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Jones L, Wheat J. Green and Pleasant Lands: The Affective and Cerebral Hemodynamic Effects of Presence in Virtual Environments During Exercise. Percept Mot Skills 2022; 130:826-843. [PMID: 36542837 PMCID: PMC10052422 DOI: 10.1177/00315125221146614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pleasant exercise experiences increase the likelihood of exercise adherence, and innovative strategies to promote consistently pleasant exercise experiences are needed. In this study we compared a novel nature-based virtual reality environment, a nature-based 360° video, and a control condition to test the hypothesis that greater presence in virtual space would promote positive affective experiences during exercise. Moreover, we assessed prefrontal cerebral hemodynamics using near infrared spectroscopy to explore possible neural underpinnings of dissociative strategies during exercise. Twelve participants ( M = 26.2, SD = 7.7 years; M BMI = 25.5, SD = 5.2 kg/m2) completed a maximal aerobic test and three exercise conditions (Control, Virtual Reality [VR], and 360° video). The two experimental conditions differed in terms of the participants’ sense of presence (VR eliciting greatest presence), and all conditions utilized similar exercise intensity. The VR condition setting was a virtual mountain forest trail, and the 360° video was of a forest road. The 360° video was perceived as the most distracting ( p = .023, d = 1.07), pleasant ( p = .007, d = .75), and enjoyable ( p = .029; d = .82) condition. ΔHbDiff data indicated that the control condition caused the greatest prefrontal brain activation ( p = .008, d = .84). Presence was not a salient factor in distracting participants from bodily sensations during exercise, but immersion in a stimulus was. These results provide support for using head-mounted displays during exercise as a strategy to increase pleasure, with practical implications for practitioners, researchers, and individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leighton Jones
- College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, UK
| | - Jonathan Wheat
- College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, UK
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2
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Bigliassi M, Filho E. Functional significance of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during exhaustive exercise. Biol Psychol 2022; 175:108442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Sirant LW, Singh J, Martin S, Gaul CA, Stuart-Hill L, Candow DG, Mang C, Neary JP. Long-term effects of multiple concussions on prefrontal cortex oxygenation during repeated squat-stands in retired contact sport athletes. Brain Inj 2022; 36:931-938. [PMID: 35968581 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2022.2109737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the long-term effects of multiple concussions on prefrontal cortex oxygenation using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during a squat-stand maneuver that activated dynamic cerebral autoregulation. METHODS Active male retired contact sport athletes with a history of 3+ concussions (mTBI; n = 55), and active retired athletes with no concussion history (CTRL; n = 29) were recruited. Participants completed a 5-min squat-stand maneuve (10-s squat, 10-s stand, 0.05 Hz; 15 times). Oxygenated (O2Hb), deoxygenated (HHb), total (tHb) hemoglobin, and hemoglobin difference (HbDiff) were analyzed through the change in maximal and minimal values during the test (∆MAX), Z-scores, and standard deviations. RESULTS mTBI group showed left prefrontal cortex O2Hb ∆MAX (p = 0.046) and HbDiff ∆MAX (p = 0.018) were significantly higher. Within-group analyses showed significantly higher left HHb ∆MAX (p = 0.003) and lower left HbDiff Z-scores (p = 0.010) only in the mTBI group. The CTRL group demonstrated significantly lower left HbDiff SD (p = 0.039), tHb Z-scores (p = 0.030), and HbDiff ∆MAX (p = 0.037) compared to right prefrontal cortex response. CONCLUSION These preliminary results suggest changes in prefrontal cortex oxygenation potentially affecting the brain's ability to adapt to changing cerebral perfusion pressure after multiple previous concussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W Sirant
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Jyotpal Singh
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Steve Martin
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Catherine A Gaul
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Lynneth Stuart-Hill
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Cameron Mang
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - J Patrick Neary
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
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4
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Kojima S, Morishita S, Hotta K, Qin W, Usui N, Tsubaki A. Temporal changes in cortical oxygenation in the motor-related areas and bilateral prefrontal cortex based on exercise intensity and respiratory metabolism during incremental exercise in male subjects: A near-Infrared spectroscopy study. Front Physiol 2022; 13:794473. [PMID: 36017334 PMCID: PMC9396126 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.794473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study has reported that prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity during incremental exercise may be related to exercise termination on exhaustion. However, few studies have focused on motor-related areas during incremental exercise. This study investigated changes in the oxygenation of the PFC and motor-related areas using near-infrared spectroscopy during incremental exercise. Moreover, we analyzed the effect of exercise termination on changes in cortical oxygenation based on exercise intensity and respiratory metabolism. Sixteen healthy young male patients participated in this study. After a 4-min rest and 4-min warm-up period, incremental exercise was started at an incremental load corresponding to 20 W/min. Oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb), deoxyhemoglobin (HHb), and total hemoglobin (THb) in the bilateral PFC, supplementary motor area, and primary motor cortex were measured. We evaluated changes in oxygenation in each cortex before and after the anaerobic threshold (AT) and respiratory compensation point to identify changes due to respiratory metabolism. O2Hb and THb increased from moderate intensity or after AT to maximal exercise, and HHb increased slowly compared to O2Hb and THb; these changes in hemoglobin levels were consistent in all cortical areas we measured. However, the increase in each hemoglobin level in the bilateral PFC during incremental exercise was faster than that in motor-related areas. Moreover, changes in cortical oxygenation in the right PFC were faster than those in the left PFC. These results suggest changes based on differences in neural activity due to the cortical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Kojima
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kisen Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazuki Hotta
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Weixiang Qin
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naoto Usui
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kisen Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Tsubaki
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- *Correspondence: Atsuhiro Tsubaki,
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5
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Bok D, Rakovac M, Foster C. An Examination and Critique of Subjective Methods to Determine Exercise Intensity: The Talk Test, Feeling Scale, and Rating of Perceived Exertion. Sports Med 2022; 52:2085-2109. [PMID: 35507232 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01690-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prescribing exercise intensity is crucial in achieving an adequate training stimulus. While numerous objective methods exist and are used in practical settings for exercise intensity prescription, they all require anchor measurements that are derived from a maximal or submaximal graded exercise test or a series of submaximal or supramaximal exercise bouts. Conversely, self-reported subjective methods such as the Talk Test (TT), Feeling Scale (FS) affect rating, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) do not require exercise testing prior to commencement of the exercise training and therefore appear as more practical tools for exercise intensity prescription. This review is intended to provide basic information on reliability and construct validity of the TT, FS, and RPE measurements to delineate intensity domains. The TT and RPE appear to be valid measures of both the ventilatory threshold and the respiratory compensation threshold. Although not specifically examined, the FS showed tendency to demarcate ventilatory threshold, but its validity to demarcate the respiratory compensation threshold is limited. Equivocal stage of the TT, RPE of 10-11, and FS ratings between fairly good (+ 1) and good (+ 3) are reflective of the ventilatory threshold, while negative stage of the TT, RPE of 13-15, and FS ratings around neutral (0) are reflective of the respiratory compensation threshold. The TT and RPE can effectively be used to elicit homeostatic disturbances consistent with the moderate, heavy, and severe intensity domains, while physiological responses to constant FS ratings show extensive variability around ventilatory threshold to be considered effective in demarcating transition between moderate and heavy intensity domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bok
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marija Rakovac
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Carl Foster
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
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6
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Schlichta C, Cabral LL, da Silva CK, Bigliassi M, Pereira G. Exploring the Impact of Mental Fatigue and Emotional Suppression on the Performance of High-Intensity Endurance Exercise. Percept Mot Skills 2022; 129:1053-1073. [DOI: 10.1177/00315125221093898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the extent to which mental fatigue and emotional suppression affected exercise endurance. Twelve participants performed cycling endurance tests at 80% of their peak power up to the point of exhaustion. Two experimental conditions (mental fatigue [MF] and emotion suppression conditions [ES]) and a control condition (CO) were administered. Participants responded to psychological measures throughout the exercise trials. Both MF and ES conditions hindered exercise performance relative to the CO, and there was no statistically significant difference between the negative effects of both MF and ES conditions. Of note, however, higher levels of subjective fatigue were reported in MF, prior to commencing the exercise test. High cognitive loads that induce MF and/or engaging in ES may reduce high intensity endurance exercise performance among young adults, but further research with greater numbers of participants is needed to replicate and extend these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Schlichta
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brasil
