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Touhami D, Mofikoya AO, Girling RD, Langford B, Misztal PK, Pfrang C. Atmospheric Degradation of Ecologically Important Biogenic Volatiles: Investigating the Ozonolysis of (E)-β-Ocimene, Isomers of α and β-Farnesene, α-Terpinene and 6-Methyl-5-Hepten-2-One, and Their Gas-Phase Products. J Chem Ecol 2024; 50:129-142. [PMID: 38195852 PMCID: PMC11043181 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (bVOCs), synthesised by plants, are important mediators of ecological interactions that can also undergo a series of reactions in the atmosphere. Ground-level ozone is a secondary pollutant generated through sunlight-driven reactions between nitrogen oxides (NOx) and VOCs. Its levels have increased since the industrial revolution and reactions involving ozone drive many chemical processes in the troposphere. While ozone precursors often originate in urban areas, winds may carry these hundreds of kilometres, causing ozone formation to also occur in less populated rural regions. Under elevated ozone conditions, ozonolysis of bVOCs can result in quantitative and qualitative changes in the gas phase, reducing the concentrations of certain bVOCs and resulting in the formation of other compounds. Such changes can result in disruption of bVOC-mediated behavioural or ecological interactions. Through a series of gas-phase experiments using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS), we investigated the products and their yields from the ozonolysis of a range of ubiquitous bVOCs, which were selected because of their importance in mediating ecological interactions such as pollinator and natural enemy attraction and plant-to-plant communication, namely: (E)-β-ocimene, isomers of α and β-farnesene, α-terpinene and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one. New products from the ozonolysis of these compounds were identified, and the formation of these compounds is consistent with terpene-ozone oxidation mechanisms. We present the degradation mechanism of our model bVOCs and identify their reaction products. We discuss the potential ecological implications of the degradation of each bVOC and of the formation of reaction products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Touhami
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6DX, UK
| | - Adedayo O Mofikoya
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Earley Gate, Reading, RG6 6EU, UK
| | - Robbie D Girling
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Earley Gate, Reading, RG6 6EU, UK.
- Centre for Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia.
| | - Ben Langford
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Christian Pfrang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6DX, UK.
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Marcel H, Javier MGJ, Emilio C, Roman H, Jose Luis RL. Seed shape and size of Silene latifolia, differences between sexes, and influence of the parental genome in hybrids with Silene dioica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1297676. [PMID: 38529065 PMCID: PMC10961389 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1297676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Plants undergo various natural changes that dramatically modify their genomes. One is polyploidization and the second is hybridization. Both are regarded as key factors in plant evolution and result in phenotypic differences in different plant organs. In Silene, we can find both examples in nature, and this genus has a seed shape diversity that has long been recognized as a valuable source of information for infrageneric classification. Methods Morphometric analysis is a statistical study of shape and size and their covariations with other variables. Traditionally, seed shape description was limited to an approximate comparison with geometric figures (rounded, globular, reniform, or heart-shaped). Seed shape quantification has been based on direct measurements, such as area, perimeter, length, and width, narrowing statistical analysis. We used seed images and processed them to obtain silhouettes. We performed geometric morphometric analyses, such as similarity to geometric models and elliptic Fourier analysis, to study the hybrid offspring of S. latifolia and S. dioica. Results We generated synthetic tetraploids of Silene latifolia and performed controlled crosses between diploid S. latifolia and Silene dioica to analyze seed morphology. After imaging capture and post-processing, statistical analysis revealed differences in seed size, but not in shape, between S. latifolia diploids and tetraploids, as well as some differences in shape among the parentals and hybrids. A detailed inspection using fluorescence microscopy allowed for the identification of shape differences in the cells of the seed coat. In the case of hybrids, differences were found in circularity and solidity. Overal seed shape is maternally regulated for both species, whereas cell shape cannot be associated with any of the sexes. Discussion Our results provide additional tools useful for the combination of morphology with genetics, ecology or taxonomy. Seed shape is a robust indicator that can be used as a complementary tool for the genetic and phylogenetic analyses of Silene hybrid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubinský Marcel
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research (NCBR), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Cervantes Emilio
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA)-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Hobza Roman
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Rodríguez Lorenzo Jose Luis
