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Li Y, Prakash YS, Tan Q, Tschumperlin D. Defining signals that promote human alveolar type I differentiation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L409-L418. [PMID: 38349124 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00191.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type I (ATI) cells cover >95% of the lung's distal surface and facilitate gas exchange through their exceptionally thin shape. ATI cells in vivo are replenished by alveolar type II cell division and differentiation, but a detailed understanding of ATI biology has been hampered by the challenges in direct isolation of these cells due to their fragility and incomplete understanding of the signaling interactions that promote differentiation of ATII to ATI cells. Here, we explored the signals that maintain ATII versus promote ATI fates in three-dimensional (3-D) organoid cultures and developed a human alveolar type I differentiation medium (hATIDM) suitable for generating ATI cells from either mixed distal human lung cells or purified ATII cells. This media adds bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and removes epidermal growth factor (EGF), Wnt agonist CHIR99021, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) inhibitor SB431542 from previously developed alveolar organoid culture media. We demonstrate that BMP4 promotes expression of the ATI marker gene AGER and HOPX, whereas CHIR99021 and SB431542 maintain expression of the ATII marker gene SFTPC. The human ATI spheroids generated with hATIDM express multiple molecular and morphological features reminiscent of human ATI cells. Our results demonstrate that signaling interactions among BMP, TGF-β, and Wnt signaling pathways in alveolar spheroids and distal lung organoids including IPF-organoids coordinate human ATII to ATI differentiation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Alveolar type I (ATI) epithelial cells perform essential roles in maintaining lung function but have been challenging to study. We explored the signals that promote ATI fate in 3-D organoid cultures generated from either mixed distal human lung cells or purified alveolar type II (ATII) cells. This work fills an important void in our experimental repertoire for studying alveolar epithelial cells and identifies signals that promote human ATII to ATI cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Qi Tan
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States
| | - Daniel Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
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2
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Tan Z, Li F, Chen Q, Chen H, Xue Z, Zhang J, Gao Y, Liang L, Huang T, Zhang S, Li J, Shu Q, Yu L. Integrated bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals SPOCK2 as a novel biomarker gene in the development of congenital pulmonary airway malformation. Respir Res 2023; 24:127. [PMID: 37165378 PMCID: PMC10170809 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) is the most frequent pulmonary developmental malformation and the pathophysiology remains poorly understood. This study aimed to identify the characteristic gene expression patterns and the marker genes essential to CPAM. METHODS Tissues from the cystic area displaying CPAM and the area of normal appearance were obtained during surgery. Bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) were performed for integrating analysis. Iterative weighted gene correlation network analysis (iWGCNA) was used to identify specifically expressed genes to CPAM. RESULTS In total, 2074 genes were significantly differentially expressed between the CPAM and control areas. Of these differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 1675 genes were up-regulated and 399 genes were down-regulated. Gene ontology analysis revealed these DEGs were specifically enriched in ciliated epithelium and involved in immune response. We also identified several CPAM-related modules by iWGCNA, among them, P15_I4_M3 module was the most influential module for distinguishing CPAMs from controls. By combining the analysis of the expression dataset from RNA-seq and scRNA-seq, SPOCK2, STX11, and ZNF331 were highlighted in CPAM. CONCLUSIONS Through our analysis of expression datasets from both scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq of tissues obtained from patients with CPAM, we identified the characteristic gene expression patterns associated with the condition. Our findings suggest that SPOCK2 could be a potential biomarker gene for the diagnosis and therapeutic target in the development of CPAM, whereas STX11 and ZNF331 might serve as prognostic markers for this condition. Further investigations with larger samples and function studies are necessary to confirm the involvement of these genes in CPAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Tan
- Department of Paediatric Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengxia Li
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ziru Xue
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Paediatric Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Paediatric Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Liang
- Department of Paediatric Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Department of Paediatric Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shouhua Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Jiangxi, China
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Department of Paediatric Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- Department of Paediatric Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Lan Yu