| | - Luana Loss Cabral
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brasil
| | | | - Marcelo Bigliassi
- Department of Teaching and Learning, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gleber Pereira
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brasil
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Robertson CV, Skein M, Wingfield G, Hunter JR, Miller TD, Hartmann TE. Acute electroencephalography responses during incremental exercise in those with mental illness. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1049700. [PMID: 36713924 PMCID: PMC9878313 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1049700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depression is a mental illness (MI) characterized by a process of behavioral withdrawal whereby people experience symptoms including sadness, anhedonia, demotivation, sleep and appetite change, and cognitive disturbances. Frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) differs in depressive populations and may signify affective responses, with left FAA corresponding to such aversive or withdrawal type behavior. On an acute basis, exercise is known to positively alter affect and improve depressive symptoms and this has been measured in conjunction with left FAA as a post-exercise measure. It is not yet known if these affective electroencephalography (EEG) responses to exercise occur during exercise or only after completion of an exercise bout. This study therefore aimed to measure EEG responses during exercise in those with MI. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty one participants were allocated into one of two groups; those undergoing management of a mental health disorder (MI; N = 19); or reporting as apparently healthy (AH; N = 12). EEG responses at rest and during incremental exercise were measured at the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the motor cortex (MC). EEG data at PFC left side (F3, F7, FP1), PFC right side (F4, F8, FP2), and MC (C3, Cz, and C4) were analyzed in line with oxygen uptake at rest, 50% of ventilatory threshold (VT) (50% VT) and at VT. RESULTS EEG responses increased with exercise across intensity from rest to 50% VT and to VT in all bandwidths (P < 0.05) for both groups. There were no significant differences in alpha activity responses between groups. Gamma responses in the PFC were significantly higher in MI on the left side compared to AH (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Alpha activity responses were no different between groups at rest or any exercise intensity. Therefore the alpha activity response previously shown post-exercise was not found during exercise. However, increased PFC gamma activity in the MI group adds to the body of evidence showing increased gamma can differentiate between those with and without MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Robertson
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
| | - M Skein
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
| | - G Wingfield
- Western NSW Local Health District, Dubbo, NSW, Australia
| | - J R Hunter
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia.,Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - T D Miller
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
| | - T E Hartmann
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
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8
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Melo LT, Rodrigues A, Cabral EE, Tanaka T, Goligher EC, Brochard L, Reid WD. Prefrontal cortex activation during incremental inspiratory loading in healthy participants. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 296:103827. [PMID: 34808586 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate whether changes in prefrontal cortex (PFC) oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) and deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) associates with inspiratory muscle effort during inspiratory threshold loading (ITL) in healthy participants. Participants performed an incremental ITL. Breathing pattern, partial pressure of end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2), mouth pressure and O2Hb and HHb over the right dorsolateral PFC, sternocleidomastoid (SCM), and diaphragm/intercostals (Dia/IC) were monitored. Fourteen healthy participants (8 men; 29 ± 5 years) completed testing. Dyspnea was higher post- than pre-ITL (5 ± 1 vs. 0 ± 1, respectively; P<0.05). PFC O2Hb increased (P < 0.001) and HHb decreased (P = 0.001) at low loads but remained stable with increasing ITL intensities. PFC total hemoglobin increased at task failure compared to rest. SCM HHb increased throughout increasing intensities. SCM and Dia/IC total hemoglobin increased in the at task failure compared to rest. PETCO2 did not change (P = 0.528). PFC is activated early during the ITL but does not show central fatigue at task failure despite greater dyspnea and an imbalance of SCM oxygen demand and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana T Melo
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Antenor Rodrigues
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Elis Emmanuelle Cabral
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Performance Lab, Pneumocardiovascular and Respiratory Muscles (PneumoCardioVascular Lab/HUOL), Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Takako Tanaka
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ewan C Goligher
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Laurent Brochard
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - W Darlene Reid
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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9
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Ding P, Wang F, Li S, Zhang W, Li H, Chen Z, Zhao L, Gong A, Fu Y. Monitoring and Evaluation of Emotion Regulation by Aerobic Exercise and Motor Imagery Based on Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Front Comput Neurosci 2021; 15:759360. [PMID: 34776915 PMCID: PMC8579118 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2021.759360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We sought to effectively alleviate the emotion of individuals with anxiety and depression, and explore the effects of aerobic exercise on their emotion regulation. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) brain imaging technology is used to monitor and evaluate the process of aerobic exercise and imagination that regulates emotion. Approach:Thirty participants were scored by the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) and profile of mood states (POMS), and fNIRS images were collected before, after, and during aerobic exercise and motor imagery. Then, the oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO), deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR), and total hemoglobin (HbT) concentrations and their average value were calculated, and the ratio of HbO concentration in the left and right frontal lobes was determined. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to calculate the correlation between variations in the average scores of the two scales and in blood oxygen concentrations. Results: In comparison with motor imagery, STAI, and POMS scores decreased after 20 min of aerobic exercise. The prefrontal cortex had asymmetry and laterality (with the left side being dominant in emotion regulation). The increase in hemoglobin concentration recorded by fNIRS was negatively correlated with STAI and POMS scores. Aerobic exercise has a good effect on emotion regulation. Significance:The study showed that portable fNIRS could be effectively used for monitoring and evaluating emotion regulation by aerobic exercise. This study is expected to provide ideas for constructing fNIRS-based online real-time monitoring and evaluation of emotion regulation by aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ding
- Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Brain Cognition and Brain-Computer Intelligence Integration Innovation Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Brain Science and Visual Cognition Research Center, Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Fawang Wang
- Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Brain Cognition and Brain-Computer Intelligence Integration Innovation Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Brain Science and Visual Cognition Research Center, Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Siyu Li
- Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Brain Cognition and Brain-Computer Intelligence Integration Innovation Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Brain Science and Visual Cognition Research Center, Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hongquan Li
- Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Brain Cognition and Brain-Computer Intelligence Integration Innovation Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Brain Science and Visual Cognition Research Center, Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhuangfei Chen
- Brain Cognition and Brain-Computer Intelligence Integration Innovation Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Brain Science and Visual Cognition Research Center, Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Brain Cognition and Brain-Computer Intelligence Integration Innovation Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Anmin Gong
- Information Engineering College, Engineering University of People's Armed Police, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunfa Fu
- Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Brain Cognition and Brain-Computer Intelligence Integration Innovation Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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De Wachter J, Proost M, Habay J, Verstraelen M, Díaz-García J, Hurst P, Meeusen R, Van Cutsem J, Roelands B. Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation During Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Studies. Front Physiol 2021; 12:761232. [PMID: 34764885 PMCID: PMC8576380 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.761232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A myriad of factors underlie pacing-/exhaustion-decisions that are made during whole-body endurance performance. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a brain region that is crucial for decision-making, planning, and attention. PFC oxygenation seems to be a mediating factor of performance decisions during endurance performance. Nowadays, there is no general overview summarizing the current knowledge on how PFC oxygenation evolves during whole-body endurance performance and whether this is a determining factor. Methods: Three electronic databases were searched for studies related to the assessment of PFC oxygenation, through near-IR spectroscopy (NIRS), during endurance exercise. To express PFC oxygenation, oxygenated (HbO2) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) concentrations were the primary outcome measures. Results: Twenty-eight articles were included. Ten articles focused on assessing prefrontal oxygenation through a maximal incremental test (MIT) and 18 focused on using endurance tasks at workloads ranging from low intensity to supramaximal intensity. In four MIT studies measuring HbO2, an increase of HbO2 was noticed at the respiratory compensation point (RCP), after which it decreased. HbO2 reached a steady state in the four studies and increased in one study until exhaustion. All studies found a decrease or steady state in HHb from the start until RCP and an increase to exhaustion. In regard to (non-incremental) endurance tasks, a general increase in PFC oxygenation was found while achieving a steady state at vigorous intensities. PCF deoxygenation was evident for near-to-maximal intensities at which an increase in oxygenation and the maintenance of a steady state could not be retained. Discussion/Conclusion: MIT studies show the presence of a cerebral oxygenation threshold (ThCox) at RCP. PFC oxygenation increases until the RCP threshold, thereafter, a steady state is reached and HbO2 declines. This study shows that the results obtained from MIT are transferable to non-incremental endurance exercise. HbO2 increases during low-intensity and moderate-intensity until vigorous-intensity exercise, and it reaches a steady state in vigorous-intensity exercise. Furthermore, ThCox can be found between vigorous and near-maximal intensities. During endurance exercise at near-maximal intensities, PFC oxygenation increases until the value exceeding this threshold, resulting in a decrease in PFC oxygenation. Future research should aim at maintaining and improving PFC oxygenation to help in improving endurance performance and to examine whether PFC oxygenation has a role in other performance-limiting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas De Wachter
