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Chuzeville L, Aissani A, Manisekaran A, Fleming Y, Grysan P, Contal S, Chary A, Duday D, Couture O, Anand R, Thomann JS. Size and phase preservation of amorphous calcium carbonate nanoparticles in aqueous media using different types of lignin for contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 658:584-596. [PMID: 38134667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles could have great potential for contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging (CEUS) due to their gas-generating properties and sensitivity to physiological conditions. However, the use of nano CaCO3 for biomedical applications requires the assistance of stabilizers to control the size and avoid the fast dissolution/recrystallization of the particles when exposed to aqueous conditions. EXPERIMENTS Herein, we report the stabilization of nano CaCO3 using lignin, and synthesized core-shell amorphous CaCO3-lignin nanoparticles (LigCC NPs) with a diameter below 100 nm. We have then investigated the echogenicity of the LigCC NPs by monitoring the consequent generation of contrast in vitro for 90 min in linear and non-linear B-mode imaging. FINDINGS This research explores how lignin type and structure affect stabilization efficiency, lignin structuration around CaCO3 cores, and particle echogenicity. Interestingly, by employing lignin as the stabilizer, it becomes possible to maintain the echogenic properties of CaCO3, whereas the use of lipid coatings prevents the production of signal generation in ultrasound imaging. This work opens new avenue for CEUS imaging of the vascular and extravascular space using CaCO3, as it highlights the potential to generate contrast for extended durations at physiological pH by utilizing the amorphous phase of CaCO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Chuzeville
- Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch/Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg; University of Luxembourg, Department of Physics & Materials Science, 162a Avenue de la Faïencerie, 1511 Luxembourg city, Luxembourg
| | - Abderrahmane Aissani
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Ahilan Manisekaran
- Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch/Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg; University of Luxembourg, Department of Physics & Materials Science, 162a Avenue de la Faïencerie, 1511 Luxembourg city, Luxembourg
| | - Yves Fleming
- Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch/Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Patrick Grysan
- Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch/Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Servane Contal
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch/Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Aline Chary
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch/Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - David Duday
- Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch/Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Olivier Couture
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, 15 rue de l'école de médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Resmi Anand
- Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch/Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Sébastien Thomann
- Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch/Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg.
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Chary A. Culturing Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells in a Serum-Free Environment. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2645:165-172. [PMID: 37202617 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3056-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 is commonly used in cancer research as a model of malignant alveolar type II epithelial cells. A549 cells are frequently cultured in Ham's F12K (Kaighn's) or Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM), supplemented with glutamine and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). However, the use of FBS presents significant scientific concerns, such as the presence of undefined components and batch-to-batch variation leading to possible reproducibility issues in experiments and readouts. This chapter describes how to transition A549 cells to FBS-free medium and gives some insights on the further characterizations and functionality assays that would be necessary to perform for the validation of the cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Chary
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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Chary A, Groff K, Stucki AO, Contal S, Stoffels C, Cambier S, Sharma M, Gutleb AC, Clippinger AJ. Maximizing the relevance and reproducibility of A549 cell culture using FBS-free media. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 83:105423. [PMID: 35753526 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Scientists are using in vitro methods to answer important research questions and implementing strategies to maximize the reliability and human relevance of these methods. One strategy is to replace the use of fetal bovine serum (FBS)-an undefined and variable mixture of biomolecules-in cell culture media with chemically defined or xeno-free medium. In this study, A549 cells, a human lung alveolar-like cell line commonly used in respiratory research, were transitioned from a culture medium containing FBS to media without FBS. A successful transition was determined based on analysis of cell morphology and functionality. Following transition to commercially available CnT-Prime Airway (CELLnTEC) or X-VIVO™ 10 (Lonza) medium, the cells were characterized by microscopic evaluation and calculation of doubling time. Their genotype, morphology, and functionality were assessed by monitoring the expression of gene markers for lung cell types, surfactant production, cytokine release, the presence of multilamellar bodies, and cell viability following sodium dodecyl sulphate exposure. Our results showed that A549 cells successfully transitioned to FBS-free media under submerged and air-liquid-interface conditions. Cells grown in X-VIVO™ 10 medium mimicked cellular characteristics of FBS-supplemented media while those grown in CnT-Prime Airway medium demonstrated characteristics possibly more reflective of normal human alveolar epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Chary
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | - Katherine Groff
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., Friolzheimer Str. 3, 70499 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Andreas O Stucki
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., Friolzheimer Str. 3, 70499 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Servane Contal