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Alysandratos KD, Garcia-de-Alba C, Yao C, Pessina P, Huang J, Villacorta-Martin C, Hix OT, Minakin K, Burgess CL, Bawa P, Murthy A, Konda B, Beers MF, Stripp BR, Kim CF, Kotton DN. Culture impact on the transcriptomic programs of primary and iPSC-derived human alveolar type 2 cells. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e158937. [PMID: 36454643 PMCID: PMC9870086 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of alveolar epithelial type 2 cells (AEC2s), the facultative progenitors of lung alveoli, is implicated in pulmonary disease pathogenesis, highlighting the importance of human in vitro models. However, AEC2-like cells in culture have yet to be directly compared to their in vivo counterparts at single-cell resolution. Here, we performed head-to-head comparisons among the transcriptomes of primary (1°) adult human AEC2s, their cultured progeny, and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived AEC2s (iAEC2s). We found each population occupied a distinct transcriptomic space with cultured AEC2s (1° and iAEC2s) exhibiting similarities to and differences from freshly purified 1° cells. Across each cell type, we found an inverse relationship between proliferative and maturation states, with preculture 1° AEC2s being most quiescent/mature and iAEC2s being most proliferative/least mature. Cultures of either type of human AEC2s did not generate detectable alveolar type 1 cells in these defined conditions; however, a subset of iAEC2s cocultured with fibroblasts acquired a transitional cell state described in mice and humans to arise during fibrosis or following injury. Hence, we provide direct comparisons of the transcriptomic programs of 1° and engineered AEC2s, 2 in vitro models that can be harnessed to study human lung health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos-Dionysios Alysandratos
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carolina Garcia-de-Alba
- Stem Cell Program and Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Changfu Yao
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Patrizia Pessina
- Stem Cell Program and Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jessie Huang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlos Villacorta-Martin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olivia T. Hix
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kasey Minakin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Claire L. Burgess
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pushpinder Bawa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aditi Murthy
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, and
- PENN-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bindu Konda
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael F. Beers
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, and
- PENN-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Barry R. Stripp
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carla F. Kim
- Stem Cell Program and Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Darrell N. Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Chary A, Groff K, Stucki AO, Contal S, Stoffels C, Cambier S, Sharma M, Gutleb AC, Clippinger AJ. Maximizing the relevance and reproducibility of A549 cell culture using FBS-free media. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 83:105423. [PMID: 35753526 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Scientists are using in vitro methods to answer important research questions and implementing strategies to maximize the reliability and human relevance of these methods. One strategy is to replace the use of fetal bovine serum (FBS)-an undefined and variable mixture of biomolecules-in cell culture media with chemically defined or xeno-free medium. In this study, A549 cells, a human lung alveolar-like cell line commonly used in respiratory research, were transitioned from a culture medium containing FBS to media without FBS. A successful transition was determined based on analysis of cell morphology and functionality. Following transition to commercially available CnT-Prime Airway (CELLnTEC) or X-VIVO™ 10 (Lonza) medium, the cells were characterized by microscopic evaluation and calculation of doubling time. Their genotype, morphology, and functionality were assessed by monitoring the expression of gene markers for lung cell types, surfactant production, cytokine release, the presence of multilamellar bodies, and cell viability following sodium dodecyl sulphate exposure. Our results showed that A549 cells successfully transitioned to FBS-free media under submerged and air-liquid-interface conditions. Cells grown in X-VIVO™ 10 medium mimicked cellular characteristics of FBS-supplemented media while those grown in CnT-Prime Airway medium demonstrated characteristics possibly more reflective of normal human alveolar epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Chary
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | - Katherine Groff
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., Friolzheimer Str. 3, 70499 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Andreas O Stucki
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., Friolzheimer Str. 3, 70499 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Servane Contal
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | - Charlotte Stoffels
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; University of Luxembourg, 2 Av. de l'Universite, 4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Sébastien Cambier
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | - Monita Sharma
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., Friolzheimer Str. 3, 70499 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Arno C Gutleb
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | - Amy J Clippinger
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., Friolzheimer Str. 3, 70499 Stuttgart, Germany.
