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Al-Sadeq DW, Thanassoulas A, Theodoridou M, Nasrallah GK, Nomikos M. Pathogenic Homocystinuria-Associated T236N Mutation Dramatically Alters the Biochemical Properties of Cystathionine Beta-Synthase Protein. Biomedicines 2024; 12:929. [PMID: 38790892 PMCID: PMC11118236 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12050929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystathione beta-synthase (CBS) T236N is a novel mutation associated with pyridoxine non-responsiveness, which presents a significant difficulty in the medical treatment of homocystinuria. Reported severe phenotypes in homocystinuria patients highlight the urgent requirement to comprehend the molecular mechanisms underlying mutation pathogenicity for the advancement of the disease. METHODOLOGY In this study, we used a multidisciplinary approach to investigate the molecular properties of bacterially expressed and purified recombinant CBST236N protein, which we directly compared to those of the wild-type (CBSWT) protein. RESULTS Our data revealed a profound impact of the p.T236N mutation on CBS enzymatic activity, with a dramatic reduction of ~96% compared to the CBSWT protein. Circular dichroism (CD) experiments indicated that the p.T236N mutation did not significantly alter the secondary structure of the protein. However, CD spectra unveiled distinct differences in the thermal stability of CBSWT and CBST236N mutant protein species. In addition, chemical denaturation experiments further highlighted that the CBSWT protein exhibited greater thermodynamic stability than the CBST236N mutant, suggesting a destabilizing effect of this mutation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide an explanation of the pathogenicity of the p.T236N mutation, shedding light on its role in severe homocystinuria phenotypes. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of CBS deficiency and may improve the development of targeted therapeutic strategies for affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaa W. Al-Sadeq
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (D.W.A.-S.); (G.K.N.)
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | | | - Maria Theodoridou
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (D.W.A.-S.); (G.K.N.)
| | - Gheyath K. Nasrallah
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (D.W.A.-S.); (G.K.N.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Michail Nomikos
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
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2
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McCorvie TJ, Adamoski D, Machado RAC, Tang J, Bailey HJ, Ferreira DSM, Strain-Damerell C, Baslé A, Ambrosio ALB, Dias SMG, Yue WW. Architecture and regulation of filamentous human cystathionine beta-synthase. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2931. [PMID: 38575566 PMCID: PMC10995199 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) is an essential metabolic enzyme across all domains of life for the production of glutathione, cysteine, and hydrogen sulfide. Appended to the conserved catalytic domain of human CBS is a regulatory domain that modulates activity by S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) and promotes oligomerisation. Here we show using cryo-electron microscopy that full-length human CBS in the basal and SAM-bound activated states polymerises as filaments mediated by a conserved regulatory domain loop. In the basal state, CBS regulatory domains sterically block the catalytic domain active site, resulting in a low-activity filament with three CBS dimers per turn. This steric block is removed when in the activated state, one SAM molecule binds to the regulatory domain, forming a high-activity filament with two CBS dimers per turn. These large conformational changes result in a central filament of SAM-stabilised regulatory domains at the core, decorated with highly flexible catalytic domains. Polymerisation stabilises CBS and reduces thermal denaturation. In PC-3 cells, we observed nutrient-responsive CBS filamentation that disassembles when methionine is depleted and reversed in the presence of SAM. Together our findings extend our understanding of CBS enzyme regulation, and open new avenues for investigating the pathogenic mechanism and therapeutic opportunities for CBS-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McCorvie
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
- Biosciences Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Douglas Adamoski
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Raquel A C Machado
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jiazhi Tang
- Biosciences Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Henry J Bailey
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Douglas S M Ferreira
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Biosciences Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Claire Strain-Damerell
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Arnaud Baslé
- Biosciences Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Andre L B Ambrosio
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra M G Dias
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Wyatt W Yue
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
- Biosciences Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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3
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Collard R, Majtan T. Genetic and Pharmacological Modulation of Cellular Proteostasis Leads to Partial Functional Rescue of Homocystinuria-Causing Cystathionine-Beta Synthase Variants. Mol Cell Biol 2023; 43:664-674. [PMID: 38051092 PMCID: PMC10761163 DOI: 10.1080/10985549.2023.2284147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Homocystinuria (HCU), an inherited metabolic disorder caused by lack of cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) activity, is chiefly caused by misfolding of single amino acid residue missense pathogenic variants. Previous studies showed that chemical, pharmacological chaperones or proteasome inhibitors could rescue function of multiple pathogenic CBS variants; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using Chinese hamster DON fibroblasts devoid of CBS and stably overexpressing human WT or mutant CBS, we showed that expression of pathogenic CBS variant mostly dysregulates gene expression of small heat shock proteins HSPB3 and HSPB8 and members of HSP40 family. Endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor BiP was found upregulated with CBS I278T variant associated with proteasomes suggesting proteotoxic stress and degradation of misfolded CBS. Co-expression of the main effector HSP70 or master regulator HSF1 rescued steady-state levels of CBS I278T and R125Q variants with partial functional rescue of the latter. Pharmacological proteostasis modulators partially rescued expression and activity of CBS R125Q likely due to reduced proteotoxic stress as indicated by decreased BiP levels and promotion of refolding as indicated by induction of HSP70. In conclusion, targeted manipulation of cellular proteostasis may represent a viable therapeutic approach for the permissive pathogenic CBS variants causing HCU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Collard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Tomas Majtan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Fribourg, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Fribourg, Switzerland
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4
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Conter C, Favretto F, Dominici P, Martinez-Cruz LA, Astegno A. Key substrate recognition residues in the active site of cystathionine beta-synthase from Toxoplasma gondii. Proteins 2023; 91:1383-1393. [PMID: 37163386 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) catalyzes the condensation of l-serine and l-homocysteine to give l-cystathionine in the transsulfuration pathway. Recently, a few O-acetylserine (l-OAS)-dependent CBSs (OCBSs) have been found in bacteria that can exclusively function with l-OAS. CBS from Toxoplasma gondii (TgCBS) can efficiently use both l-serine and l-OAS to form l-cystathionine. In this work, a series of site-specific variants substituting S84, Y160, and Y246 with hydrophobic residues found at the same positions in OCBSs was generated to explore the roles of the hydroxyl moieties of these residues as determinants of l-serine/l-OAS preference in TgCBS. We found that the S84A/Y160F/Y246V triple mutant behaved like an OCBS in terms of both substrate requirements, showing β-replacement activity only with l-OAS, and pH optimum, which is decreased by ~1 pH unit. Formation of a stable aminoacrylate upon reaction with l-serine is prevented by the triple mutation, indicating the importance of the H-bonds between the hydroxyl groups of Y160, Y246, and S84 with l-serine in formation of the intermediate. Analysis of the independent effect of each mutation on TgCBS activity and investigation of the protein-aminoacrylate complex structure allowed for the conclusion that the hydroxyl group of Y246 has a major, but not exclusive, role in controlling the l-serine preference by efficiently stabilizing its leaving group. These studies demonstrate that differences in substrate specificity of CBSs are controlled by natural variations in as few as three residue positions. A better understanding of substrate specificity in TgCBS will facilitate the design of new antimicrobial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Conter
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Filippo Favretto
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Dominici
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luis Alfonso Martinez-Cruz
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
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5