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthias Proost
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jelle Habay
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthias Verstraelen
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jesús Díaz-García
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Philip Hurst
- The School of Psychology & Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Van Cutsem
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,VIPER Research Unit, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Roelands
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Relationship Between Decrease of Oxygenation During Incremental Exercise and Partial Pressure End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide: Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Vector Analysis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1269:119-124. [PMID: 33966205 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48238-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A previous study considered that a decrease in cerebral oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) immediately before maximal exercise during incremental exercise is related to cerebral blood flow (CBF) and partial pressure end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between O2Hb, PETCO2, and the estimated value of cerebral blood volume (CBV) with cerebral oxygen exchange (COE) by using vector analysis. Twenty-four healthy young men participated in this study. They performed the incremental exercise (20 W/min) after a 4-min rest and warm-up. The O2Hb and deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The PETCO2 was measured using a gas analyzer. The O2Hb, HHb, and PETCO2 were calculated as the amount of change (ΔO2Hb, ΔHHb, and ΔPETCO2) from an average 4-min rest. Changes in the CBV (ΔCBV) and COE (ΔCOE) were estimated using NIRS vector analysis. Moreover, the respiratory compensation point (RCP), which relates to the O2Hb decline, was detected. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to establish the relationships among ΔO2Hb, ΔPETCO2, ΔCBV, and ΔCOE from the RCP to maximal exercise. The ΔPETCO2 did not significantly correlate with the ΔO2Hb (r = 0.03, p = 0.88), ΔCOE (r = -0.19, p = 0.36), and ΔCBV (r = -0.21, p = 0.31). These results showed that changes in the ΔPETCO2 from the RCP to maximal exercise were not related to changes in the ΔO2Hb, ΔCOE, and ΔCBV. Therefore, we suggested that the decrease of O2Hb immediately before maximal exercise during incremental exercise may be related to cerebral oxygen metabolism by neural activity increase, not decrease of CBF by the PETCO2.
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12
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Stute K, Hudl N, Stojan R, Voelcker-Rehage C. Shedding Light on the Effects of Moderate Acute Exercise on Working Memory Performance in Healthy Older Adults: An fNIRS Study. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E813. [PMID: 33153013 PMCID: PMC7693615 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported the beneficial effects of acute exercise on executive functions. Less is known, however, about the effects of exercise on working memory as one subcomponent of executive functions and about its effects on older adults. We investigated the effects of acute moderate-intensity exercise on working memory performance, the respective cortical hemodynamic activation patterns, and the development and persistence of such effects in healthy older adults. Forty-four participants (M: 69.18 years ± 3.92; 21 females) performed a letter 2-back task before and at three time points after (post 15 min, post 30 min, and post 45 min) either listening to an audiobook or exercising (15 min; 50% VO2-peak). Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to assess cortical hemodynamic activation and brain-behavior correlations in the fronto-parietal working memory network. Overall, we found no group differences for working memory performance. However, only within the experimental group, 2-back performance was enhanced 15 min and 45 min post-exercise. Furthermore, 15 min post-exercise frontal activation predicted working memory performance, regardless of group. In sum, our results indicate slight beneficial effects of acute moderate-intensity exercise on working memory performance in healthy older adults. Findings are discussed in light of the cognitive aging process and moderators affecting the exercise-cognition relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Stute
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany; (K.S.); (N.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Nicole Hudl
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany; (K.S.); (N.H.); (R.S.)
| | - Robert Stojan
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany; (K.S.); (N.H.); (R.S.)
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Claudia Voelcker-Rehage
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany; (K.S.); (N.H.); (R.S.)
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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Stone BL, Beneda-Bender M, McCollum DL, Sun J, Shelley JH, Ashley JD, Fuenzalida E, Kellawan JM. Understanding cognitive performance during exercise in Reserve Officers' Training Corps: establishing the executive function-exercise intensity relationship. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:846-854. [PMID: 32853115 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00483.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Military performance depends on high-level cognition, specifically executive function (EF), while simultaneously performing strenuous exercise. However, most studies examine cognitive performance following, not during, exercise. Therefore, our aim was to examine the relationship between EF and exercise intensity. Following familiarization, 13 Reserve Officers' Training Corp cadets (age = 19.6 ± 2 yr, five women) completed a graded exercise test (GxT) and two executive function exercise tests (EFETs) separated by a duration of ≥24 h. The EFET was a combined iPad-based EF test (Cedar Operator Workload Assessment Tool) and GxT. Heart rate (HR) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) oxygenation [near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)] were continuously recorded. The EF score was analyzed for accuracy of responses (%hit rate). Heart rate reserve was calculated to normalize exercise intensity (%HRR). For PFC oxygenation recordings, NIRS variables were used to calculate the tissue saturation index (%TSI). Data from EFET trials were averaged into a singular response. The %hit rate declined at heart rate reserves (HRRs) of ≥80%, reaching nadir at 100% HRR (74.09 ± 10.63%, P < 0.01). The tissue saturation index (TSI) followed a similar pattern, declining at ≥70% of HRR and at a greater rate during EFET compared with during GxT (P < 0.01), reaching a nadir in both conditions at 100% HRR (60.39 ± 2.94 vs. 63.13 ± 3.16%, P < 0.01). Therefore, EF decline is dependent on exercise intensity, as is %TSI. These data suggest that reductions in EF during high-intensity exercise are at least in part related to attenuated PFC oxygenation. Thus, interventions that improve PFC oxygenation may improve combined exercise and EF performance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The executive functioning aspect of cognition was evaluated during graded exercise in Reserve Officers' Training Corps cadets. Executive function declined at exercise intensities of ≥80% of heart rate reserve. The decline in executive function was coupled with declines in the oxygenation of the prefrontal cortex, the brain region responsible for executive functioning. These data define the executive function-exercise intensity relationship and provide evidence supporting the reticular activation hypofrontality theory as a model of cognitive change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Stone
- Human Circulation Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma.,Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma.,Toronto Blue Jays Baseball Club, Dunedin, Florida
| | | | | | - Jongjoo Sun
- Human Circulation Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Joseph H Shelley
- Human Circulation Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - John D Ashley
- Human Circulation Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | | | - J Mikhail Kellawan
- Human Circulation Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
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14
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New Directions in Exercise Prescription: Is There a Role for Brain-Derived Parameters Obtained by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy? Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060342. [PMID: 32503207 PMCID: PMC7348779 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the literature, it is well established that regular physical exercise is a powerful strategy to promote brain health and to improve cognitive performance. However, exact knowledge about which exercise prescription would be optimal in the setting of exercise–cognition science is lacking. While there is a strong theoretical rationale for using indicators of internal load (e.g., heart rate) in exercise prescription, the most suitable parameters have yet to be determined. In this perspective article, we discuss the role of brain-derived parameters (e.g., brain activity) as valuable indicators of internal load which can be beneficial for individualizing the exercise prescription in exercise–cognition research. Therefore, we focus on the application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), since this neuroimaging modality provides specific advantages, making it well suited for monitoring cortical hemodynamics as a proxy of brain activity during physical exercise.