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | - Charlotte Stoffels
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; University of Luxembourg, 2 Av. de l'Universite, 4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Sébastien Cambier
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | - Monita Sharma
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., Friolzheimer Str. 3, 70499 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Arno C Gutleb
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | - Amy J Clippinger
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., Friolzheimer Str. 3, 70499 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Rundén-Pran E, Mariussen E, Elje E, Chary A, Longhin E, Yamani N, Dusinska M, C. Gutleb A, Serchi T. An Advanced In vitro Respiratory Model for Genotoxicity Testing at the Air-Liquid Interface. Toxicol Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(21)00535-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Behbahani K, Chary A, Mitchell J, Behi A, Prologo J. Abstract No. 618 Percutaneous computed tomography–guided cryoablation of the celiac plexus: a retrospective cohort comparison with ethanol. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.12.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Fizeșan I, Cambier S, Moschini E, Chary A, Nelissen I, Ziebel J, Audinot JN, Wirtz T, Kruszewski M, Pop A, Kiss B, Serchi T, Loghin F, Gutleb AC. In vitro exposure of a 3D-tetraculture representative for the alveolar barrier at the air-liquid interface to silver particles and nanowires. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:14. [PMID: 30940208 PMCID: PMC6444883 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to evaluate the potential differences in the biological effects of two types of spherical silver particles of 20 and 200 nm (Ag20 and Ag200), and of PVP-coated silver nanowires (AgNWs) with a diameter of 50 nm and length up to 50 μm, using a complex 3D model representative for the alveolar barrier cultured at air-liquid interface (ALI). The alveolar model was exposed to 0.05, 0.5 and 5 μg/cm2 of test compounds at ALI using a state-of-the-art exposure system (Vitrocell™Cloud System). Endpoints related to the oxidative stress induction, anti-oxidant defence mechanisms, pro-inflammatory responses and cellular death were selected to evaluate the biocompatibility of silver particles and nanowires (AgNMs) and to further ascribe particular biological effects to the different morphologic properties between the three types of AgNMs evaluated. RESULTS Significant cytotoxic effect was observed for all three types of AgNMs at the highest tested doses. The increased mRNA levels of the pro-apoptotic gene CASP7 suggests that apoptosis may occur after exposure to AgNWs. All three types of AgNMs increased the mRNA level of the anti-oxidant enzyme HMOX-1 and of the metal-binding anti-oxidant metallothioneins (MTs), with AgNWs being the most potent inducer. Even though all types of AgNMs induced the nuclear translocation of NF-kB, only AgNWs increased the mRNA level of pro-inflammatory mediators. The pro-inflammatory response elicited by AgNWs was further confirmed by the increased secretion of the 10 evaluated interleukins. CONCLUSION In the current study, we demonstrated that the direct exposure of a complex tetra-culture alveolar model to different types of AgNMs at ALI induces shape- and size-specific biological responses. From the three AgNMs tested, AgNWs were the most potent in inducing biological alterations. Starting from 50 ng/cm2, a dose representative for an acute exposure in a high exposure occupational setting, AgNWs induced prominent changes indicative for a pro-inflammatory response. Even though the acute responses towards a dose representative for a full-lifetime exposure were also evaluated, chronic exposure scenarios at low dose are still unquestionably needed to reveal the human health impact of AgNMs during realistic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionel Fizeșan
- Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sébastien Cambier
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Elisa Moschini
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Aline Chary
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Inge Nelissen
- Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Mol, Belgium
| | - Johanna Ziebel
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Nicolas Audinot
- Material Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Tom Wirtz
- Material Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, Rzeszow, Poland
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Anca Pop
- Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Béla Kiss
- Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Tommaso Serchi
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Felicia Loghin
- Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Arno C. Gutleb
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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Chary A, Serchi T, Moschini E, Hennen J, Cambier S, Ezendam J, Blömeke B, Gutleb AC. An in vitro coculture system for the detection of sensitization following aerosol exposure. ALTEX 2019; 36:403-418. [PMID: 30791047 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1901241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop an in vitro model that mimics the alveolar-capillary barrier and that allows assessment of the respiratory sensitizing potential of respiratory sensitizers. The 3D in vitro model cultured at the air liquid interface consists of alveolar type II epithelial cells (A549), endothelial cells (EA.hy926), macrophage-like cells (PMA-differentiated THP-1) and dendritic-like cells (non-differentiated THP-1). This alveolar model was exposed apically to nebulized chemical respiratory sensitizers (Phthalic Anhydride (PA) and TriMellitic Anhydride (TMA)) or irritants (Methyl Salicylate (MeSa) and Acrolein (Acr)) at concentrations inducing at maximum 25% of cytotoxicity. The exposure to respiratory sensitizers induced dendritic cells activation and a specific cytokine release pattern, while the irritants did not. In addition, the cell surface marker OX40L was determined for dendritic like cells activation to identify high molecular weight allergens. With this in vitro model we can postulate a set of promising markers based on the studied compounds that allow the discrimination of chemical respiratory sensitizers from irritants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Chary
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Luxembourg.,Department of Environmental Toxicology, University Trier, Germany
| | - Tommaso Serchi
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Luxembourg
| | - Elisa Moschini
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Luxembourg
| | - Jennifer Hennen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University Trier, Germany