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Salazar OR, N. Arun P, Cui G, Bay LK, van Oppen MJH, Webster NS, Aranda M. The coral Acropora loripes genome reveals an alternative pathway for cysteine biosynthesis in animals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq0304. [PMID: 36149959 PMCID: PMC9506716 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic capabilities of animals have been derived from well-studied model organisms and are generally considered to be well understood. In animals, cysteine is an important amino acid thought to be exclusively synthesized through the transsulfuration pathway. Corals of the genus Acropora have lost cystathionine β-synthase, a key enzyme of the transsulfuration pathway, and it was proposed that Acropora relies on the symbiosis with dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae for the acquisition of cysteine. Here, we identify the existence of an alternative pathway for cysteine biosynthesis in animals through the analysis of the genome of the coral Acropora loripes. We demonstrate that these coral proteins are functional and synthesize cysteine in vivo, exhibiting previously unrecognized metabolic capabilities of animals. This pathway is also present in most animals but absent in mammals, arthropods, and nematodes, precisely the groups where most of the animal model organisms belong to, highlighting the risks of generalizing findings from model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio R. Salazar
- Marine Science Program, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Prasanna N. Arun
- Marine Science Program, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Guoxin Cui
- Marine Science Program, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Line K. Bay
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- AIMS@JCU, Division of Research and Innovation, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Madeleine J. H. van Oppen
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicole S. Webster
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Australia
| | - Manuel Aranda
- Marine Science Program, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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6
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Zuhra K, Petrosino M, Gupta B, Panagaki T, Cecconi M, Myrianthopoulos V, Schneiter R, Mikros E, Majtan T, Szabo C. Epigallocatechin gallate is a potent inhibitor of cystathionine beta-synthase: Structure-activity relationship and mechanism of action. Nitric Oxide 2022; 128:12-24. [PMID: 35973674 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the main bioactive component of green tea. Through screening of a small library of natural compounds, we discovered that EGCG inhibits cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), a major H2S-generating enzyme. Here we characterize EGCG's mechanism of action in the context of CBS-derived H2S production. In the current project, biochemical, pharmacological and cell biology approaches were used to characterize the effect of EGCG on CBS in cellular models of cancer and Down syndrome (DS). The results show that EGCG binds to CBS and inhibits H2S-producing CBS activity almost 30-times more efficiently than the canonical cystathionine formation (IC50 0.12 versus 3.3 μM). Through screening structural analogs and building blocks, we identified that gallate moiety of EGCG represents the pharmacophore responsible for CBS inhibition. EGCG is a mixed-mode, CBS-specific inhibitor with no effect on the other two major enzymatic sources of H2S, CSE and 3-MST. Unlike the prototypical CBS inhibitor aminooxyacetate, EGCG does not bind the catalytic cofactor of CBS pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. Molecular modeling suggests that EGCG blocks a substrate access channel to pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. EGCG inhibits cellular H2S production in HCT-116 colon cancer cells and in DS fibroblasts. It also exerts effects that are consistent with the functional role of CBS in these cells: in HCT-116 cells it decreases, while in DS cells it improves viability and proliferation. In conclusion, EGCG is a potent inhibitor of CBS-derived H2S production. This effect may contribute to its pharmacological effects in various pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Zuhra
- Chair of Pharmacology, University of Fribourg, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Chemin du Musee 18, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Maria Petrosino
- Chair of Pharmacology, University of Fribourg, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Chemin du Musee 18, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Barkha Gupta
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Chemin du Musee 10, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Theodora Panagaki
- Chair of Pharmacology, University of Fribourg, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Chemin du Musee 18, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Marco Cecconi
- Chair of Pharmacology, University of Fribourg, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Chemin du Musee 18, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Vassilios Myrianthopoulos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Athens, 15772, Greece
| | - Roger Schneiter
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Chemin du Musee 10, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Mikros
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Athens, 15772, Greece
| | - Tomas Majtan
- Chair of Pharmacology, University of Fribourg, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Chemin du Musee 18, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland.
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, University of Fribourg, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Chemin du Musee 18, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland.
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7
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Kobayashi J, Sasaki D, Hara KY, Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Metabolic engineering of the L-serine biosynthetic pathway improves glutathione production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:153. [PMID: 35933377 PMCID: PMC9356478 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01880-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glutathione is a valuable tri-peptide that is industrially produced by fermentation using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and is widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. It has been reported that addition of l-serine (l-Ser) is effective at increasing the intracellular glutathione content because l-Ser is the common precursor of l-cysteine (l-Cys) and glycine (Gly) which are substrates for glutathione biosynthesis. Therefore, we tried to enhance the l-Ser biosynthetic pathway in S. cerevisiae for improved glutathione production. Results The volumetric glutathione production of recombinant strains individually overexpressing SER2, SER1, SER3, and SER33 involved in l-Ser biosynthesis at 48 h cultivation was increased 1.3, 1.4, 1.9, and 1.9-fold, respectively, compared with that of the host GCI strain, which overexpresses genes involved in glutathione biosynthesis. We further examined simultaneous overexpression of SHM2 and/or CYS4 genes involved in Gly and l-Cys biosynthesis, respectively, using recombinant GCI strain overexpressing SER3 and SER33 as hosts. As a result, GCI overexpressing SER3, SHM2, and CYS4 showed the highest volumetric glutathione production (64.0 ± 4.9 mg/L) at 48 h cultivation, and this value is about 2.5-fold higher than that of the control strain. Conclusions This study first revealed that engineering of l-Ser and Gly biosynthetic pathway are useful strategies for fermentative glutathione production by S. cerevisiase. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01880-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyumpei Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Y Hara
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.,Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52‑1 Yada, Suruga‑ku, Shizuoka, 422‑8526, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.,Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan. .,Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan. .,RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
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Insights into Domain Organization and Regulatory Mechanism of Cystathionine Beta-Synthase from Toxoplasma gondii. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158169. [PMID: 35897745 PMCID: PMC9331509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) is a key regulator of homocysteine metabolism. Although eukaryotic CBS have a similar domain architecture with a catalytic core and a C-terminal Bateman module, their regulation varies widely across phyla. In human CBS (HsCBS), the C-terminus has an autoinhibitory effect by acting as a cap that avoids the entry of substrates into the catalytic site. The binding of the allosteric modulator AdoMet to this region alleviates this cap, allowing the protein to progress from a basal toward an activated state. The same activation is obtained by artificial removal or heat-denaturation of the Bateman module. Recently, we reported the crystal structure of CBS from Toxoplasma gondii (TgCBS) showing that the enzyme assembles into basket-like dimers similar to the basal conformers of HsCBS. These findings would suggest a similar lid function for the Bateman module which, as in HsCBS, should relax in the absence of the C-terminal module. However, herein we demonstrate that, in contrast with HsCBS, removal of the Bateman module in TgCBS through deletion mutagenesis, limited proteolysis, or thermal denaturation has no effects on its activity, oligomerization, and thermal stability. This opposite behavior we have now found in TgCBS provides evidence of a novel type of CBS regulation.