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15
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Kojima S, Morishita S, Qin W, Tsubaki A. Cerebral Oxygenation Dynamics of the Prefrontal Cortex and Motor-Related Area During Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1232:231-237. [PMID: 31893415 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34461-0_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) has shown a correlation between prefrontal cortex (PFC) oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb) level and negative affective responses. We hypothesized that O2Hb changes differ between the PFC and motor-related areas. This study investigated changes in hemoglobin levels in the PFC and motor-related areas during CPX. Twelve young healthy adults participated in this study. They performed a CPX after 4 min of rest and 4 min of warming up. Cortical O2Hb, deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb), and total hemoglobin (THb) levels were measured with NIRS during CPX. Regions of interest (ROI) were the PFC, premotor area (PMA), supplementary motor area (SMA), and primary motor cortex (M1). The anaerobic threshold (AT), respiratory compensation (RC), and peak oxygen uptake (Peak) points were determined. The rest, AT, RC and Peak points of O2Hb, HHb, and THb were averaged over 5 s; hemoglobin slopes, from RC to the Peak points, were calculated to compare functional changes in cortical oxygenation. Average values of O2Hb, HHb, and THb in each ROI were compared among the rest, AT, RC, and Peak points. Average values of hemoglobin slopes, from RC to Peak points, were compared among ROIs using Bonferroni multiple comparisons. The HHb of all ROIs significantly increased at Peak point, compared with at the AT point. THb of the PFC, PMA, and SMA significantly increased at the RC or Peak points, compared with at the rest point. Hemoglobin slopes, from RC to Peak, showed no significant differences among ROIs. Each ROI exhibited similar changes, regardless of cortical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Kojima
- Graduate School of Health and Welfare, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan. .,Institute for Human Movement and Medical Science, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Morishita
- Graduate School of Health and Welfare, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.,Institute for Human Movement and Medical Science, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Weixiang Qin
- Graduate School of Health and Welfare, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.,Institute for Human Movement and Medical Science, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Tsubaki
- Graduate School of Health and Welfare, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.,Institute for Human Movement and Medical Science, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
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16
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Herold F, Müller P, Gronwald T, Müller NG. Dose-Response Matters! - A Perspective on the Exercise Prescription in Exercise-Cognition Research. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2338. [PMID: 31736815 PMCID: PMC6839278 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In general, it is well recognized that both acute physical exercises and regular physical training influence brain plasticity and cognitive functions positively. However, growing evidence shows that the same physical exercises induce very heterogeneous outcomes across individuals. In an attempt to better understand this interindividual heterogeneity in response to acute and regular physical exercising, most research, so far, has focused on non-modifiable factors such as sex and different genotypes, while relatively little attention has been paid to exercise prescription as a modifiable factor. With an adapted exercise prescription, dosage can be made comparable across individuals, a procedure that is necessary to better understand the dose-response relationship in exercise-cognition research. This improved understanding of dose-response relationships could help to design more efficient physical training approaches against, for instance, cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Department Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Notger G. Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
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Silveira R, Prado RCR, Brietzke C, Coelho-Júnior HJ, Santos TM, Pires FO, Asano RY. Prefrontal cortex asymmetry and psychological responses to exercise: A systematic review. Physiol Behav 2019; 208:112580. [PMID: 31220517 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown a relationship between prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation asymmetry and psychological responses to exercise, so that a higher rest activation in left rather than right PFC has been associated with positive psychological responses to exercise such as an improved affect, anxiety and multidimensional arousal states. PURPOSE To review: 1) evidence that PFC activation asymmetry before exercise is associated with psychological responses to exercise; 2) protocols of PFC asymmetry determination. METHODS A systematic review (SR) was performed on studies retrieved from the PubMed and Web of Science database up to 04-30-2019. Eligibility criteria were: 1) studies investigating participants submitted to aerobic exercises; 2) including cerebral activation measures through electroencephalography (EEG) before the exercise bout; 3) and psychological measures during or after the exercise bout; 4) original studies. RESULTS A number of 1901 studies was retrieved from the databases and 1 study was manually inserted. Thereafter, 1858 studies were excluded during the screening stage so that 30 studies remained for the SR. After full reading, 22 studies were excluded and 8 studies composed the final SR. Methodological assessment revealed that 62.5% of the studies showed a low risk of bias, while 34.37% and 3.12% showed either an unclear or a high risk of bias, respectively. Protocols of PFC activation asymmetry used EEG at F3-F4-P3-P4 (3 studies), F3-F4 (2 studies), F3-F4-T3-T4 (1 study), F3-F4-F7-F8-T5-T6-P3-P4 (1 study) and Fp1-Fp2-Fz-F3-F4-F7-F8-Cz-C3-C4-T3-T4-T5-T6-Pz-P3-P4-Oz-O1-O2 (1 study) positions. Most studies (75%) found a higher left PFC activation associated with a greater affect (n = 2), energetic arousal (n = 2), lower anxiety (n = 2) as well as calmness and tired arousal, simultaneously (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS Although the heterogeneity of PFC asymmetry protocols, reviewed studies showed a low risk of bias, suggesting that a higher left PFC activation is associated with a positive psychological response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Silveira
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Arlindo Béttio Avenue, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Raul Cosme Ramos Prado
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Arlindo Béttio Avenue, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Arlindo Béttio Avenue, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hélio José Coelho-Júnior
- Applied Kinesiology Laboratory, University of Campinas, Érico Veríssimo Avenue, 701, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tony Meireles Santos
- Performance and Health Research Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Prof. Moraes Rego Avenue, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Flávio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Arlindo Béttio Avenue, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Yukio Asano
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Arlindo Béttio Avenue, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Testing the role of cognitive inhibition in physical endurance using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation over the prefrontal cortex. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 67:102507. [PMID: 31394308 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.102507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in physical effort regulation. We hypothesized that the PFC would be progressively involved in physical endurance through the engagement of cognitive inhibition, which would be necessary to maintain effort by inhibiting fatigue-related cues. This hypothesis was examined using a double-blind, sham-controlled, within-subjects study (N = 20) using high-definition (HD) transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Participants had to maintain a knee extensor contraction at 30% of their maximal force while simultaneously performing an Eriksen flanker task to evaluate their inhibition performance during the task. Anodal stimulation of the dlPFC influenced response to the cognitive task during exercise, as seen by slower response times and better accuracy. However, it did not lead to any measureable improvement in cognitive inhibition and did not influence endurance time. There was no correlation between cognitive inhibition and the maintenance of physical effort. This result does not indicate a relationship between cognitive inhibition and endurance performance. The contribution of the PFC in physical endurance could be explained through its involvement on decisional processes.
