-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneela Javed
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Unit of Infection Models, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Leuchte
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Unit of Infection Models, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- Transcriptome and Genome Analysis Laboratory (TAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lennart Opitz
- Transcriptome and Genome Analysis Laboratory (TAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Stahl-Hennig
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Unit of Infection Models, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck and Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulrike Sauermann
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Unit of Infection Models, Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence Ulrike Sauermann
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17
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Abstract
Mammalian immune system is a complex amalgam of diverse cellular and noncellular components such as cytokines, receptors and co-receptors. FAM26F (family with sequence similarity 26, member F) is a recently identified tetraspanin-like membrane glycoprotein which is predicted to make homophilic interactions and potential synapses between several immune cells including CD4+, CD8+, NK, dendritic cells and macrophages. Various whole transcriptome analyses have demonstrated the differential expression of FAM26F in several bacterial, viral and parasitic infections, in certain pathophysiological conditions such as liver and heart transplantation, and in various cancers. The complete understanding of transcriptional regulation of FAM26F is in its infancy however it is up regulated by various stimulants such as polyI:C, LPS, INF gamma and TNF alpha, and via various proposed pathways including TLR3, TLR4 IFN-β and Dectin-1. These pathways can merge in STAT1 activation. The synergistic expression of FAM26F on both NK-cells and myeloid dendritic cells is required to activate NK-cells against tumors via its cytoplasmic tail, thus emphasizing therapeutic potential of FAM26F for NK sensitive tumors. Current review provides a comprehensive basis to propose that FAM26F expression level is at least a hallmark for IFN-γ-lead immune responses and thus can proficiently be regarded as an early diagnostic marker. Future investigation dissecting the role of FAM26F in activation of various immune cell populations in local amplification by cell-cell contact is crucial to provide the missing link imperative for elucidating the relevance of this protein in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Malik
- a Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB) , National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Aneela Javed
- a Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB) , National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) , Islamabad , Pakistan
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18
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Krakauer T, Pradhan K, Stiles BG. Staphylococcal Superantigens Spark Host-Mediated Danger Signals. Front Immunol 2016; 7:23. [PMID: 26870039 PMCID: PMC4735405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) of Staphylococcus aureus, and related superantigenic toxins produced by myriad microbes, are potent stimulators of the immune system causing a variety of human diseases from transient food poisoning to lethal toxic shock. These protein toxins bind directly to specific Vβ regions of T-cell receptors (TCR) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II on antigen-presenting cells, resulting in hyperactivation of T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Activated host cells produce excessive amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, especially tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2, interferon γ (IFNγ), and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 causing clinical symptoms of fever, hypotension, and shock. Because of superantigen-induced T cells skewed toward TH1 helper cells, and the induction of proinflammatory cytokines, superantigens can exacerbate autoimmune diseases. Upon TCR/MHC ligation, pathways induced by superantigens include the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and cytokine receptor signaling, resulting in activation of NFκB and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. Various mouse models exist to study SEB-induced shock including those with potentiating agents, transgenic mice and an “SEB-only” model. However, therapeutics to treat toxic shock remain elusive as host response genes central to pathogenesis of superantigens have only been identified recently. Gene profiling of a murine model for SEB-induced shock reveals novel molecules upregulated in multiple organs not previously associated with SEB-induced responses. The pivotal genes include intracellular DNA/RNA sensors, apoptosis/DNA damage-related molecules, immunoproteasome components, as well as antiviral and IFN-stimulated genes. The host-wide induction of these, and other, antimicrobial defense genes provide evidence that SEB elicits danger signals resulting in multi-organ damage and toxic shock. Ultimately, these discoveries might lead to novel therapeutics for various superantigen-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Krakauer
- Department of Immunology, Molecular Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick , Frederick, MD , USA
| | - Kisha Pradhan
- Biology Department, Wilson College , Chambersburg, PA , USA
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19
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EPCR-dependent PAR2 activation by the blood coagulation initiation complex regulates LPS-triggered interferon responses in mice. Blood 2015; 125:2845-54. [PMID: 25733582 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-11-610717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection and inflammation are invariably associated with activation of the blood coagulation mechanism, secondary to the inflammation-induced expression of the coagulation initiator tissue factor (TF) on innate immune cells. By investigating the role of cell-surface receptors for coagulation factors in mouse endotoxemia, we found that the protein C receptor (ProcR; EPCR) was required for the normal in vivo and in vitro induction of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-regulated gene expression. In cultured bone marrow-derived myeloid cells and in monocytic RAW264.7 cells, the LPS-induced expression of functionally active TF, assembly of the ternary TF-VIIa-Xa initiation complex of blood coagulation, and the EPCR-dependent activation of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) by the ternary TF-VIIa-Xa complex were required for the normal LPS induction of messenger RNAs encoding the TLR3/4 signaling adaptor protein Pellino-1 and the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 8. In response to in vivo challenge with LPS, mice lacking EPCR or PAR2 failed to fully initiate an interferon-regulated gene expression program that included the Irf8 target genes Lif, Iigp1, Gbp2, Gbp3, and Gbp6. The inflammation-induced expression of TF and crosstalk with EPCR, PAR2, and TLR4 therefore appear necessary for the normal evolution of interferon-regulated host responses.