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9
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Petrosino M, Zuhra K, Kopec J, Hutchin A, Szabo C, Majtan T. H 2S biogenesis by cystathionine beta-synthase: mechanism of inhibition by aminooxyacetic acid and unexpected role of serine. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:438. [PMID: 35864237 PMCID: PMC9304066 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04479-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) is a pivotal enzyme of the transsulfuration pathway responsible for diverting homocysteine to the biosynthesis of cysteine and production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Aberrant upregulation of CBS and overproduction of H2S contribute to pathophysiology of several diseases including cancer and Down syndrome. Therefore, pharmacological CBS inhibition has emerged as a prospective therapeutic approach. Here, we characterized binding and inhibitory mechanism of aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), the most commonly used CBS inhibitor. We found that AOAA binds CBS tighter than its respective substrates and forms a dead-end PLP-bound intermediate featuring an oxime bond. Surprisingly, serine, but not cysteine, replaced AOAA from CBS and formed an aminoacrylate reaction intermediate, which allowed for the continuation of the catalytic cycle. Indeed, serine rescued and essentially normalized the enzymatic activity of AOAA-inhibited CBS. Cellular studies confirmed that AOAA decreased H2S production and bioenergetics, while additional serine rescued CBS activity, H2S production and mitochondrial function. The crystal structure of AOAA-bound human CBS showed a lack of hydrogen bonding with residues G305 and Y308, found in the serine-bound model. Thus, AOAA-inhibited CBS could be reactivated by serine. This difference may be important in a cellular environment in multiple pathophysiological conditions and may modulate the CBS-inhibitory activity of AOAA. In addition, our results demonstrate additional complexities of using AOAA as a CBS-specific inhibitor of H2S biogenesis and point to the urgent need to develop a potent, selective and specific pharmacological CBS inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Petrosino
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musee 18, PER17, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Karim Zuhra
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musee 18, PER17, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jola Kopec
- Structural Biology Unit, Evotec Ltd, 114 Innovation Drive, Abingdon, OX14 4RZ, UK
| | - Andrew Hutchin
- Structural Biology Unit, Evotec Ltd, 114 Innovation Drive, Abingdon, OX14 4RZ, UK
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musee 18, PER17, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Majtan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musee 18, PER17, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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10
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Conan P, Léon A, Gourdel M, Rollet C, Chaïr L, Caroff N, Le Goux N, Le Jossic-Corcos C, Sinane M, Gentile L, Maillebouis L, Loaëc N, Martin J, Vilaire M, Corcos L, Mignen O, Croyal M, Voisset C, Bihel F, Friocourt G. Identification of 8-Hydroxyquinoline Derivatives That Decrease Cystathionine Beta Synthase (CBS) Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126769. [PMID: 35743210 PMCID: PMC9223588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CBS encodes a pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyses the condensation of homocysteine and serine to form cystathionine. Due to its implication in some cancers and in the cognitive pathophysiology of Down syndrome, the identification of pharmacological inhibitors of this enzyme is urgently required. However, thus far, attempts to identify such molecules have only led to the identification of compounds with low potency and limited selectivity. We consequently developed an original, yeast-based screening method that identified three FDA-approved drugs of the 8-hydroxyquinoline family: clioquinol, chloroxine and nitroxoline. These molecules reduce CBS enzymatic activity in different cellular models, proving that the molecular mechanisms involved in yeast phenotypic rescue are conserved in mammalian cells. A combination of genetic and chemical biology approaches also revealed the importance of copper and zinc intracellular levels in the regulation of CBS enzymatic activity—copper promoting CBS activity and zinc inhibiting its activity. Taken together, these results indicate that our effective screening approach identified three new potent CBS inhibitors and provides new findings for the regulation of CBS activity, which is crucial to develop new therapies for CBS-related human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Conan
- Inserm, Université de Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, 29200 Brest, France; (P.C.); (A.L.); (C.R.); (L.C.); (N.C.); (C.L.J.-C.); (M.S.); (L.G.); (N.L.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Alice Léon
- Inserm, Université de Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, 29200 Brest, France; (P.C.); (A.L.); (C.R.); (L.C.); (N.C.); (C.L.J.-C.); (M.S.); (L.G.); (N.L.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Mathilde Gourdel
- Inserm, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, CNRS, L’Institut Du Thorax, 44000 Nantes, France; (M.G.); (M.C.)
- CRNH-Ouest Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Claire Rollet
- Inserm, Université de Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, 29200 Brest, France; (P.C.); (A.L.); (C.R.); (L.C.); (N.C.); (C.L.J.-C.); (M.S.); (L.G.); (N.L.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Loubna Chaïr
- Inserm, Université de Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, 29200 Brest, France; (P.C.); (A.L.); (C.R.); (L.C.); (N.C.); (C.L.J.-C.); (M.S.); (L.G.); (N.L.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Noéline Caroff
- Inserm, Université de Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, 29200 Brest, France; (P.C.); (A.L.); (C.R.); (L.C.); (N.C.); (C.L.J.-C.); (M.S.); (L.G.); (N.L.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Nelig Le Goux
- Inserm U1227, Lymphocytes B, Autoimmunité et Immunothérapies, Université de Brest, 29200 Brest, France; (N.L.G.); (O.M.)
| | - Catherine Le Jossic-Corcos
- Inserm, Université de Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, 29200 Brest, France; (P.C.); (A.L.); (C.R.); (L.C.); (N.C.); (C.L.J.-C.); (M.S.); (L.G.); (N.L.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Maha Sinane
- Inserm, Université de Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, 29200 Brest, France; (P.C.); (A.L.); (C.R.); (L.C.); (N.C.); (C.L.J.-C.); (M.S.); (L.G.); (N.L.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Lucile Gentile
- Inserm, Université de Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, 29200 Brest, France; (P.C.); (A.L.); (C.R.); (L.C.); (N.C.); (C.L.J.-C.); (M.S.); (L.G.); (N.L.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Louise Maillebouis
- CRB-Biojel, Institut Jérôme Lejeune, 75015 Paris, France; (L.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Nadège Loaëc
- Inserm, Université de Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, 29200 Brest, France; (P.C.); (A.L.); (C.R.); (L.C.); (N.C.); (C.L.J.-C.); (M.S.); (L.G.); (N.L.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Jennifer Martin
- Inserm, Université de Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, 29200 Brest, France; (P.C.); (A.L.); (C.R.); (L.C.); (N.C.); (C.L.J.-C.); (M.S.); (L.G.); (N.L.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Marie Vilaire
- CRB-Biojel, Institut Jérôme Lejeune, 75015 Paris, France; (L.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Laurent Corcos
- Inserm, Université de Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, 29200 Brest, France; (P.C.); (A.L.); (C.R.); (L.C.); (N.C.); (C.L.J.-C.); (M.S.); (L.G.); (N.L.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Olivier Mignen
- Inserm U1227, Lymphocytes B, Autoimmunité et Immunothérapies, Université de Brest, 29200 Brest, France; (N.L.G.); (O.M.)
| | - Mikael Croyal
- Inserm, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, CNRS, L’Institut Du Thorax, 44000 Nantes, France; (M.G.); (M.C.)
- CRNH-Ouest Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, 44000 Nantes, France
- Inserm, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, CNRS, SFR Santé, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Cécile Voisset
- Inserm, Université de Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, 29200 Brest, France; (P.C.); (A.L.); (C.R.); (L.C.); (N.C.); (C.L.J.-C.); (M.S.); (L.G.); (N.L.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Frédéric Bihel
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, LIT, UMR7200, IMS MEDALIS, Faculty of Pharmacy, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France;
| | - Gaëlle Friocourt
- Inserm, Université de Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, 29200 Brest, France; (P.C.); (A.L.); (C.R.); (L.C.); (N.C.); (C.L.J.-C.); (M.S.); (L.G.); (N.L.); (J.M.); (L.C.); (C.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)2-98-01-83-87
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11
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Bhatt A, Mukhopadhyaya A, Ali ME. α-Helix in Cystathionine β-Synthase Enzyme Acts as an Electron Reservoir. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:4754-4760. [PMID: 35687358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The modulation of electron density at the Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) catalytic center, because of charge transfer across the α-helix/PLP interface, is the determining factor for the enzymatic activities in the human Cystathionine β-Synthase (hCBS) enzyme. Applying density functional theory calculations, in conjunction with the real space density analysis, we investigated the charge density delocalization across the entire heme-α-helix-PLP electron communication channels. The electron delocalization due to hydrogen bonds at the heme/α-helix and α-helix/PLP interfaces are found to be extended over a very long range, as a result of redistribution of electron densities of the cofactors. Moreover, the internal hydrogen bonds of α-helix that are crucial for its secondary structure also participate in the electron redistribution through the structured hydrogen-bond network. α-Helix is found to accumulate the electron density at the ground state from both of the cofactors and behaves as an electron reservoir for catalytic reaction at the electrophilic center of PLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashish Bhatt
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Mohali, Punjab-140306, India
| | - Aritra Mukhopadhyaya
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Mohali, Punjab-140306, India
| | - Md Ehesan Ali
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Mohali, Punjab-140306, India
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12
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Structural insight into the unique conformation of cystathionine β-synthase from Toxoplasma gondii. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:3542-3555. [PMID: 34194677 PMCID: PMC8225704 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine plays a major role in the redox homeostasis and antioxidative defense mechanisms of many parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa. Of relevance to human health is Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis. A major route of cysteine biosynthesis in this parasite is the reverse transsulfuration pathway involving two key enzymes cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CGL). CBS from T. gondii (TgCBS) catalyzes the pyridoxal-5́-phosphate-dependent condensation of homocysteine with either serine or O-acetylserine to produce cystathionine. The enzyme can perform alternative reactions that use homocysteine and cysteine as substrates leading to the endogenous biosynthesis of hydrogen sulfide, another key element in maintaining the intracellular redox equilibrium. In contrast with human CBS, TgCBS lacks the N-terminal heme binding domain and is not responsive to S-adenosylmethionine. Herein, we describe the structure of a TgCBS construct that lacks amino acid residues 466-491 and shows the same activity of the native protein. TgCBS Δ466-491 was determined alone and in complex with reaction intermediates. A complementary molecular dynamics analysis revealed a unique domain organization, similar to the pathogenic mutant D444N of human CBS. Our data provides one missing piece in the structural diversity of CBSs by revealing the so far unknown three-dimensional arrangement of the CBS-type of Apicomplexa. This domain distribution is also detected in yeast and bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These results pave the way for understanding the mechanisms by which TgCBS regulates the intracellular redox of the parasite, and have far-reaching consequences for the functional understanding of CBSs with similar domain distribution.