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da Silva Machado DG, Costa EC, Ray H, Beale L, Chatzisarantis NLD, de Farias-Junior LF, Hardcastle SJ. Short-Term Psychological and Physiological Effects of Varying the Volume of High-Intensity Interval Training in Healthy Men. Percept Mot Skills 2018; 126:119-142. [DOI: 10.1177/0031512518809734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the short-term effects of varying the volume of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on psychological and physiological responses of 23 healthy adult males ( M = 21 years; M peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak] = 47.2 ml·kg−1·min−1). Participants were randomly assigned to low- and very-low-volume HIIT groups and engaged in nine supervised exercise sessions over three weeks. The low-volume HIIT group performed 8-12 60-second work bouts on a cycle ergometer at the peak power output achieved during the incremental test, interspersed by 75 seconds of low-intensity active recovery. The very-low-volume HIIT performed 4-6 work bouts with the same intensity, duration, and rest intervals. During training, participants’ ratings of perceived exertion (Borg Category Ratio-10 scale) and their affective responses (Feeling Scale −5/+5) during the last 15 seconds of each work bout were recorded. Physiological data were VO2peak, endurance, and anaerobic performance before and after the intervention. Throughout training, participants in the very-low-volume group (relative to the low-volume group) reported lower ratings of perceived exertion in Week 1 ( M = 4.1 vs. M = 6.3; p < .01) and Week 3 ( M = 4.0 vs. M = 6.2; p < .01), and higher affective response in these same two weeks (Week 1: M = 1.9 vs. M = 0.3; p = .04; Week 3: M = 2.1 vs. M = 0.9; p = .06). Regarding physical fitness, Wingate peak power increased significantly after training in the very-low-volume HIIT group ( M = 1,049 W vs. M = 1,222 W; p < .05), but not in the low-volume HIIT group ( M = 1,050 W vs. M = 1,076 W). No significant change was found after training in physiological variables of peak power output, VO2peak, and endurance performance. In summary, in this short-term training period, the very-low-volume HIIT enhanced anaerobic capacity and was perceived as less strenuous and more pleasurable than low-volume HIIT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo C. Costa
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Hannah Ray
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Louisa Beale
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Nikos L. D. Chatzisarantis
- Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Luiz F de Farias-Junior
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Sarah J. Hardcastle
- Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Malik AA, Williams CA, Weston KL, Barker AR. Perceptual and prefrontal cortex haemodynamic responses to high-intensity interval exercise with decreasing and increasing work-intensity in adolescents. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 133:140-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.07.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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21
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Karageorghis CI, Bigliassi M, Guérin SMR, Delevoye-Turrell Y. Brain mechanisms that underlie music interventions in the exercise domain. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2018; 240:109-125. [PMID: 30390826 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter we review recent work from the realms of neuroscience and neuropsychology to explore the brain mechanisms that underlie the effects of music on exercise. We begin with an examination of the technique of electroencephalography (EEG), which has proven popular with researchers in this domain. We go on to appraise work conducted with the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and then, looking more toward the future, we consider the application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to study brain hemodynamics. The experimental findings expounded herein indicate that music has the potential to guide attention toward environmental sensory cues and prevent internal, fatigue-related signals from entering focal awareness. The brain mechanisms underlying such effects are primarily associated with the downregulation of theta waves across the cortex surface, reduction of communication among somatosensory regions, and increased activation of the left inferior frontal gyrus. Taken holistically, research in this subfield of exercise psychology demonstrates a vibrant and reflexive matrix of attentional, emotional, behavioral, physiological, and psychophysiological responses to music across a variety of exercise modalities and intensities. The emergent hypotheses that we propose can be used to frame future research efforts.
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22
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Perrey S, Besson P. Studying brain activity in sports performance: Contributions and issues. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2018; 240:247-267. [PMID: 30390834 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the interactions between brain activity and behavior comprehensively in achieving optimal exercise performance in sports is still lacking. The existent research in this area has been limited by the constraints of sports environments and the robustness of the most suitable non-invasive functional neuroimaging methods (electroencephalography, EEG and functional near-infrared spectroscopy, fNIRS) to motion artifacts and noise. However, recent advances in brain mapping technology should improve the capabilities of the future brain imaging devices to assess and monitor the level of adaptive cognitive-motor performance during exercise in sports environments. The purpose of this position manuscript is to discuss the contributions and issues in behavioral neuroscience related to brain activity measured during exercise and in various sports. A first part aims to give an overview of EEG and fNIRS neuroimaging methods assessing electrophysiological activity and hemodynamic responses of the acute and chronic relation of physical exercise on the human brain. Then, methodological issues, such as the reliability of brain data during physical exertion, key limitations and possible prospects of fNIRS and EEG methods are provided. While the use of such methods in sports environments remains scarce and limited to controlled cycling task, new generation of wearable, whole-scalp EEG and fNIRS technologies could open up a range of new applications in sports sciences for providing neuroimaging-based biomarkers (hemodynamic and/or neural electrical signals) to various types of exercise and innovative training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Besson
- Euromov-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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23
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Stevens D, Halaki M, Chow CM, O'Dwyer N. The effects of multi-stage exercise with and without concurrent cognitive performance on cardiorespiratory and cerebral haemodynamic responses. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2121-2132. [PMID: 30014452 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies of cerebral haemodynamics have shown changes with increased exercise intensity, but the patterns have been highly variable and reliable associations with cognitive performance have not been identified. The aim of this study was to examine whether exercise-induced changes in oxygenated haemoglobin (O2Hb) led to changes in concomitant cognitive performance. METHODS This study examined cardiorespiratory and cerebral haemodynamics during multi-stage exercise from rest to exhaustion, with (Ex + C) and without (Ex) concurrent cognitive performance (Go/No-go task). RESULTS The presence of the cognitive task affected both cardiorespiratory and cerebral haemodynamics. The patterns in the cerebral haemodynamics during Ex and Ex + C diverged above the respiratory compensation threshold (RCT), but differences were significant only at 100% [Formula: see text], displaying increased deoxygenated haemoglobin (HHb), decreased difference between oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin (HbDiff), and decreased cerebral oxygenation (COx) during Ex + C. More complex haemodynamic trends against intensity during Ex + C suggested that the presence of a cognitive task increases cerebral metabolic demand at high exercise intensities. The levels of O2Hb, HHb, HbDiff and total haemoglobin increased most steeply at intensities around the RCT during both Ex and Ex + C, but these changes were not accompanied by improved cognitive performance. CONCLUSION The primary hypothesis, that cognitive performance would match changes in O2Hb, was not supported. Small variations in reaction time and response accuracy across exercise intensities were not significant, suggesting that cognitive performance is unaffected by intense short-duration exercise. Our results add further evidence that exercise-induced changes in cerebral haemodynamics do not affect cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stevens
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health - A Flinders Centre for Research Excellence, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Mark Halaki
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chin Moi Chow
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas O'Dwyer
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
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24
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Elsangedy HM, Nascimento PHD, Machado DGS, Krinski K, Hardcastle SJ, DaSilva SG. Poorer positive affect in response to self-paced exercise among the obese. Physiol Behav 2018; 189:32-39. [PMID: 29458113 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and affective response, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and physiological responses during self-paced exercise. Sixty-six women were divided into three groups accordingly with the BMI: obese (n = 22: 33.5 ± 8.5 yr; 34.9 ± 4.1 kg∙m-2), overweight (n = 22: 34.8 ± 8.6 yr; 26.4 ± 1.3 kg∙m-2), and normal-weight (n = 22: 30.8 ± 9.3 yr; 22.0 ± 1.6 kg∙m-2). They underwent a graded exercise test and a 20-min self-paced walking session on a treadmill. Affective responses, RPE, heart rate (HR), and oxygen uptake (VO2) were recorded every 5 min. The women with obesity experienced the lowest affective rates (p < .001), despite similar RPE, HR, and VO2 to the other normal weight and overweight groups. In addition, a multiple regression model indicated that BMI was a significant predictor of affective responses (p < .001). In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that obesity is associated with poorer affective responses to exercise even at self-paced intensity, with the same physiological responses and perceived exertion. Therefore, techniques that aim directly to increase pleasure and/or reduce attentional focus and perception of effort in this population are required, such as affect-regulated prescription, shorter bouts of self-paced exercise throughout the day, distraction away from internal cues (e.g. music, group exercise), etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan M Elsangedy
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Paulo H D Nascimento
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Daniel G S Machado
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Center of Physical Education and Sport, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Kleverton Krinski
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, PE, Brazil; Center for Health Sciences, Northern Paraná State University, Alameda Padre Magno, 841, Jacarezinho, Paraná 86.400-000, Brazil
| | - Sarah J Hardcastle
- Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sérgio G DaSilva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Radel R, Tempest G, Denis G, Besson P, Zory R. Extending the limits of force endurance: Stimulation of the motor or the frontal cortex? Cortex 2017; 97:96-108. [PMID: 29101820 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous findings indicate that facilitation of primary motor cortex (PMC) activity using trans-cranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could improve resistance to physical fatigue. However, studies have failed to consistently replicate these results. Using non-focal-tDCS during a fatiguing task, recent work showed no enhancement of corticospinal excitability of the PMC despite a longer endurance time and suggested that contamination in other brain regions involved in motor command may have occurred. In accordance with recent evidence supporting the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in exercise maintenance, this double-blind sham-controlled crossover study (N = 22) compared the effect of high definition (HD)-tDCS of the PMC or the PFC on endurance time of a sustained contraction task of the elbow flexor. Brain activity was monitored using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to measure the neurovascular response elicited by HD-tDCS. Electromyography (EMG) and force obtained during maximal voluntary and evoked contractions were assessed before and after the contraction task to explore the effect of brain stimulation on peripheral and central fatigue. While the stimulation affected the brain response in the PFC during the contraction task, no effects of the stimulation were observed on endurance time or fatigue indices. These results are discussed in relation to the neurocognitive models of physical effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Radel
- Université Cote D'Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France.