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5
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Katsumiti A, Ruenraroengsak P, Cajaraville MP, Thorley AJ, Tetley TD. Immortalisation of primary human alveolar epithelial lung cells using a non-viral vector to study respiratory bioreactivity in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20486. [PMID: 33235275 PMCID: PMC7686381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To overcome the scarcity of primary human alveolar epithelial cells for lung research, and the limitations of current cell lines to recapitulate the phenotype, functional and molecular characteristics of the healthy human alveolar epithelium, we have developed a new method to immortalise primary human alveolar epithelial lung cells using a non-viral vector to transfect the telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) and the simian virus 40 large-tumour antigen (SV40). Twelve strains of immortalised cells (ICs) were generated and characterised using molecular, immunochemical and morphological techniques. Cell proliferation and sensitivity to polystyrene nanoparticles (PS) were evaluated. ICs expressed caveolin-1, podoplanin and receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), and most cells were negative for alkaline phosphatase staining, indicating characteristics of AT1-like cells. However, most strains also contained some cells that expressed pro-surfactant protein C, classically described to be expressed only by AT2 cells. Thus, the ICs mimic the cellular heterogeneity in the human alveolar epithelium. These ICs can be passaged, replicate rapidly and remain confluent beyond 15 days. ICs showed differential sensitivity to positive and negatively charged PS nanoparticles, illustrating their potential value as an in vitro model to study respiratory bioreactivity. These novel ICs offer a unique resource to study human alveolar epithelial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Katsumiti
- CBET Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PiE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain. .,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Pakatip Ruenraroengsak
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Miren P Cajaraville
- CBET Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PiE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Andrew J Thorley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Teresa D Tetley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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6
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Hadchouel A, Franco-Montoya ML, Guerin S, Do Cruzeiro M, Lhuillier M, Ribeiro Baptista B, Boyer L, Lanone S, Delacourt C. Overexpression of Spock2 in mice leads to altered lung alveolar development and worsens lesions induced by hyperoxia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L71-L81. [PMID: 32374670 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00191.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
SPARC/osteonectin, cwcv and kazal-like domains proteoglycan 2 (SPOCK2) was previously associated with genetic susceptibility to bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a French population of very preterm neonates. Its expression increases during lung development and is increased after exposure of rat pups to hyperoxia compared with controls bred in room air. To further investigate the role of SPOCK2 during lung development, we designed two mouse models, one that uses a specific anti-Spock2 antibody and one that reproduces the hyperoxia-induced Spock2 expression with a transgenic mouse model resulting in a conditional and lung-targeted overexpression of Spock2. When mice were bred under hyperoxic conditions, treatment with anti-Spock2 antibodies significantly improved alveolarization. Lung overexpression of Spock2 altered alveolar development in pups bred in room air and worsened hyperoxia-induced lesions. Neither treatment with anti-Spock2 antibody nor overexpression of Spock2 was associated with abnormal activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2. These two models did not alter the expression of known players in alveolar development. This study brings strong arguments for the deleterious role of SPOCK2 on lung alveolar development especially after lung injury, suggesting its role in bronchopulmonary dysplasia susceptibility. These effects are not mediated by a deregulation in metalloproteases activity and in expression of factors essential to normal alveolarization. The balance between types 1 and 2 epithelial alveolar cells may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Hadchouel
- Service de Pneumologie et d'Allergologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Equipe 4, U955, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Créteil, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Franco-Montoya
- Service de Pneumologie et d'Allergologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Guerin
- Service de Pneumologie et d'Allergologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Equipe 4, U955, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Créteil, France
| | - Marcio Do Cruzeiro
- Homologous Recombination, Cochin Institute, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mickaël Lhuillier
- U1151, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Ribeiro Baptista
- Equipe 4, U955, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Créteil, France
| | - Laurent Boyer
- Equipe 4, U955, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Créteil, France
| | - Sophie Lanone
- Equipe 4, U955, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Créteil, France
| | - Christophe Delacourt
- Service de Pneumologie et d'Allergologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Equipe 4, U955, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Créteil, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
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7