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13
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Benchoam D, Cuevasanta E, Julió Plana L, Capece L, Banerjee R, Alvarez B. Heme-Thiolate Perturbation in Cystathionine β-Synthase by Mercury Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:2192-2205. [PMID: 33521459 PMCID: PMC7841933 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is an enzyme involved in sulfur metabolism that catalyzes the pyridoxal phosphate-dependent condensation of homocysteine with serine or cysteine to form cystathionine and water or hydrogen sulfide (H2S), respectively. CBS possesses a b-type heme coordinated by histidine and cysteine. Fe(III)-CBS is inert toward exogenous ligands, while Fe(II)-CBS is reactive. Both Fe(III)- and Fe(II)-CBS are sensitive to mercury compounds. In this study, we describe the kinetics of the reactions with mercuric chloride (HgCl2) and p-chloromercuribenzoic acid. These reactions were multiphasic and resulted in five-coordinate CBS lacking thiolate ligation, with six-coordinate species as intermediates. Computational QM/MM studies supported the feasibility of formation of species in which the thiolate is proximal to both the iron ion and the mercury compound. The reactions of Fe(II)-CBS were faster than those of Fe(III)-CBS. The observed rate constants of the first phase increased hyperbolically with concentration of the mercury compounds, with limiting values of 0.3-0.4 s-1 for Fe(III)-CBS and 40 ± 4 s-1 for Fe(II)-CBS. The data were interpreted in terms of alternative models of conformational selection or induced fit. Exposure of Fe(III)-CBS to HgCl2 led to heme release and activity loss. Our study reveals the complexity of the interactions between mercury compounds and CBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Benchoam
- Laboratorio
de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la
República, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 11800 Uruguay
| | - Ernesto Cuevasanta
- Laboratorio
de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la
República, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 11800 Uruguay
- Unidad
de Bioquímica Analítica, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la
República, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay
| | - Laia Julió Plana
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires/Instituto de Química
Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE-CONICET), C1428EGA Buenos
Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Capece
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires/Instituto de Química
Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE-CONICET), C1428EGA Buenos
Aires, Argentina
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan
Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- Laboratorio
de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la
República, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 11800 Uruguay
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14
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Lv H, Xu J, Bo T, Wang W. Characterization of Cystathionine β-Synthase TtCbs1 and Cysteine Synthase TtCsa1 Involved in Cysteine Biosynthesis in Tetrahymena thermophila. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2020; 68:e12834. [PMID: 33190347 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine is implicated in important biological processes. It is synthesized through two different pathways. Cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase participate in the reverse transsulfuration pathway, while serine acetyltransferase and cysteine synthase function in the de novo pathway. Two evolutionarily related pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes, cystathionine β-synthase TtCBS1 (TTHERM_00558300) and cysteine synthase TtCSA1 (TTHERM_00239430), were identified from a freshwater protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. TtCbs1 contained the N-terminal heme binding domain, catalytic domain, and C-terminal regulatory domain, whereas TtCsa1 consisted of two α/β domains. The catalytic core of the two enzymes is similar. TtCBS1 and TtCSA1 showed high expression levels in the vegetative growth stage and decreased during the sexual developmental stage. TtCbs1 and TtCsa1 were localized in the cytoplasm throughout different developmental stages. His-TtCbs1 and His-TtCsa1 were expressed and purified in vitro. TtCbs1 catalyzed the canonical reaction with the highest velocity and possessed serine sulfhydrylase activity. TtCsa1 showed cysteine synthase activity with high Km for O-acetylserine and low Km for sulfide and also had serine sulfhydrylase activity toward serine. Both TtCbs1 and TtCsa1 catalyzed hydrogen sulfide producing. TtCBS1 knockdown and TtCSA1 knockout mutants affected cysteine and glutathione synthesis. TtCbs1 and TtCsa1 are involved in cysteine synthesis through two different pathways in T. thermophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Lv
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Tao Bo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
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15
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Stipanuk MH. Metabolism of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids: How the Body Copes with Excess Methionine, Cysteine, and Sulfide. J Nutr 2020; 150:2494S-2505S. [PMID: 33000151 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism of excess methionine (Met) to homocysteine (Hcy) by transmethylation is facilitated by the expression of methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) I/III and glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) in liver, and a lack of either enzyme results in hypermethioninemia despite normal concentrations of MATII and methyltransferases other than GNMT. The further metabolism of Hcy by the transsulfuration pathway is facilitated by activation of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) by S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as well as the relatively high KM of CBS for Hcy. Transmethylation plus transsulfuration effects catabolism of the Met molecule along with transfer of the sulfur atom of Met to serine to synthesize cysteine (Cys). Oxidation and excretion of Met sulfur depend upon Cys catabolism and sulfur oxidation pathways. Excess Cys is oxidized by cysteine dioxygenase 1 (CDO1) and further metabolized to taurine or sulfate. Some Cys is normally metabolized by desulfhydration pathways, and the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) produced is further oxidized to sulfate. If Cys or Hcy concentrations are elevated, Cys or Hcy desulfhydration can result in excess H2S and thiosulfate production. Excess Cys or Met may also promote their limited metabolism by transamination pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha H Stipanuk
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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16
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Conter C, Fruncillo S, Fernández-Rodríguez C, Martínez-Cruz LA, Dominici P, Astegno A. Cystathionine β-synthase is involved in cysteine biosynthesis and H 2S generation in Toxoplasma gondii. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14657. [PMID: 32887901 PMCID: PMC7474069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71469-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) catalyzes the condensation of serine and homocysteine to water and cystathionine, which is then hydrolyzed to cysteine, α-ketobutyrate and ammonia by cystathionine γ-lyase (CGL) in the reverse transsulfuration pathway. The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, includes both CBS and CGL enzymes. We have recently reported that the putative T. gondii CGL gene encodes a functional enzyme. Herein, we cloned and biochemically characterized cDNA encoding CBS from T. gondii (TgCBS), which represents a first example of protozoan CBS that does not bind heme but possesses two C-terminal CBS domains. We demonstrated that TgCBS can use both serine and O-acetylserine to produce cystathionine, converting these substrates to an aminoacrylate intermediate as part of a PLP-catalyzed β-replacement reaction. Besides a role in cysteine biosynthesis, TgCBS can also efficiently produce hydrogen sulfide, preferentially via condensation of cysteine and homocysteine. Unlike the human counterpart and similar to CBS enzymes from lower organisms, the TgCBS activity is not stimulated by S-adenosylmethionine. This study establishes the presence of an intact functional reverse transsulfuration pathway in T. gondii and demonstrates the crucial role of TgCBS in biogenesis of H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Conter
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Fruncillo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Carmen Fernández-Rodríguez
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Luis Alfonso Martínez-Cruz
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Paola Dominici
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Astegno
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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17
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Malatesta M, Mori G, Acquotti D, Campanini B, Peracchi A, Antin PB, Percudani R. Birth of a pathway for sulfur metabolism in early amniote evolution. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1239-1246. [PMID: 32601391 PMCID: PMC8364350 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Among amniotes, reptiles and mammals are differently adapted to terrestrial life. It is generally appreciated that terrestrialization required adaptive changes of vertebrate metabolism, particularly in the mode of nitrogen excretion. However, the current paradigm is that metabolic adaptation to life on land did not involve synthesis of enzymatic pathways de novo, but rather repurposing of existing ones. Here, by comparing the inventory of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes in different amniotes, we identify in silico a pathway for sulfur metabolism present in chick embryos but not in mammals. Cysteine lyase contains haem and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate co-factors and converts cysteine and sulfite into cysteic acid and hydrogen sulfide, respectively. A specific cysteic acid decarboxylase produces taurine, while hydrogen sulfide is recycled into cysteine by cystathionine beta-synthase. This reaction sequence enables the formation of sulfonated amino acids during embryo development in the egg at no cost of reduced sulfur. The pathway originated around 300 million years ago in a proto-reptile by cystathionine beta-synthase duplication, cysteine lyase neofunctionalization and cysteic acid decarboxylase co-option. Our findings indicate that adaptation to terrestrial life involved innovations in metabolic pathways, and reveal the molecular mechanisms by which such innovations arose in amniote evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Malatesta
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Mori
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Domenico Acquotti
- Centro Interdipartimentale Misure 'Giuseppe Casnati', University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Peracchi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Parker B Antin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Riccardo Percudani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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18
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Bublil EM, Majtan T. Classical homocystinuria: From cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency to novel enzyme therapies. Biochimie 2020; 173:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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19
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Zuhra K, Augsburger F, Majtan T, Szabo C. Cystathionine-β-Synthase: Molecular Regulation and Pharmacological Inhibition. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E697. [PMID: 32365821 PMCID: PMC7277093 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), the first (and rate-limiting) enzyme in the transsulfuration pathway, is an important mammalian enzyme in health and disease. Its biochemical functions under physiological conditions include the metabolism of homocysteine (a cytotoxic molecule and cardiovascular risk factor) and the generation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gaseous biological mediator with multiple regulatory roles in the vascular, nervous, and immune system. CBS is up-regulated in several diseases, including Down syndrome and many forms of cancer; in these conditions, the preclinical data indicate that inhibition or inactivation of CBS exerts beneficial effects. This article overviews the current information on the expression, tissue distribution, physiological roles, and biochemistry of CBS, followed by a comprehensive overview of direct and indirect approaches to inhibit the enzyme. Among the small-molecule CBS inhibitors, the review highlights the specificity and selectivity problems related to many of the commonly used "CBS inhibitors" (e.g., aminooxyacetic acid) and provides a comprehensive review of their pharmacological actions under physiological conditions and in various disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Zuhra
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1702 Fribourg, Switzerland; (K.Z.); (F.A.)