| | | | | | - Pierre Besson
- EuroMov, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Saving mental effort to maintain physical effort: a shift of activity within the prefrontal cortex in anticipation of prolonged exercise. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 17:305-314. [PMID: 27858329 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Executive functioning and attention require mental effort. In line with the resource conservation principle, we hypothesized that mental effort would be saved when individuals expected to exercise for a long period. Twenty-two study participants exercised twice on a cycle ergometer for 10 min at 60% of their maximal aerobic power, with the expectation of exercising for either 10 min or 60 min. Changes in activity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rdlPFC) and right medial frontal cortex (rmPFC) were investigated by measuring oxyhemoglobin using near-infrared spectroscopy. Attentional focus and ratings of perceived exertion were assessed at three time points (200, 400, and 600 s). The oxyhemoglobin concentration was lower in the rdlPFC and higher in the rmPFC under the 60-min than under the 10-min condition. Also, attention was less focused in the 60-min than in the 10-min condition. We discuss these results as possible evidence of a disengagement of the brain regions associated with mental effort (executive network), in favor of brain regions linked to resting activity (the default network), in order to save mental resources for the maintenance of exercise.
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Classification of somatosensory cortex activities using fNIRS. Behav Brain Res 2017; 333:225-234. [PMID: 28668280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the somatosensory cortex in differentiating various tactile sensations is very important for a person to perceive the surrounding environment. In this study, we utilize a lab-made multi-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to discriminate the hemodynamic responses (HRs) of four different tactile stimulations (handshake, ball grasp, poking, and cold temperature) applied to the right hand of eight healthy male subjects. The activated brain areas per stimulation are identified with the t-values between the measured data and the desired hemodynamic response function. Linear discriminant analysis is utilized to classify the acquired data into four classes based on three features (mean, peak value, and skewness) of the associated oxy-hemoglobin (HbO) signals. The HRs evoked by the handshake and poking stimulations showed higher peak values in HbO than the ball grasp and cold temperature stimulations. For comparison purposes, additional two-class classifications of poking vs. temperature and handshake vs. ball grasp were performed. The attained classification accuracies were higher than the corresponding chance levels. Our results indicate that fNIRS can be used as an objective measure discriminating different tactile stimulations from the somatosensory cortex of human brain.
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Tempest GD, Parfitt G. Prefrontal oxygenation and the acoustic startle eyeblink response during exercise: A test of the dual-mode model. Psychophysiology 2017; 54:1070-1080. [PMID: 28370024 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between the prefrontal cortex and amygdala is proposed to explain the regulation of affective responses (pleasure/displeasure) during exercise as outlined in the dual-mode model. However, due to methodological limitations the dual-mode model has not been fully tested. In this study, prefrontal oxygenation (using near-infrared spectroscopy) and amygdala activity (reflected by eyeblink amplitude using acoustic startle methodology) were recorded during exercise standardized to metabolic processes: 80% of ventilatory threshold (below VT), at the VT, and at the respiratory compensation point (RCP). Self-reported tolerance of the intensity of exercise was assessed prior to, and affective responses recorded during exercise. The results revealed that, as the intensity of exercise became more challenging (from below VT to RCP), prefrontal oxygenation was larger and eyeblink amplitude and affective responses were reduced. Below VT and at VT, larger prefrontal oxygenation was associated with larger eyeblink amplitude. At the RCP, prefrontal oxygenation was greater in the left than right hemisphere, and eyeblink amplitude explained significant variance in affective responses (with prefrontal oxygenation) and self-reported tolerance. These findings highlight the role of the prefrontal cortex and potentially the amygdala in the regulation of affective (particularly negative) responses during exercise at physiologically challenging intensities (above VT). In addition, a psychophysiological basis of self-reported tolerance is indicated. This study provides some support of the dual-mode model and insight into the neural basis of affective responses during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin D Tempest
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Université Côte d'Azur, Laboratoire Motricité Humaine Expertise Sport Santé (LAMHESS), Nice, France
| | - Gaynor Parfitt
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Wolff W. Funktionelle Nahinfrarotspektroskopie in der sportpsychologischen Forschung. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SPORTPSYCHOLOGIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1026/1612-5010/a000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Ziel des Beitrags ist die Vorstellung der funktionellen Nahinfrarotspektroskopie (fNIRS) als bildgebendes Verfahren, welches zur Messung kortikaler Prozesse während sportlicher Aktivität eingesetzt werden kann. Im Vergleich mit anderen bildgebenden Verfahren ist fNIRS sehr portabel und weniger anfällig für Bewegungsartefakte. Daher ist fNIRS potentiell eine vielversprechende Ergänzung zu bereits in der sportpsychologischen Forschung genutzten neurowissenschaftlichen Methoden. Dieser Beitrag konzentriert sich auf eine kurze Darstellung der grundlegenden physikalischen Prinzipien von fNIRS und eine Analyse der relativen Stärken und Schwächen von fNIRS mit Blick auf den Einsatz in der sportpsychologischen Forschung. Anschließend werden einige fNIRS basierte Forschungsergebnisse erörtert, die sportpsychologische Forschungsfragen betreffen. Abschließend wird beispielhaft eine mögliche sportpsychologische Forschungsfrage vorgestellt, zu deren Untersuchung fNIRS eingesetzt werden kann.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanja Wolff
- Fachgruppe Sportwissenschaft, Universität Konstanz
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Self-reported tolerance influences prefrontal cortex hemodynamics and affective responses. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 16:63-71. [PMID: 26337703 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-015-0374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between cognitive and sensory processes in the brain contributes to the regulation of affective responses (pleasure-displeasure). Exercise can be used to manipulate sensory processes (by increasing physiological demand) in order to examine the role of dispositional traits that may influence an individual's ability to cognitively regulate these responses. With the use of near infrared spectroscopy, in this study we examined the influence of self-reported tolerance upon prefrontal cortex (PFC) hemodynamics and affective responses. The hemodynamic response was measured in individuals with high or low tolerance during an incremental exercise test. Sensory manipulation was standardized against metabolic processes (ventilatory threshold [VT] and respiratory compensation point [RCP]), and affective responses were recorded. The results showed that the high-tolerance group displayed a larger hemodynamic response within the right PFC above VT (which increased above RCP). The low-tolerance group showed a larger hemodynamic response within the left PFC above VT. The high-tolerance group reported a more positive/less negative affective response above VT. These findings provide direct neurophysiological evidence of differential hemodynamic responses within the PFC that are associated with tolerance in the presence of increased physiological demands. This study supports the role of dispositional traits and previous theorizing into the underlying mechanisms (cognitive vs. sensory processes) of affective responses.