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Li Y, Wu Q, Sun X, Shen J, Chen H. Organoids as a Powerful Model for Respiratory Diseases. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:5847876. [PMID: 32256609 PMCID: PMC7086445 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5847876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Insults to the alveoli usually lead to inefficient gas exchange or even respiratory failure, which is difficult to model in animal studies. Over the past decade, stem cell-derived self-organizing three-dimensional organoids have emerged as a new avenue to recapitulate respiratory diseases in a dish. Alveolar organoids have improved our understanding of the mechanisms underlying tissue homeostasis and pathological alterations in alveoli. From this perspective, we review the state-of-the-art technology on establishing alveolar organoids from endogenous lung epithelial stem/progenitor cells or pluripotent stem cells, as well as the use of alveolar organoids for the study of respiratory diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, tuberculosis infection, and respiratory virus infection. We also discuss challenges that need to be overcome for future application of alveolar organoids in individualized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- 1Department of Basic Medicine, Tianjin University Haihe Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Wu
- 2Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Sun
- 2Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Shen
- 1Department of Basic Medicine, Tianjin University Haihe Hospital, Tianjin, China
- 2Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin, China
- 3Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- 1Department of Basic Medicine, Tianjin University Haihe Hospital, Tianjin, China
- 2Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin, China
- 3Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Medicine, Tianjin, China
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8
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The Interferon-Inducible Proteoglycan Testican-2/SPOCK2 Functions as a Protective Barrier against Virus Infection of Lung Epithelial Cells. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00662-19. [PMID: 31341044 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00662-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans function not only as structural components of the extracellular compartment but also as regulators of various cellular events, including cell migration, inflammation, and infection. Many microbial pathogens utilize proteoglycans to facilitate adhesion and invasion into host cells. Here we report a secreted form of a novel heparan sulfate proteoglycan that functions against virus infection. The expression of SPOCK2/testican-2 was significantly induced in virus-infected lungs or in interferon (IFN)-treated alveolar lung epithelial cells. Overexpression from a SPOCK2 expression plasmid alone or the treatment of cells with recombinant SPOCK2 protein efficiently blocked influenza virus infection at the step of viral attachment to the host cell and entry. Moreover, mice treated with purified SPOCK2 were protected against virus infection. Sialylated glycans and heparan sulfate chains covalently attached to the SPOCK2 core protein were critical for its antiviral activity. Neuraminidase (NA) of influenza virus cleaves the sialylated moiety of SPOCK2, thereby blocking its binding to the virus. Our data suggest that IFN-induced SPOCK2 functions as a decoy receptor to bind and block influenza virus infection, thereby restricting entry of the infecting virus into neighboring cells.IMPORTANCE Here we report a novel proteoglycan protein, testican-2/SPOCK2, that prevents influenza virus infection. Testican-2/SPOCK2 is a complex type of secreted proteoglycan with heparan sulfate GAG chains attached to the core protein. SPOCK2 expression is induced upon virus infection or by interferons, and the protein is secreted to an extracellular compartment, where it acts directly to block virus-cell attachment and entry. Treatment with purified testican-2/SPOCK2 protein can efficiently block influenza virus infection in vitro and in vivo We also identified the heparan sulfate moiety as a key regulatory module for this inhibitory effect. Based on its mode of action (cell attachment/entry blocker) and site of action (extracellular compartment), we propose testican-2/SPOCK2 as a potential antiviral agent that can efficiently control influenza virus infection.
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9
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Ramana CV. Insights into the Signal Transduction Pathways of Mouse Lung Type II Cells Revealed by Transcription Factor Profiling in the Transcriptome. Genomics Inform 2019; 17:e8. [PMID: 30929409 PMCID: PMC6459171 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2019.17.1.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type II cells constitute a small fraction of the total lung cell mass. However, they play an important role in many cellular processes including trans-differentiation into type I cells as well as repair of lung injury in response to toxic chemicals and respiratory pathogens. Transcription factors are the regulatory proteins dynamically modulating DNA structure and gene expression. Transcription factor profiling in microarray datasets revealed that several members of AP1, ATF, NF-kB, and C/EBP families involved in diverse responses were expressed in mouse lung type II cells. A transcriptional factor signature consisting of Cebpa, Srebf1, Stat3, Klf5, and Elf3 was identified in lung type II cells, Sox9+ pluripotent lung stem cells as well as in mouse lung development. Identification of the transcription factor profile in mouse lung type II cells will serve as a useful resource and facilitate the integrated analysis of signal transduction pathways and specific gene targets in a variety of physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chilakamarti V Ramana
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
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10
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