| | - Fiona Augsburger
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1702 Fribourg, Switzerland; (K.Z.); (F.A.)
| | - Tomas Majtan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1702 Fribourg, Switzerland; (K.Z.); (F.A.)
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20
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Murphy B, Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee P. Hydrogen sulfide signaling in mitochondria and disease. FASEB J 2019; 33:13098-13125. [PMID: 31648556 PMCID: PMC6894098 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901304r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide can signal through 3 distinct mechanisms: 1) reduction and/or direct binding of metalloprotein heme centers, 2) serving as a potent antioxidant through reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species scavenging, or 3) post-translational modification of proteins by addition of a thiol (-SH) group onto reactive cysteine residues: a process known as persulfidation. Below toxic levels, hydrogen sulfide promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and function, thereby conferring protection against cellular stress. For these reasons, increases in hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen sulfide-producing enzymes have been implicated in several human disease states. This review will first summarize our current understanding of hydrogen sulfide production and metabolism, as well as its signaling mechanisms; second, this work will detail the known mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide in the mitochondria and the implications of its mitochondrial-specific impacts in several pathologic conditions.-Murphy, B., Bhattacharya, R., Mukherjee, P. Hydrogen sulfide signaling in mitochondria and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennah Murphy
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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21
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Sbodio JI, Snyder SH, Paul BD. Regulators of the transsulfuration pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:583-593. [PMID: 30007014 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transsulfuration pathway is a metabolic pathway where transfer of sulfur from homocysteine to cysteine occurs. The pathway leads to the generation of several sulfur metabolites, which include cysteine, GSH and the gaseous signalling molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2 S). Precise control of this pathway is critical for maintenance of optimal cellular function and, therefore, the key enzymes of the pathway, cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase, are regulated at multiple levels. Disruption of the transsulfuration pathway contributes to the pathology of several conditions such as vascular dysfunction, Huntington's disease and during ageing. Treatment with donors of hydrogen sulfide and/or stimulation of this pathway have proved beneficial in several of these disorders. In this review, we focus on the regulation of the transsulfuration pathway pertaining to cysteine and H2 S, which could be targeted to develop novel therapeutics. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Chemical Biology of Reactive Sulfur Species. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I Sbodio
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Solomon H Snyder
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bindu D Paul
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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22
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Tu Y, Kreinbring CA, Hill M, Liu C, Petsko GA, McCune CD, Berkowitz DB, Liu D, Ringe D. Crystal Structures of Cystathionine β-Synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: One Enzymatic Step at a Time. Biochemistry 2018; 57:3134-3145. [PMID: 29630349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is a key regulator of sulfur amino acid metabolism, taking homocysteine from the methionine cycle to the biosynthesis of cysteine via the trans-sulfuration pathway. CBS is also a predominant source of H2S biogenesis. Roles for CBS have been reported for neuronal death pursuant to cerebral ischemia, promoting ovarian tumor growth, and maintaining drug-resistant phenotype by controlling redox behavior and regulating mitochondrial bioenergetics. The trans-sulfuration pathway is well-conserved in eukaryotes, but the analogous enzymes have different enzymatic behavior in different organisms. CBSs from the higher organisms contain a heme in an N-terminal domain. Though the presence of the heme, whose functions in CBSs have yet to be elucidated, is biochemically interesting, it hampers UV-vis absorption spectroscopy investigations of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) species. CBS from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yCBS) naturally lacks the heme-containing N-terminal domain, which makes it an ideal model for spectroscopic studies of the enzymological reaction catalyzed and allows structural studies of the basic yCBS catalytic core (yCBS-cc). Here we present the crystal structure of yCBS-cc, solved to 1.5 Å. Crystal structures of yCBS-cc in complex with enzymatic reaction intermediates have been captured, providing a structural basis for residues involved in catalysis. Finally, the structure of the yCBS-cc cofactor complex generated by incubation with an inhibitor shows apparent off-pathway chemistry not normally seen with CBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Tu
- Department of Biochemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
| | - Cheryl A Kreinbring
- Department of Biochemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
| | - Megan Hill
- Department of Biology , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
| | - Cynthia Liu
- Department of Biochemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
| | - Gregory A Petsko
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , New York 10021 , United States
| | - Christopher D McCune
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
| | - David B Berkowitz
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
| | - Dali Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Loyola University Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60660 , United States
| | - Dagmar Ringe
- Department of Biochemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States.,Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
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23
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Majtan T, Krijt J, Sokolová J, Křížková M, Ralat MA, Kent J, Gregory JF, Kožich V, Kraus JP. Biogenesis of Hydrogen Sulfide and Thioethers by Cystathionine Beta-Synthase. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:311-323. [PMID: 28874062 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The transsulfuration pathway enzymes cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine gamma-lyase are thought to be the major source of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). In this study, we assessed the role of CBS in H2S biogenesis. RESULTS We show that despite discouraging enzyme kinetics of alternative H2S-producing reactions utilizing cysteine compared with the canonical condensation of serine and homocysteine, our simulations of substrate competitions at biologically relevant conditions suggest that cysteine is able to partially compete with serine on CBS, thus leading to generation of appreciable amounts of H2S. The leading H2S-producing reaction is condensation of cysteine with homocysteine, while cysteine desulfuration plays a dominant role when cysteine is more abundant than serine and homocysteine is limited. We found that the serine-to-cysteine ratio is the main determinant of CBS H2S productivity. Abundance of cysteine over serine, for example, in plasma, allowed for up to 43% of CBS activity being responsible for H2S production, while excess of serine typical for intracellular levels effectively limited such activity to less than 1.5%. CBS also produced lanthionine from serine and cysteine and a third of lanthionine coming from condensation of two cysteines contributed to the H2S pool. INNOVATION Our study characterizes the H2S-producing potential of CBS under biologically relevant conditions and highlights the serine-to-cysteine ratio as the main determinant of H2S production by CBS in vivo. CONCLUSION Our data clarify the function of CBS in H2S biogenesis and the role of thioethers as surrogate H2S markers. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 311-323.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Majtan
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado , School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jakub Krijt
- 2 Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Charles University-First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Sokolová
- 2 Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Charles University-First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Křížková
- 2 Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Charles University-First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maria A Ralat