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20
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Hammamieh R, Chakraborty N, Lin Y, Shupp JW, Miller SA, Morris S, Jett M. Characterization of the interaction of staphylococcal enterotoxin B with CD1d expressed in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:12. [PMID: 25649790 PMCID: PMC4327782 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Participation of renal cells in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is critical for late cleansing and sequestration of the antigens facilitated by CD1d mediated antigen sensing and recognition. This is a noted deviation from the typical antigen recognition process that recruits the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules. The immunological importance of CD1d is underscored by its influences on the performances of natural killer T-cells and thereby mediates the innate and adaptive immune systems. Results Using diffraction-based dotReady™ immunoassays, the present study showed that SEB directly and specifically conjugated to CD1d. The specificity of the conjugation between SEB and CD1d expressed on human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTEC) was further established by selective inhibition of CD1d prior to its exposure to SEB. We found that SEB induced the expression of CD1d on the cell surface prompting a rapid conjugation between them. The mRNA transcripts encoding CD1d remained elevated potentially after completing the antigen cleansing process. Conclusion Molecular targets associated with the delayed pathogenic response have essential therapeutic values. Particularly in the event of bioterrorism, the caregivers are typically able to intervene much later than the toxic exposures. Given circumstances mandate a paradigm shift from the conventional therapeutic strategy that counts on targeting the host markers responding to the early assault of pathogens. We demonstrated the role of CD1d in the late stage of pathogen recognition and cleansing, and thereby underscored its clinical potential in treating bioweaponizable antigens, such as Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0344-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Hammamieh
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research Fort Detrick, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702-5010, USA.
| | - Nabarun Chakraborty
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research Fort Detrick, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702-5010, USA.
| | - Yixin Lin
- Axela, Inc., 50 Ronason Drive, Suite 105, Toronto, ON, M9W 1B3, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey W Shupp
- The Burn Center, Department of Surgery, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
| | - Stacy-Ann Miller
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research Fort Detrick, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702-5010, USA.
| | - Sam Morris
- Axela, Inc., 50 Ronason Drive, Suite 105, Toronto, ON, M9W 1B3, Canada.
| | - Marti Jett
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research Fort Detrick, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702-5010, USA.
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21
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Welsby I, Hutin D, Gueydan C, Kruys V, Rongvaux A, Leo O. PARP12, an interferon-stimulated gene involved in the control of protein translation and inflammation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:26642-26657. [PMID: 25086041 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.589515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome analyses have recently identified PARP12, a member of a large family of ADP-ribosyl transferases, as an interferon-induced gene (ISG), whose function remains incompletely characterized. We demonstrate herein that PARP12 is a genuine ISG, whose expressed protein displays at least two distinct subcellular locations and related functions. Upon ectopic expression or exposure to oxidative stress, PARP12 is recruited to stress-granules (SGs), known sites of mRNA translational arrest. Accordingly, PARP12 was found to block mRNA translation, possibly upon association to the translational machinery. Both the N-terminal domain (containing an RNA-binding domain characterized by the presence of five CCCH-type Zn-fingers) and integrity of the catalytic domain are required for this suppressive function. In contrast, stimulation with LPS leads to the localization of PARP12 to p62/SQSTM1 (an adaptor protein involved in innate signaling and autophagy) containing structures, unrelated to SGs. Deletion of the N-terminal domain promotes the association of the protein to p62/SQSTM1, suggesting that the RNA-binding domain is responsible for the subcellular localization of PARP12. Association to p62/SQSTM1 was found to correlate with increased NF-κB signaling, suggesting a role for PARP12 in inflammation. Collectively, these observations suggest that PARP12 can alternate between two distinct subcellular compartments associated to two distinct cellular functions. The present work therefore identifies PARP12 as an ISG with a potential role in cellular defenses against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Welsby
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium; Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - David Hutin
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Cyril Gueydan
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Veronique Kruys
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium; Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Gosselies 6041, Belgium, and
| | - Anthony Rongvaux
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Oberdan Leo
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium; Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium,.
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