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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Hong Y, Zheng Q, Cheng L, Liu P, Xu G, Zhang H, Cao P, Zhou H. Identification and characterization of TMV-induced volatile signals in Nicotiana benthamiana: evidence for JA/ET defense pathway priming in congeneric neighbors via airborne (E)-2-octenal. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:272. [PMID: 37568053 PMCID: PMC10421810 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants release a mixture of volatile compounds when subjects to environmental stress, allowing them to transmit information to neighboring plants. Here, we find that Nicotiana benthamiana plants infected with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) induces defense responses in neighboring congeners. Analytical screening of volatiles from N. benthamiana at 7 days post inoculation (dpi) using an optimized SPME-GC-MS method showed that TMV triggers the release of several volatiles, such as (E)-2-octenal, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and geranylacetone. Exposure to (E)-2-octenal enhances the resistance of N. benthamiana plants to TMV and triggers the immune system with upregulation of pathogenesis-related genes, such as NbPR1a, NbPR1b, NbPR2, and NbNPR1, which are related to TMV resistance. Furthermore, (E)-2-octenal upregulates jasmonic acid (JA) that levels up to 400-fold in recipient N. benthamiana plants and significantly affects the expression pattern of key genes in the JA/ET signaling pathway, such as NbMYC2, NbERF1, and NbPDF1.2, while the salicylic acid (SA) level is not significantly affected. Our results show for the first time that the volatile (E)-2-octenal primes the JA/ET pathway and then activates immune responses, ultimately leading to enhanced TMV resistance in adjacent N. benthamiana plants. These findings provide new insights into the role of airborne compounds in virus-induced interplant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hong
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qingxia Zheng
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 102200, China
| | - Lingtong Cheng
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Pingping Liu
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 102200, China
| | - Guoyun Xu
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 102200, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 102200, China
| | - Peijian Cao
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 102200, China.
| | - Huina Zhou
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 102200, China.
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Cornet C, Noret N, Van Rossum F. Pollinator sharing between reproductively isolated genetic lineages of Silene nutans. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:927498. [PMID: 36340351 PMCID: PMC9634645 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.927498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High reciprocal pollination specialization leading to pollinator isolation can prevent interspecific pollen transfer and competition for pollinators. Sharing pollinators may induce mating costs, but it may also increase pollination services and pollen dispersal and offer more resources to pollinators, which may be important in case of habitat fragmentation leading to pollination disruption. We estimated pollen dispersal and pollinator isolation or sharing between two reproductively isolated genetic lineages of Silene nutans (Caryophyllaceae), which are rare and occur in parapatry in southern Belgium, forming two edaphic ecotypes. As inter-ecotypic crosses may lead to pollen wastage and inviable progeny, pollinator isolation might have evolved between ecotypes. Silene nutans is mainly pollinated by nocturnal moths, including nursery pollinators, which pollinate and lay their eggs in flowers, and whose caterpillars feed on flowers and seeds. Pollinator assemblages of the two ecotypes are largely unknown and inter-ecotypic pollen flows have never been investigated. Fluorescent powdered dyes were used as pollen analogues to quantify intra- and inter-ecotypic pollen transfers and seeds were germinated to detect chlorotic seedlings resulting from inter-ecotypic pollination. Nocturnal pollinators were observed using infrared cameras on the field, and seed-eating caterpillars were collected and reared to identify nursery pollinator species. No pollinator isolation was found: we detected long-distance (up to 5 km) inter-ecotypic dye transfers and chlorotic seedlings, indicating inter-ecotypic fertilization events. The rare moth Hadena albimacula, a nursery pollinator specialized on S. nutans, was found on both ecotypes, as well as adults visiting flowers (cameras recordings) as seed-eating caterpillars. However, S. nutans populations harbor different abundance and diversity of seed predator communities, including other rare nursery pollinators, suggesting a need for distinct conservation strategies. Our findings demonstrate the efficiency of moths, especially of nursery pollinators, to disperse pollen over long distances in natural landscapes, so to ensure gene flow and population sustainability of the host plant. Seed-predator specificities between the two reproductively isolated genetic lineages of S. nutans, and pollinator sharing instead of pollinator isolation when plants occur in parapatry, suggest that conservation of the host plant is also essential for sustaining (rare) pollinator and seed predator communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Cornet
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie végétale et Biogéochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nausicaa Noret
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie végétale et Biogéochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Van Rossum
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie végétale et Biogéochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Research Department, Meise Botanic Garden, Meise, Belgium
- Service général de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifique, Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Moquet L, Jacquemart A, Dufay M, De Cauwer I. Effects of sexual dimorphism on pollinator behaviour in a dioecious species. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Moquet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 – Evo‐Eco‐Paleo Lille France
- UMR PVBMT, CIRAD Saint Pierre La Réunion France
| | - Anne‐Laure Jacquemart