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31
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An exploration of exercise-induced cognitive enhancement and transfer effects to dietary self-control. Brain Cogn 2016; 110:102-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Toni G, Belvederi Murri M, Piepoli M, Zanetidou S, Cabassi A, Squatrito S, Bagnoli L, Piras A, Mussi C, Senaldi R, Menchetti M, Zocchi D, Ermini G, Ceresini G, Tripi F, Rucci P, Alexopoulos GS, Amore M. Physical Exercise for Late-Life Depression: Effects on Heart Rate Variability. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2016; 24:989-997. [PMID: 27660194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Late-life major depression is associated with increased cardiovascular risk and impaired autonomic control of the heart, as evident from reduced heart rate variability (HRV). Moreover, antidepressant drug therapy also might be associated with further reductions of HRV. In the SEEDS study, we investigated whether sertraline associated with physical exercise protocols led to improvements of HRV, compared with antidepressant drug therapy alone. DESIGN Single-blind randomized controlled trial. SETTING Psychiatric consultation-liaison program for primary care. PARTICIPANTS Patients aged 65-85 years with major depression, recruited from primary care. INTERVENTIONS Sertraline plus structured, tailored group physical exercise (S + EX) versus sertraline alone (S) for 24 weeks. MEASUREMENTS HRV indices (RR, percentage of NN intervals greater than 50 msec [pNN50], square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals [RMSSD], standard deviation of heart rate [SDHR], standard deviation of the NN interval [SDNN], high-frequency band [HF], low-frequency band [LF], and their ratio [LF/HF]) were measured at baseline, week 12, and week 24. Psychiatric and medical assessments. RESULTS Participants displayed significant improvements of most HRV indices over time, irrespective of the group assignment (pNN50, RMSSD, SDHR, SDNN, HF, LF, and LF/HF). Moreover, patients in the S + EX group displayed greater increases of different HRV indices(RR, pNN50, RMSSD, SDHR, SDNN, HF, and LF) compared with those in the S group. CONCLUSIONS The combination of structured physical exercise and sertraline might exert positive effects on the autonomic control of the heart among older patients with major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Toni
- Cardiology Unit, Ramazzini Hospital, Carpi, Italy
| | - Martino Belvederi Murri
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Oftalmology, Genetics, and Infant-Maternal Science, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London, UK.
| | - Massimo Piepoli
- Heart Failure Unit, Cardiac Department, G. da Saliceto Polichirurgico Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Stamatula Zanetidou
- Consultation Liaison Psychiatry Service, Department of Mental Health, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aderville Cabassi
- Cardiorenal Research Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Parma University School of Medicine, Parma, Italy
| | - Salvatore Squatrito
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Section of Human and General Physiology, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Bagnoli
- Primary Care Physicians in Private Practice, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piras
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Section of Human and General Physiology, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Mussi
- Department of Geriatrics, Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino Estense, Modena, and Reggio Emilia University, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Marco Menchetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Donato Zocchi
- Primary Care Physicians in Private Practice, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Graziano Ceresini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology of Aging Unit, University of Parma, Italy
| | | | - Paola Rucci
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Section of Human and General Physiology, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Mario Amore
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Oftalmology, Genetics, and Infant-Maternal Science, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Fraser SA, Dupuy O, Pouliot P, Lesage F, Bherer L. Comparable Cerebral Oxygenation Patterns in Younger and Older Adults during Dual-Task Walking with Increasing Load. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:240. [PMID: 27812334 PMCID: PMC5071361 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroimaging literature on dual-task gait clearly demonstrates increased prefrontal cortex (PFC) involvement when performing a cognitive task while walking. However, findings from direct comparisons of the cerebral oxygenation patterns of younger (YA) and older (OA) adults during dual-task walking are mixed and it is unclear how YA and OA respond to increasing cognitive load (difficulty) while walking. This functional near infra-red (fNIRS) study examined cerebral oxygenation of YA and OA during self-paced dual-task treadmill walking at two different levels of cognitive load (auditory n-back). Changes in accuracy (%) as well as oxygenated (HbO) and deoxygenated (HbR) hemoglobin were examined. For the HbO and HbR measures, eight regions of interest (ROIs) were assessed: the anterior and posterior dorsolateral and ventrolateral PFC (aDLPFC, pDLPFC, aVLPFC, pVLPFC) in each hemisphere. Nineteen YA (M = 21.83 years) and 14 OA (M = 66.85 years) walked at a self-selected pace while performing auditory 1-back and 2-back tasks. Walking alone (single motor: SM) and performing the cognitive tasks alone (single cognitive: SC) were compared to dual-task walking (DT = SM + SC). In the behavioural data, participants were more accurate in the lowest level of load (1-back) compared to the highest (2-back; p < 0.001). YA were more accurate than OA overall (p = 0.009), and particularly in the 2-back task (p = 0.048). In the fNIRS data, both younger and older adults had task effects (SM < DT) in specific ROIs for ΔHbO (three YA, one OA) and ΔHbR (seven YA, eight OA). After controlling for walk speed differences, direct comparisons between YA and OA did not reveal significant age differences, but did reveal a difficulty effect in HbO in the left aDLPFC (p = 0.028) and significant task effects (SM < DT) in HbR for six of the eight ROIs. Findings suggest that YA and OA respond similarly to manipulations of cognitive load when walking on a treadmill at a self-selected pace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Fraser
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- Laboratory MOVE (EA6314), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Poitiers Poitiers, France
| | - Philippe Pouliot
- Département de Génie Électrique, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Lesage
- Département de Génie Électrique, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal QC, Canada
| | - Louis Bherer
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Institutde Cardiologie de Montréal and University of Montréal, MontrealQC, Canada
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Schneider M, Schmalbach P, Godkin S. Impact of a personalized versus moderate-intensity exercise prescription: a randomized controlled trial. J Behav Med 2016; 40:239-248. [PMID: 27481104 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-016-9776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Effective approaches to promote adolescent physical activity are needed. Moreover, a one-size-fits-all approach has been minimally successful to date. This randomized controlled trial evaluates a theory-based personalized exercise prescription to enhance motivation for being active and physical activity participation among adolescent reluctant exercisers. Adolescents were characterized by affective style as reluctant (predisposed to negative affect during exercise) or latent (predisposed to positive affect during exercise) exercisers based on their affective response to an acute exercise task, and then randomly assigned to an exercise prescription of either a personalized or a moderate intensity. Assignment was double-blind. Assessments were pre- and post- the 8-week intervention. Participants were an ethnically diverse group of adolescents (19 % non-Latino White) in a public middle-school. The exercise intensity manipulation and assessments took place at the school site during regular Physical Education. Participants were assigned to either a moderate-intensity exercise prescription [target heart rate (HR) range 60-80 % of HR max] or a personalized exercise prescription corresponding to an intensity that "feels good" to the individual for 8 weeks during daily Physical Education. Outcome measures included exercise-related intrinsic motivation (via questionnaire), and daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA; via accelerometer). The exercise intensity manipulation did not yield actual differences in exercise intensity during PE, and had no effect on either Intrinsic Motivation or MVPA. There was no significant interaction between affective style and group assignment in predicting Intrinsic Motivation or MVPA. This study did not find support for a link between affective experiences during exercise and physical activity participation. Providing adolescents with a personalized exercise intensity prescription and asking them to follow the prescription during PE was not an effective strategy to manipulate their affective experience of exercise. A more rigorous test of affective manipulation may require supervised exercise sessions during which exercise intensity can be directly observed and controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Schneider
- School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, 258 Social Ecology I, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Priel Schmalbach
- School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, 258 Social Ecology I, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Sophia Godkin
- School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, 258 Social Ecology I, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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Cerebral and Muscle Tissue Oxygenation During Incremental Cycling in Male Adolescents Measured by Time-Resolved Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2016; 28:275-85. [PMID: 26451845 PMCID: PMC4826640 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2015-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy has long been used to measure tissue-specific O2 dynamics in exercise, but most published data have used continuous wave devices incapable of quantifying absolute Hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations. We used time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy to study exercising muscle (Vastus Lateralis, VL) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) Hb oxygenation in 11 young males (15.3 ± 2.1 yrs) performing incremental cycling until exhaustion (peak VO2 = 42.7 ± 6.1 ml/min/kg, mean peak power = 181 ± 38 W). Time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy measurements of reduced scattering (μs´) and absorption (μa) at three wavelengths (759, 796, and 833 nm) were used to calculate concentrations of oxyHb ([HbO2]), deoxy Hb ([HbR]), total Hb ([THb]), and O2 saturation (stO2). In PFC, significant increases were observed in both [HbO2] and [HbR] during intense exercise. PFC stO2% remained stable until 80% of total exercise time, then dropped (-2.95%, p = .0064). In VL, stO2% decreased until peak time (-6.8%, p = .01). Segmented linear regression identified thresholds for PFC [HbO2], [HbR], VL [THb]. There was a strong correlation between timing of second ventilatory threshold and decline in PFC [HbO2] (r = .84). These findings show that time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy can be used to study physiological threshold phenomena in children during maximal exercise, providing insight into tissue specific hemodynamics and metabolism.