- 3 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jana Kent
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado , School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jesse F Gregory
- 3 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Viktor Kožich
- 2 Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Charles University-First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan P Kraus
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado , School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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24
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Majtan T, Pey AL, Gimenez-Mascarell P, Martínez-Cruz LA, Szabo C, Kožich V, Kraus JP. Potential Pharmacological Chaperones for Cystathionine Beta-Synthase-Deficient Homocystinuria. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 245:345-383. [PMID: 29119254 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Classical homocystinuria (HCU) is the most common loss-of-function inborn error of sulfur amino acid metabolism. HCU is caused by a deficiency in enzymatic degradation of homocysteine, a toxic intermediate of methionine transformation to cysteine, chiefly due to missense mutations in the cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) gene. As with many other inherited disorders, the pathogenic mutations do not target key catalytic residues, but rather introduce structural perturbations leading to an enhanced tendency of the mutant CBS to misfold and either to form nonfunctional aggregates or to undergo proteasome-dependent degradation. Correction of CBS misfolding would represent an alternative therapeutic approach for HCU. In this review, we summarize the complex nature of CBS, its multi-domain architecture, the interplay between the three cofactors required for CBS function [heme, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)], as well as the intricate allosteric regulatory mechanism only recently understood, thanks to advances in CBS crystallography. While roughly half of the patients respond to treatment with a PLP precursor pyridoxine, many studies suggested usefulness of small chemicals, such as chemical and pharmacological chaperones or proteasome inhibitors, rescuing mutant CBS activity in cellular and animal models of HCU. Non-specific chemical chaperones and proteasome inhibitors assist in mutant CBS folding process and/or prevent its rapid degradation, thus resulting in increased steady-state levels of the enzyme and CBS activity. Recent interest in the field and available structural information will hopefully yield CBS-specific compounds, by using high-throughput screening and computational modeling of novel ligands, improving folding, stability, and activity of CBS mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Majtan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Angel L Pey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Paula Gimenez-Mascarell
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Luis Alfonso Martínez-Cruz
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Viktor Kožich
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Charles University-First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan P Kraus
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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25
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Giménez-Mascarell P, Majtan T, Oyenarte I, Ereño-Orbea J, Majtan J, Klaudiny J, Kraus JP, Martínez-Cruz LA. Crystal structure of cystathionine β-synthase from honeybee Apis mellifera. J Struct Biol 2017; 202:82-93. [PMID: 29275181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), the key enzyme in the transsulfuration pathway, links methionine metabolism to the biosynthesis of cellular redox controlling molecules. CBS catalyzes the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent condensation of serine and homocysteine to form cystathionine, which is subsequently converted into cysteine. Besides maintaining cellular sulfur amino acid homeostasis, CBS also catalyzes multiple hydrogen sulfide-generating reactions using cysteine and homocysteine as substrates. In mammals, CBS is activated by S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), where it can adopt two different conformations (basal and activated), but exists as a unique highly active species in fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Here we present the crystal structure of CBS from honeybey Apis mellifera, which shows a constitutively active dimeric species and let explain why the enzyme is not allosterically regulated by AdoMet. In addition, comparison of available CBS structures unveils a substrate-induced closure of the catalytic cavity, which in humans is affected by the AdoMet-dependent regulation and likely impaired by the homocystinuria causing mutation T191M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Giménez-Mascarell
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC Biogune), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Tomas Majtan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Iker Oyenarte
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC Biogune), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - June Ereño-Orbea
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC Biogune), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Juraj Majtan
- Laboratory of Apidology and Apitherapy, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 84551, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Klaudiny
- Department of Glycobiology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 84538, Slovakia
| | - Jan P Kraus
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Luis Alfonso Martínez-Cruz
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC Biogune), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
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26
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Szabo C, Papapetropoulos A. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CII: Pharmacological Modulation of H 2S Levels: H 2S Donors and H 2S Biosynthesis Inhibitors. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:497-564. [PMID: 28978633 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as an important endogenous gasotransmitter in mammalian cells and tissues. Similar to the previously characterized gasotransmitters nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, H2S is produced by various enzymatic reactions and regulates a host of physiologic and pathophysiological processes in various cells and tissues. H2S levels are decreased in a number of conditions (e.g., diabetes mellitus, ischemia, and aging) and are increased in other states (e.g., inflammation, critical illness, and cancer). Over the last decades, multiple approaches have been identified for the therapeutic exploitation of H2S, either based on H2S donation or inhibition of H2S biosynthesis. H2S donation can be achieved through the inhalation of H2S gas and/or the parenteral or enteral administration of so-called fast-releasing H2S donors (salts of H2S such as NaHS and Na2S) or slow-releasing H2S donors (GYY4137 being the prototypical compound used in hundreds of studies in vitro and in vivo). Recent work also identifies various donors with regulated H2S release profiles, including oxidant-triggered donors, pH-dependent donors, esterase-activated donors, and organelle-targeted (e.g., mitochondrial) compounds. There are also approaches where existing, clinically approved drugs of various classes (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories) are coupled with H2S-donating groups (the most advanced compound in clinical trials is ATB-346, an H2S-donating derivative of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound naproxen). For pharmacological inhibition of H2S synthesis, there are now several small molecule compounds targeting each of the three H2S-producing enzymes cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine-γ-lyase, and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase. Although many of these compounds have their limitations (potency, selectivity), these molecules, especially in combination with genetic approaches, can be instrumental for the delineation of the biologic processes involving endogenous H2S production. Moreover, some of these compounds (e.g., cell-permeable prodrugs of the CBS inhibitor aminooxyacetate, or benserazide, a potentially repurposable CBS inhibitor) may serve as starting points for future clinical translation. The present article overviews the currently known H2S donors and H2S biosynthesis inhibitors, delineates their mode of action, and offers examples for their biologic effects and potential therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (C.S.); Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece (A.P.); and Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (A.P.)
| | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (C.S.); Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece (A.P.); and Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (A.P.)