| | - Sebastien Cambier
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Luxembourg
| | - Janine Ezendam
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arno C Gutleb
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Luxembourg
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Chary A, Serchi T, Cambier S, Moschini E, Contal S, Hennen J, Ezendam J, Blömeke B, Gutleb A. In vitro model for the prediction of respiratory sensitization. Toxicol Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fizeșan I, Chary A, Cambier S, Moschini E, Serchi T, Nelissen I, Kiss B, Pop A, Loghin F, Gutleb AC. Responsiveness assessment of a 3D tetra-culture alveolar model exposed to diesel exhaust particulate matter. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 53:67-79. [PMID: 30081072 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the responses of a 3D tetra-culture alveolar model cultivated at the air-liquid-interface (ALI) after apical exposure to diesel exhaust particulate matter (DEPM) based on the three-tiered oxidative stress concept. The alveolar model exposed to increasing doses of DEPM (1.75-5 μg/cm2) responded with increasing activity of the anti-oxidant defense mechanisms (Nrf2 translocation, increased gene expression for anti-oxidant proteins and increased HMOX-1 synthesis) (tier 1). Higher exposure generated a proinflammatory response (NF-kB translocation, increased gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules, and increased IL-6 and IL-8 synthesis) (tier 2) and, finally, the highest doses applied resulted in a decrease of cell viability due to necrosis (extra-cellular release of LDH) or apoptosis (increased expression of the pro-apoptotic genes CASP7 and FAS) (tier 3). Overall, the results of our study demonstrate that the 3D tetra-culture model when directly exposed to DEPM potently generates a realistic response according to the three-tiered oxidative stress concept. Further evaluation and benchmarking against currently used in vivo rodent models is needed to show its suitability, and to serve in the future as an alternative for in vivo studies in the hazard evaluation of inhalable irritants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionel Fizeșan
- Toxicology Department, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Aline Chary
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Sébastien Cambier
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Elisa Moschini
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Tommaso Serchi
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Inge Nelissen
- Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Mol, Belgium
| | - Béla Kiss
- Toxicology Department, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Pop
- Toxicology Department, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Felicia Loghin
- Toxicology Department, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Arno C Gutleb
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
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Austad KE, Shah P, Shryer H, Chary A, Rohloff P. Use of progesterone implants in low-resource settings: preliminary outcomes of a longitudinal cohort of progesterone implant users in rural Guatemala. Contraception 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2017.07.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Klein SG, Cambier S, Hennen J, Legay S, Serchi T, Nelissen I, Chary A, Moschini E, Krein A, Blömeke B, Gutleb AC. Endothelial responses of the alveolar barrier in vitro in a dose-controlled exposure to diesel exhaust particulate matter. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:7. [PMID: 28264691 PMCID: PMC5339948 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-017-0186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the last 250 years, the level of exposure to combustion-derived particles raised dramatically in western countries, leading to increased particle loads in the ambient air. Among the environmental particles, diesel exhaust particulate matter (DEPM) plays a special role because of its omnipresence and reported effects on human health. During recent years, a possible link between air pollution and the progression of atherosclerosis is recognized. A central effect of DEPM is their impact on the endothelium, especially of the alveolar barrier. In the present study, a complex 3D tetraculture model of the alveolar barrier was used in a dose-controlled exposure scenario with realistic doses of DEPM to study the response of endothelial cells. RESULTS Tetracultures were exposed to different doses of DEPM (SRM2975) at the air-liquid-interface. DEPM exposure did not lead to the mRNA expression of relevant markers for endothelial inflammation such as ICAM-1 or E-selectin. In addition, we observed neither a significant change in the expression levels of the genes relevant for antioxidant defense, such as HMOX1 or SOD1, nor the release of pro-inflammatory second messengers, such as IL-6 or IL-8. However, DEPM exposure led to strong nuclear translocation of the transcription factor Nrf2 and significantly altered expression of CYP1A1 mRNA in the endothelial cells of the tetraculture. CONCLUSION In the present study, we demonstrated the use of a complex 3D tetraculture system together with a state-of-the-art aerosol exposure equipment to study the effects of in vivo relevant doses of DEPM on endothelial cells in vitro. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first that focuses on indirect effects of DEPM on endothelial cells of the alveolar barrier in vitro. Exposure to DEPM led to significant activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor Nrf2 in endothelial cells. The considerably low doses of DEPM had a low but measurable effect, which is in line with recent data from in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian G. Klein
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University Trier, Universitätsring 15, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Sébastien Cambier
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Jennifer Hennen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University Trier, Universitätsring 15, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Sylvain Legay
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Tommaso Serchi
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Inge Nelissen
- VITO NV, Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Aline Chary
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Elisa Moschini
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Andreas Krein
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Brunhilde Blömeke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University Trier, Universitätsring 15, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Arno C. Gutleb
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
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