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Tempest GD, Eston RG, Parfitt G. A comparison of head motion and prefrontal haemodynamics during upright and recumbent cycling exercise. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2016; 37:723-729. [PMID: 27121773 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this observational study was to compare head motion and prefrontal haemodynamics during exercise using three commercial cycling ergometers. Participants (n = 12) completed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion during upright, recumbent and semi-recumbent cycling. Head motion (using accelerometry), physiological data (oxygen uptake, end-tidal carbon dioxide [PET CO2 ] and heart rate) and changes in prefrontal haemodynamics (oxygenation, deoxygenation and blood volume using near infrared spectroscopy [NIRS]) were recorded. Despite no difference in oxygen uptake and heart rate, head motion was higher and PET CO2 was lower during upright cycling at maximal exercise (P<0·05). Analyses of covariance (covariates: head motion P>0·05; PET CO2 , P<0·01) revealed that prefrontal oxygenation was higher during semi-recumbent than recumbent cycling and deoxygenation and blood volume were higher during upright than recumbent and semi-recumbent cycling (respectively; P<0·05). This work highlights the robustness of the utility of NIRS to head motion and describes the potential postural effects upon the prefrontal haemodynamic response during upright and recumbent cycling exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin D Tempest
- Department of Sports Tourism, Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Roger G Eston
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gaynor Parfitt
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Carius D, Andrä C, Clauß M, Ragert P, Bunk M, Mehnert J. Hemodynamic Response Alteration As a Function of Task Complexity and Expertise-An fNIRS Study in Jugglers. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:126. [PMID: 27064925 PMCID: PMC4811870 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed knowledge about online brain processing during the execution of complex motor tasks with a high motion range still remains elusive. The aim of the present study was to investigate the hemodynamic responses within sensorimotor networks as well as in visual motion area during the execution of a complex visuomotor task such as juggling. More specifically, we were interested in how far the hemodynamic response as measured with functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) adapts as a function of task complexity and the level of the juggling expertise. We asked expert jugglers to perform different juggling tasks with different levels of complexity such as a 2-ball juggling, 3- and 5-ball juggling cascades. We here demonstrate that expert jugglers show an altered neurovascular response with increasing task complexity, since a 5-ball juggling cascade showed enhanced hemodynamic responses for oxygenated hemoglobin as compared to less complex tasks such as a 3- or 2-ball juggling pattern. Moreover, correlations between the hemodynamic response and the level of the juggling expertise during the 5-ball juggling cascade, acquired by cinematographic video analysis, revealed only a non-significant trend in primary motor cortex, indicating that a higher level of expertise might be associated with lower hemodynamic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Carius
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany; Department of Sport Science, Martin Luther University of Halle-WittenbergHalle, Germany
| | - Christian Andrä
- Department of School Sport, Institute of Sport Psychology and Sport Pedagogy, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martina Clauß
- Institute of General Kinesiology and Athletics Training, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Ragert
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Bunk
- Institute for Applied Training Science Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Mehnert
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany; Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
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Frazão DT, de Farias Junior LF, Dantas TCB, Krinski K, Elsangedy HM, Prestes J, Hardcastle SJ, Costa EC. Feeling of Pleasure to High-Intensity Interval Exercise Is Dependent of the Number of Work Bouts and Physical Activity Status. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152752. [PMID: 27028191 PMCID: PMC4814045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To examine the affective responses during a single bout of a low-volume HIIE in active and insufficiently active men. Materials and methods Fifty-eight men (aged 25.3 ± 3.6 years) volunteered to participate in this study: i) active (n = 29) and ii) insufficiently active (n = 29). Each subject undertook i) initial screening and physical evaluation, ii) maximal exercise test, and iii) a single bout of a low-volume HIIE. The HIIE protocol consisted of 10 x 60s work bouts at 90% of maximal treadmill velocity (MTV) interspersed with 60s of active recovery at 30% of MTV. Affective responses (Feeling Scale, -5/+5), rating of perceived exertion (Borg’s RPE, 6–20), and heart rate (HR) were recorded during the last 10s of each work bout. A two-factor mixed-model repeated measures ANOVA, independent-samples t test, and chi-squared test were used to data analysis. Results There were similar positive affective responses to the first three work bouts between insufficiently active and active men (p > 0.05). However, insufficiently active group displayed lower affective responses over time (work bout 4 to 10) than the active group (p < 0.01). Also, the insufficiently active group displayed lower values of mean, lowest, and highest affective response, as well as lower values of affective response at the highest RPE than the active group (p < 0.001). There were no differences in the RPE and HR between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions Insufficiently active and active men report feelings of pleasure to few work bouts (i.e., 3–4) during low-volume HIIE, while the affective responses become more unpleasant over time for insufficiently active subjects. Investigations on the effects of low-volume HIIE protocols including a fewer number of work bouts on health status and fitness of less active subjects would be interesting, especially in the first training weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danniel Thiago Frazão
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kleverton Krinski
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Jonato Prestes
- Graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Sarah J. Hardcastle
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Eduardo Caldas Costa
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Kuboyama N, Shibuya K. Ipsi- and contralateral frontal cortex oxygenation during handgrip task does not follow decrease on maximal force output. J Physiol Anthropol 2015; 34:37. [PMID: 26536889 PMCID: PMC4632657 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-015-0077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of fatiguing exercise on the ipsi- and contralateral frontal cortex has not been fully clarified. The purpose of this study was to investigate by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) the frontal cortex oxygenation response to a prolonged fatiguing repetitive handgrip exercise performed at maximal voluntary contraction. It was found a significant oxyhemoglobin concentration ([HbO2]) increase (p < 0.05), accompanied by a smaller and delayed deoxyhemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) decrease (p < 0.05), in both hemispheres. Then, it was indicated higher delayed oxygenation in ipsilateral oxygenation compared to contralateral oxygenation. These results provide further evidence that the complemental interaction between the ipsilateral and contralateral cortex during the fatiguing maximal exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Kuboyama
- Faculty of Business Administration, Osaka University of Commerce, 4-1-10 Mikuriyasakae-machi, 577-8505, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Shibuya
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-chi, 950-3198, Niigata, Kita-Ku, Japan.
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Bhutta MR, Hong MJ, Kim YH, Hong KS. Single-trial lie detection using a combined fNIRS-polygraph system. Front Psychol 2015; 6:709. [PMID: 26082733 PMCID: PMC4451253 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deception is a human behavior that many people experience in daily life. It involves complex neuronal activities in addition to several physiological changes in the body. A polygraph, which can measure some of the physiological responses from the body, has been widely employed in lie-detection. Many researchers, however, believe that lie detection can become more precise if the neuronal changes that occur in the process of deception can be isolated and measured. In this study, we combine both measures (i.e., physiological and neuronal changes) for enhanced lie-detection. Specifically, to investigate the deception-related hemodynamic response, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is applied at the prefrontal cortex besides a commercially available polygraph system. A mock crime scenario with a single-trial stimulus is set up as a deception protocol. The acquired data are classified into “true” and “lie” classes based on the fNIRS-based hemoglobin-concentration changes and polygraph-based physiological signal changes. Linear discriminant analysis is utilized as a classifier. The results indicate that the combined fNIRS-polygraph system delivers much higher classification accuracy than that of a singular system. This study demonstrates a plausible solution toward single-trial lie-detection by combining fNIRS and the polygraph.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raheel Bhutta
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University Busan, South Korea
| | | | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular and Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keum-Shik Hong
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University Busan, South Korea ; School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University Busan, South Korea
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