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27
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Anashkin VA, Baykov AA, Lahti R. Enzymes Regulated via Cystathionine β-Synthase Domains. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:1079-1087. [PMID: 29037129 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) domains discovered 20 years ago can bind different adenosine derivatives (AMP, ADP, ATP, S-adenosylmethionine, NAD, diadenosine polyphosphates) and thus regulate the activities of numerous proteins. Mutations in CBS domains of enzymes and membrane transporters are associated with several hereditary diseases. The regulatory unit is a quartet of CBS domains that belong to one or two polypeptides and usually form a conserved disk-like structure. CBS domains function as "internal inhibitors" in enzymes, and their bound ligands either amplify or attenuate the inhibitory effect. Recent studies have opened a way to understanding the structural basis of enzyme regulation via CBS domains and widened the list of their bound ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Anashkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
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28
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Devi S, Abdul Rehman SA, Tarique KF, Gourinath S. Structural characterization and functional analysis of cystathionine β-synthase: an enzyme involved in the reverse transsulfuration pathway of Bacillus anthracis. FEBS J 2017; 284:3862-3880. [PMID: 28921884 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The reverse transsulfuration pathway has been reported to produce cysteine from homocysteine in eukaryotes ranging from protozoans to mammals while bacteria and plants produce cysteine via a de novo pathway. Interestingly, the bacterium Bacillus anthracis includes enzymes of the reverse transsulfuration pathway viz. cystathionine β-synthase [BaCBS, previously annotated to be an O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS)] and cystathionine γ-lyase. Here, we report the structure of BaCBS at a resolution of 2.2 Å. The enzyme was found to show CBS activity only with activated serine (O-acetylserine) and not with serine, and was also observed to display OASS activity but not serine sulfhydrylase activity. BaCBS was also found to produce hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) upon reaction of cysteine and homocysteine. A mutational study revealed Glu 220, conserved in CBS, to be necessary for generating H2 S. Structurally, BaCBS display a considerably more open active site than has been found for any other CBS or OASS, which was attributed to the presence of a helix at the junction of the C- and N-terminal domains. The root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) between the backbone Cα carbon atoms of BaCBS and those of other CBSs and OASSs were calculated to be greater than 3.0 Å. The pyridoxal 5'-phosphate at the active site was not traced, and appeared to be highly flexible due to the active site being wide open. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of an O-acetylserine-dependent CBS in the bacterial domain and making separate clade from CBS and OASS indicating its evolution for specific function. DATABASE Structural data are available in the PDB under the accession number 5XW3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneeta Devi
- Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Syed A Abdul Rehman
- Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,MRC Protein Phosphorylation & Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Khaja F Tarique
- Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Samudrala Gourinath
- Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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29
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Hine C, Kim HJ, Zhu Y, Harputlugil E, Longchamp A, Matos MS, Ramadoss P, Bauerle K, Brace L, Asara JM, Ozaki CK, Cheng SY, Singha S, Ahn KH, Kimmelman A, Fisher FM, Pissios P, Withers DJ, Selman C, Wang R, Yen K, Longo VD, Cohen P, Bartke A, Kopchick JJ, Miller R, Hollenberg AN, Mitchell JR. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis Regulates Hydrogen Sulfide Production. Cell Metab 2017; 25:1320-1333.e5. [PMID: 28591635 PMCID: PMC5722247 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Decreased growth hormone (GH) and thyroid hormone (TH) signaling are associated with longevity and metabolic fitness. The mechanisms underlying these benefits are poorly understood, but may overlap with those of dietary restriction (DR), which imparts similar benefits. Recently we discovered that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is increased upon DR and plays an essential role in mediating DR benefits across evolutionary boundaries. Here we found increased hepatic H2S production in long-lived mouse strains of reduced GH and/or TH action, and in a cell-autonomous manner upon serum withdrawal in vitro. Negative regulation of hepatic H2S production by GH and TH was additive and occurred via distinct mechanisms, namely direct transcriptional repression of the H2S-producing enzyme cystathionine γ-lyase (CGL) by TH, and substrate-level control of H2S production by GH. Mice lacking CGL failed to downregulate systemic T4 metabolism and circulating IGF-1, revealing an essential role for H2S in the regulation of key longevity-associated hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hine
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hyo-Jeong Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yan Zhu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Eylul Harputlugil
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alban Longchamp
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marina Souza Matos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Preeti Ramadoss
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kevin Bauerle
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lear Brace
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John M Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - C Keith Ozaki
- Department of Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Subhankar Singha
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Electro-Photo Behaviors in Advanced Molecular Systems, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo Han Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Electro-Photo Behaviors in Advanced Molecular Systems, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Alec Kimmelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ffolliott M Fisher
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pavlos Pissios
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dominic J Withers
- Medical Research Council Clinical Science Centre, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Colin Selman
- Glasgow Ageing Research Network, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Kelvin Yen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Valter D Longo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Richard Miller
- Department of Pathology & Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - James R Mitchell
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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30
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Majtan T, Park I, Carrillo RS, Bublil EM, Kraus JP. Engineering and Characterization of an Enzyme Replacement Therapy for Classical Homocystinuria. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:1747-1761. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Majtan
- Department
of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Insun Park
- Department
of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Richard S. Carrillo
- Department
of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Erez M. Bublil
- Orphan
Technologies Ltd., Rapperswil, CH-8640, Switzerland
| | - Jan P. Kraus
- Department
of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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31
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Pey AL, Martínez-Cruz LA, Kraus JP, Majtan T. Oligomeric status of human cystathionine beta-synthase modulates AdoMet binding. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:4461-4471. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angel L. Pey
- Department of Physical Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; University of Granada; Spain
| | | | - Jan P. Kraus
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Colorado Denver; Aurora CO USA
| | - Tomas Majtan
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Colorado Denver; Aurora CO USA
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32
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Hackett SR, Zanotelli VRT, Xu W, Goya J, Park JO, Perlman DH, Gibney PA, Botstein D, Storey JD, Rabinowitz JD. Systems-level analysis of mechanisms regulating yeast metabolic flux. Science 2016; 354:aaf2786. [PMID: 27789812 PMCID: PMC5414049 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Cellular metabolic fluxes are determined by enzyme activities and metabolite abundances. Biochemical approaches reveal the impact of specific substrates or regulators on enzyme kinetics but do not capture the extent to which metabolite and enzyme concentrations vary across physiological states and, therefore, how cellular reactions are regulated. We measured enzyme and metabolite concentrations and metabolic fluxes across 25 steady-state yeast cultures. We then assessed the extent to which flux can be explained by a Michaelis-Menten relationship between enzyme, substrate, product, and potential regulator concentrations. This revealed three previously unrecognized instances of cross-pathway regulation, which we biochemically verified. One of these involved inhibition of pyruvate kinase by citrate, which accumulated and thereby curtailed glycolytic outflow in nitrogen-limited yeast. Overall, substrate concentrations were the strongest driver of the net rates of cellular metabolic reactions, with metabolite concentrations collectively having more than double the physiological impact of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Hackett
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Wenxin Xu
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jonathan Goya
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Junyoung O Park
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - David H Perlman
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Patrick A Gibney
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - David Botstein
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - John D Storey
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Center for Statistics and Machine Learning, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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33
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Druzhyna N, Szczesny B, Olah G, Módis K, Asimakopoulou A, Pavlidou A, Szoleczky P, Gerö D, Yanagi K, Törö G, López-García I, Myrianthopoulos V, Mikros E, Zatarain JR, Chao C, Papapetropoulos A, Hellmich MR, Szabo C. Screening of a composite library of clinically used drugs and well-characterized pharmacological compounds for cystathionine β-synthase inhibition identifies benserazide as a drug potentially suitable for repurposing for the experimental therapy of colon cancer. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:18-37. [PMID: 27521834 PMCID: PMC5107130 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) has been recently identified as a drug target for several forms of cancer. Currently no potent and selective CBS inhibitors are available. Using a composite collection of 8871 clinically used drugs and well-annotated pharmacological compounds (including the LOPAC library, the FDA Approved Drug Library, the NIH Clinical Collection, the New Prestwick Chemical Library, the US Drug Collection, the International Drug Collection, the ‘Killer Plates’ collection and a small custom collection of PLP-dependent enzyme inhibitors), we conducted an in vitro screen in order to identify inhibitors for CBS using a primary 7-azido-4-methylcoumarin (AzMc) screen to detect CBS-derived hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production. Initial hits were subjected to counterscreens using the methylene blue assay (a secondary assay to measure H2S production) and were assessed for their ability to quench the H2S signal produced by the H2S donor compound GYY4137. Four compounds, hexachlorophene, tannic acid, aurintricarboxylic acid and benserazide showed concentration-dependent CBS inhibitory actions without scavenging H2S released from GYY4137, identifying them as direct CBS inhibitors. Hexachlorophene (IC50: ∼60 μM), tannic acid (IC50: ∼40 μM) and benserazide (IC50: ∼30 μM) were less potent CBS inhibitors than the two reference compounds AOAA (IC50: ∼3 μM) and NSC67078 (IC50: ∼1 μM), while aurintricarboxylic acid (IC50: ∼3 μM) was equipotent with AOAA. The second reference compound NSC67078 not only inhibited the CBS-induced AzMC fluorescence signal (IC50: ∼1 μM), but also inhibited with the GYY4137-induced AzMC fluorescence signal with (IC50 of ∼6 μM) indicative of scavenging/non-specific effects. Hexachlorophene (IC50: ∼6 μM), tannic acid (IC50: ∼20 μM), benserazide (IC50: ∼20 μM), and NSC67078 (IC50: ∼0.3 μM) inhibited HCT116 colon cancer cells proliferation with greater potency than AOAA (IC50: ∼300 μM). In contrast, although a CBS inhibitor in the cell-free assay, aurintricarboxylic acid failed to inhibit HCT116 proliferation at lower concentrations, and stimulated cell proliferation at 300 μM. Copper-containing compounds present in the libraries, were also found to be potent inhibitors of recombinant CBS; however this activity was due to the CBS inhibitory effect of copper ions themselves. However, copper ions, up to 300 μM, did not inhibit HCT116 cell proliferation. Benserazide was only a weak inhibitor of the activity of the other H2S-generating enzymes CSE and 3-MST activity (16% and 35% inhibition at 100 μM, respectively) in vitro. Benserazide suppressed HCT116 mitochondrial function and inhibited proliferation of the high CBS-expressing colon cancer cell line HT29, but not the low CBS-expressing line, LoVo. The major benserazide metabolite 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzylhydrazine also inhibited CBS activity and suppressed HCT116 cell proliferation in vitro. In an in vivo study of nude mice bearing human colon cancer cell xenografts, benserazide (50 mg/kg/day s.q.) prevented tumor growth. In silico docking simulations showed that benserazide binds in the active site of the enzyme and reacts with the PLP cofactor by forming reversible but kinetically stable Schiff base-like adducts with the formyl moiety of pyridoxal. We conclude that benserazide inhibits CBS activity and suppresses colon cancer cell proliferation and bioenergetics in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo. Further pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and preclinical animal studies are necessary to evaluate the potential of repurposing benserazide for the treatment of colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiya Druzhyna
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Bartosz Szczesny
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Gabor Olah
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Katalin Módis
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Antonia Asimakopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Greece; Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasia Pavlidou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Petra Szoleczky
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Domokos Gerö
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kazunori Yanagi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Gabor Törö
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Isabel López-García
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel Mikros
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - John R Zatarain
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Celia Chao
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Greece; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Mark R Hellmich
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; CBS Therapeutics Inc., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; CBS Therapeutics Inc., Galveston, TX, USA.