- Genetics, Reproduction and Populations Research Group, Earth and Life Inst., Univ. Catholique de Louvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Mathilde Dufay
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 – Evo‐Eco‐Paleo Lille France
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD Montpellier France
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Wang X, Wu Y, Zhu H, Zhang H, Xu J, Fu Q, Bao M, Zhang J. Headspace Volatiles and Endogenous Extracts of Prunus mume Cultivars with Different Aroma Types. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237256. [PMID: 34885838 PMCID: PMC8658796 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prunus mume is a traditional ornamental plant, which owed a unique floral scent. However, the diversity of the floral scent in P. mume cultivars with different aroma types was not identified. In this study, the floral scent of eight P. mume cultivars was studied using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and organic solvent extraction (OSE), combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In total, 66 headspace volatiles and 74 endogenous extracts were putatively identified, of which phenylpropanoids/benzenoids were the main volatile organic compounds categories. As a result of GC-MS analysis, benzyl acetate (1.55-61.26%), eugenol (0.87-6.03%), benzaldehyde (5.34-46.46%), benzyl alcohol (5.13-57.13%), chavicol (0-5.46%), and cinnamyl alcohol (0-6.49%) were considered to be the main components in most varieties. However, the volatilization rate of these main components was different. Based on the variable importance in projection (VIP) values in the orthogonal partial least-squares discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA), differential components of four aroma types were identified as biomarkers, and 10 volatile and 12 endogenous biomarkers were screened out, respectively. The odor activity value (OAV) revealed that several biomarkers, including (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, pentyl acetate, (E)-cinnamaldehyde, methyl salicylate, cinnamyl alcohol, and benzoyl cyanide, contributed greatly to the strong-scented, fresh-scented, sweet-scented, and light-scented types of P. mume cultivars. This study provided a theoretical basis for the floral scent evaluation and breeding of P. mume cultivars.
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Baena-Díaz F, Zemp N, Widmer A. Insights into the genetic architecture of sexual dimorphism from an interspecific cross between two diverging Silene (Caryophyllaceae) species. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:5052-5067. [PMID: 31605646 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of sexual dimorphism in species with separate sexes is influenced by the resolution of sexual conflicts creating sex differences through genetic linkage or sex-biased expression. Plants with different degrees of sexual dimorphism are thus ideal to study the genetic basis of sexual dimorphism. In this study we explore the genetic architecture of sexual dimorphism between Silene latifolia and Silene dioica. These species have chromosomal sex determination and differ in the extent of sexual dimorphism. To test whether QTL for sexually dimorphic traits have accumulated on the sex chromosomes and to quantify their contribution to species differences, we create a linkage map and performed QTL analysis of life history, flower and vegetative traits using an unidirectional interspecific F2 hybrid cross. We found support for an accumulation of QTL on the sex chromosomes and that sex differences explained a large proportion of the variance between species, suggesting that both natural and sexual selection contributed to species divergence. Sexually dimorphic traits that also differed between species displayed transgressive segregation. We observed a reversal in sexual dimorphism in the F2 population, where males tended to be larger than females, indicating that sexual dimorphism is constrained within populations but not in recombinant hybrids. This study contributes to the understanding of the genetic basis of sexual dimorphism and its evolution in Silene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alex Widmer
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Karrenberg S, Liu X, Hallander E, Favre A, Herforth-Rahmé J, Widmer A. Ecological divergence plays an important role in strong but complex reproductive isolation in campions (Silene). Evolution 2018; 73:245-261. [PMID: 30499144 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
New species arise through the evolution of reproductive barriers between formerly interbreeding lineages. Yet, comprehensive assessments of potential reproductive barriers, which are needed to make inferences on processes driving speciation, are only available for a limited number of systems. In this study, we estimated individual and cumulative strengths of seven prezygotic and six postzygotic reproductive barriers between the recently diverged taxa Silene dioica (L.) Clairv. and S. latifolia Poiret using both published and new data. A combination of multiple partial reproductive barriers resulted in near-complete reproductive isolation between S. dioica and S. latifolia, consistent with earlier estimates of gene flow between the taxa. Extrinsic barriers associated with adaptive ecological divergence were most important, while intrinsic postzygotic barriers had moderate individual strength but contributed only little to total reproductive isolation. These findings are in line with ecological divergence as driver of speciation. We further found extensive variation in extrinsic reproductive isolation, ranging from sites with very strong selection against migrants and hybrids to intermediate sites where substantial hybridization is possible. This situation may allow for, or even promote, heterogeneous genetic divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Karrenberg
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emelie Hallander
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden.,Current Address: Swedish Board of Agriculture, Vallgatan 8, 551 82, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Adrien Favre