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Vicente JB, Colaço HG, Sarti P, Leandro P, Giuffrè A. S-Adenosyl-l-methionine Modulates CO and NO• Binding to the Human H2S-generating Enzyme Cystathionine β-Synthase. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:572-81. [PMID: 26582199 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.681221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is a key enzyme in human (patho)physiology with a central role in hydrogen sulfide metabolism. The enzyme is composed of a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-binding catalytic domain, flanked by the following two domains: a heme-binding N-terminal domain and a regulatory C-terminal domain binding S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet). CO or NO(•) binding at the ferrous heme negatively modulates the enzyme activity. Conversely, AdoMet binding stimulates CBS activity. Here, we provide experimental evidence for a functional communication between the two domains. We report that AdoMet binding significantly enhances CBS inhibition by CO. Consistently, we observed increased affinity (∼5-fold) and faster association (∼10-fold) of CO to the ferrous heme at physiological AdoMet concentrations. NO(•) binding to reduced CBS was also enhanced by AdoMet, although to a lesser extent (∼2-fold higher affinity) as compared with CO. Importantly, CO and NO(•) binding was unchanged by AdoMet in a truncated form of CBS lacking the C-terminal regulatory domain. These unprecedented observations demonstrate that CBS activation by AdoMet puzzlingly sensitizes the enzyme toward inhibition by exogenous ligands, like CO and NO(•). This further supports the notion that CBS regulation is a complex process, involving the concerted action of multiple physiologically relevant effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- João B Vicente
- From the Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2781-156 Oeiras, Portugal,
| | - Henrique G Colaço
- the Metabolism and Genetics Group, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paolo Sarti
- the Department of Biochemical Sciences and Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paula Leandro
- the Metabolism and Genetics Group, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal, the Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1640-003 Lisbon, Portugal, and
| | - Alessandro Giuffrè
- the Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy, I-00185 Rome, Italy
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35
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Chan SJ, Chai C, Lim TW, Yamamoto M, Lo EH, Lai MKP, Wong PTH. Cystathionine β-synthase inhibition is a potential therapeutic approach to treatment of ischemic injury. ASN Neuro 2015; 7:7/2/1759091415578711. [PMID: 25873304 PMCID: PMC4397212 DOI: 10.1177/1759091415578711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been reported to exacerbate stroke outcome in experimental models. Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) has been implicated as the predominant H2S-producing enzyme in central nervous system. When SH-SY5Y cells were transfected to overexpress CBS, these cells were able to synthesize H2S when exposed to high levels of enzyme substrates but not substrate concentrations that may reflect normal physiological conditions. At the same time, these cells demonstrated exacerbated cell death when subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) together with high substrate concentrations, indicating that H2S production has a detrimental effect on cell survival. This effect could be abolished by CBS inhibition. The same effect was observed with primary astrocytes exposed to OGD and high substrates or sodium hydrosulfide. In addition, CBS was upregulated and activated by truncation in primary astrocytes subjected to OGD. When rats were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, CBS activation was also observed. These results imply that in acute ischemic conditions, CBS is upregulated and activated by truncation causing an increased production of H2S, which exacerbate the ischemic injuries. Therefore, CBS inhibition may be a viable approach to stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jing Chan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chou Chai
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Tze Wei Lim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mie Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng H Lo
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Mitchell Kim Peng Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter Tsun Hon Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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36
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McCorvie TJ, Kopec J, Hyung SJ, Fitzpatrick F, Feng X, Termine D, Strain-Damerell C, Vollmar M, Fleming J, Janz JM, Bulawa C, Yue WW. Inter-domain communication of human cystathionine β-synthase: structural basis of S-adenosyl-L-methionine activation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:36018-30. [PMID: 25336647 PMCID: PMC4276868 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.610782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is a key enzyme in sulfur metabolism, and its inherited deficiency causes homocystinuria. Mammalian CBS is modulated by the binding of S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet) to its regulatory domain, which activates its catalytic domain. To investigate the underlying mechanism, we performed x-ray crystallography, mutagenesis, and mass spectrometry (MS) on human CBS. The 1.7 Å structure of a AdoMet-bound CBS regulatory domain shows one AdoMet molecule per monomer, at the interface between two constituent modules (CBS-1, CBS-2). AdoMet binding is accompanied by a reorientation between the two modules, relative to the AdoMet-free basal state, to form interactions with AdoMet via residues verified by mutagenesis to be important for AdoMet binding (Phe443, Asp444, Gln445, and Asp538) and for AdoMet-driven inter-domain communication (Phe443, Asp538). The observed structural change is further supported by ion mobility MS, showing that as-purified CBS exists in two conformational populations, which converged to one in the presence of AdoMet. We therefore propose that AdoMet-induced conformational change alters the interface and arrangement between the catalytic and regulatory domains within the CBS oligomer, thereby increasing the accessibility of the enzyme active site for catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McCorvie
- From the Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jolanta Kopec
- From the Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Suk-Joon Hyung
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, and
| | - Fiona Fitzpatrick
- From the Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Xidong Feng
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, and
| | - Daniel Termine
- the Pfizer Rare Disease Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Claire Strain-Damerell
- From the Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Vollmar
- From the Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - James Fleming
- the Pfizer Rare Disease Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Jay M Janz
- the Pfizer Rare Disease Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Christine Bulawa
- the Pfizer Rare Disease Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
| | - Wyatt W Yue
- From the Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom,
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37
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Structural insight into the molecular mechanism of allosteric activation of human cystathionine β-synthase by S-adenosylmethionine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3845-52. [PMID: 25197074 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414545111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is a heme-dependent and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent protein that controls the flux of sulfur from methionine to cysteine, a precursor of glutathione, taurine, and H2S. Deficiency of CBS activity causes homocystinuria, the most frequent disorder of sulfur amino acid metabolism. In contrast to CBSs from lower organisms, human CBS (hCBS) is allosterically activated by S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), which binds to the regulatory domain and triggers a conformational change that allows the protein to progress from the basal toward the activated state. The structural basis of the underlying molecular mechanism has remained elusive so far. Here, we present the structure of hCBS with bound AdoMet, revealing the activated conformation of the human enzyme. Binding of AdoMet triggers a conformational change in the Bateman module of the regulatory domain that favors its association with a Bateman module of the complementary subunit to form an antiparallel CBS module. Such an arrangement is very similar to that found in the constitutively activated insect CBS. In the presence of AdoMet, the autoinhibition exerted by the regulatory region is eliminated, allowing for improved access of substrates to the catalytic pocket. Based on the availability of both the basal and the activated structures, we discuss the mechanism of hCBS activation by AdoMet and the properties of the AdoMet binding site, as well as the responsiveness of the enzyme to its allosteric regulator. The structure described herein paves the way for the rational design of compounds modulating hCBS activity and thus transsulfuration, redox status, and H2S biogenesis.
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