- Department of Diversity and Evolution of Higher Plants, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University, 60439, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joelle Herforth-Rahmé
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.,Current Address: Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Department of Soil Sciences, Ackerstrasse 113, Box 219, 5070, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Alex Widmer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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Liu X, Karrenberg S. Genetic architecture of traits associated with reproductive barriers in Silene: Coupling, sex chromosomes and variation. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:3889-3904. [PMID: 29577481 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of reproductive barriers and their underlying genetic architecture is of central importance for the formation of new species. Reproductive barriers can be controlled either by few large-effect loci suggesting strong selection on key traits, or by many small-effect loci, consistent with gradual divergence or with selection on polygenic or multiple traits. Genetic coupling between reproductive barrier loci further promotes divergence, particularly divergence with ongoing gene flow. In this study, we investigated the genetic architectures of ten morphological, phenological and life history traits associated with reproductive barriers between the hybridizing sister species Silene dioica and S. latifolia; both are dioecious with XY-sex determination. We used quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in two reciprocal F2 crosses. One to six QTLs per trait, including nine major QTLs (PVE > 20%), were detected on 11 of the 12 linkage groups. We found strong evidence for coupling of QTLs for uncorrelated traits and for an important role of sex chromosomes in the genetic architectures of reproductive barrier traits. Unexpectedly, QTLs detected in the two F2 crosses differed largely, despite limited phenotypic differences between them and sufficient statistical power. The widely dispersed genetic architectures of traits associated with reproductive barriers suggest gradual divergence or multifarious selection. Coupling of the underlying QTLs likely promoted divergence with gene flow in this system. The low congruence of QTLs between the two crosses further points to variable and possibly redundant genetic architectures of traits associated with reproductive barriers, with important implications for the evolutionary dynamics of divergence and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sophie Karrenberg
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Favre A, Widmer A, Karrenberg S. Differential adaptation drives ecological speciation in campions (Silene): evidence from a multi-site transplant experiment. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1487-1499. [PMID: 27775172 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the role of differential adaptation for the evolution of reproductive barriers, we conducted a multi-site transplant experiment with the dioecious sister species Silene dioica and S. latifolia and their hybrids. Crosses within species as well as reciprocal first-generation (F1 ) and second-generation (F2 ) interspecific hybrids were transplanted into six sites, three within each species' habitat. Survival and flowering were recorded over 4 yr. At all transplant sites, the local species outperformed the foreign species, reciprocal F1 hybrids performed intermediately and F2 hybrids underperformed in comparison to F1 hybrids (hybrid breakdown). Females generally had slightly higher cumulative fitness than males in both within- and between-species crosses and we thus found little evidence for Haldane's rule acting on field performance. The strength of selection against F1 and F2 hybrids as well as hybrid breakdown increased with increasing strength of habitat adaptation (i.e. the relative fitness difference between the local and the foreign species) across sites. Our results suggest that differential habitat adaptation led to ecologically dependent post-zygotic reproductive barriers and drives divergence and speciation in this Silene system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Favre
- Plant Ecological Genetics, ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Plant Systematics & Herbarium (LZ), Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alex Widmer
- Plant Ecological Genetics, ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Karrenberg
- Plant Ecological Genetics, ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Plant Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
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Parachnowitsch AL, Manson JS. The chemical ecology of plant-pollinator interactions: recent advances and future directions. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 8:41-46. [PMID: 32846674 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Floral chemistry mediates plant-pollinator interactions through floral scents and reward components. Although improved techniques have increased interest in studying floral volatiles and nectar chemistry, these two foci have generally been studied in isolation. The ecological functions of floral chemistry have been relatively well studied and focused on pollinator behaviour. While studies comparing chemistry between plant parts and across phylogenies are increasing, work on the evolution of floral chemistry and the importance of community context in mediating pollinator responses is lacking. Future research should concentrate on more holistic studies that include both signal and reward chemistry to understand the relative contribution of these complex and dynamic floral traits to the ecology and evolution of plants and their pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Parachnowitsch
- Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jessamyn S Manson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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