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Hofmann Elizondo U, Vogt M, Bednaršek N, Münnich M, Gruber N. The impact of aragonite saturation variability on shelled pteropods: An attribution study in the California Current System. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17345. [PMID: 38831686 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Observations from the California Current System (CalCS) indicate that the long-term trend in ocean acidification (OA) and the naturally occurring corrosive conditions for the CaCO3 mineral aragonite (saturation state Ω < 1) have a damaging effect on shelled pteropods, a keystone group of calcifying organisms in the CalCS. Concern is heightened by recent findings suggesting that shell formation and developmental progress are already impacted when Ω falls below 1.5. Here, we quantify the impact of low Ω conditions on pteropods using an individual-based model (IBM) with life-stage-specific mortality, growth, and behavior in a high-resolution regional hindcast simulation of the CalCS between 1984 and 2019. Special attention is paid to attributing this impact to different processes that lead to such low Ω conditions, namely natural variability, long-term trend, and extreme events. We find that much of the observed damage in the CalCS, and specifically >70% of the shell CaCO3 loss, is due to the pteropods' exposure to naturally occurring low Ω conditions as a result of their diel vertical migration (DVM). Over the hindcast period, their exposure to damaging waters (Ω < 1.5) increases from 9% to 49%, doubling their shell CaCO3 loss, and increasing their mortality by ~40%. Most of this increased exposure is due to the shoaling of low Ω waters driven by the long-term trend in OA. Extreme OA events amplify this increase by ~40%. Our approach can quantify the health of pteropod populations under shifting environmental conditions, and attribute changes in fitness or population structure to changes in the stressor landscape across hierarchical time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Hofmann Elizondo
- Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Meike Vogt
- Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Bednaršek
- Institute Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Resources Studies, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthias Münnich
- Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Gruber
- Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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2
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Nissen C, Lovenduski NS, Brooks CM, Hoppema M, Timmermann R, Hauck J. Severe 21st-century ocean acidification in Antarctic Marine Protected Areas. Nat Commun 2024; 15:259. [PMID: 38177177 PMCID: PMC10766974 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Antarctic coastal waters are home to several established or proposed Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) supporting exceptional biodiversity. Despite being threatened by anthropogenic climate change, uncertainties remain surrounding the future ocean acidification (OA) of these waters. Here we present 21st-century projections of OA in Antarctic MPAs under four emission scenarios using a high-resolution ocean-sea ice-biogeochemistry model with realistic ice-shelf geometry. By 2100, we project pH declines of up to 0.36 (total scale) for the top 200 m. Vigorous vertical mixing of anthropogenic carbon produces severe OA throughout the water column in coastal waters of proposed and existing MPAs. Consequently, end-of-century aragonite undersaturation is ubiquitous under the three highest emission scenarios. Given the cumulative threat to marine ecosystems by environmental change and activities such as fishing, our findings call for strong emission-mitigation efforts and further management strategies to reduce pressures on ecosystems, such as the continuation and expansion of Antarctic MPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Nissen
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Alfred Wegener Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Nicole S Lovenduski
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Cassandra M Brooks
- Department of Environmental Studies and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Mario Hoppema
- Alfred Wegener Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Ralph Timmermann
- Alfred Wegener Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Judith Hauck
- Alfred Wegener Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
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3
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Gao B, Poduska KM, Kababya S, Schmidt A. Surface Passivation by Embedment of Polyphosphate Inhibits the Aragonite-to-Calcite Thermodynamic Pump. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25938-25941. [PMID: 37984423 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
We monitored the conversion of aragonite to calcite in water by comparing single and mixed polymorph suspensions. We demonstrate that the enhanced aragonite-to-calcite conversion in mixed polymorph suspensions is dramatically inhibited by adding polyphosphate (sodium hexametaphosphate). 13C and 31P solid-state magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra allow us to follow quantitatively these effects as imparted by the dissolution-recrystallization processes. 31P{13C} and 13C{31P} rotational echo double resonance (REDOR)NMR experiments reveal coprecipitated phosphate that is embedded only within the surfaces of both polymorphs during the initial dissolution and recrystallization processes, causing passivation that arrests phase conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Gao
- Departments of Chemistry/Physics & Physical Oceanography, Memorial University of Newfoundland & Labrador, St. John's, NL A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Kristin M Poduska
- Departments of Chemistry/Physics & Physical Oceanography, Memorial University of Newfoundland & Labrador, St. John's, NL A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Shifi Kababya
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Asher Schmidt
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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4
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Marshall DJ, Rashid A. Organismal Responses to Coastal Acidification Informed by Interrelating Erosion, Roundness and Growth of Gastropod Shells. Zool Stud 2023; 62:e41. [PMID: 37941798 PMCID: PMC10628549 DOI: 10.6620/zs.2023.62-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
urrent understanding of how calcifying organisms respond to externally forced oceanic and coastal acidification (OCA) is largely based on short-term, controlled laboratory or mesocosm experiments. Studies on organismal responses to acidification (reduced carbonate saturation and pH) in the wild, where animals simultaneously interact with a range of biotic and abiotic circumstances, are limited in scope and interpretation. The present study aimed to better understand how gastropod shell attributes and their interrelations can inform about responses to coastal acidification. We investigated shell chemical erosion, shell roundness, and growth rate of Planaxis sulcatus snails, which are locally exposed to acidified and non-acidified rocky intertidal water. We tested a new approach to quantifying shell erosion based on the spiral suture length (EI, erosion index) and found that shell erosion mirrored field acidification conditions. Exposure to acidification caused shells to become rounder (width/length). Field growth rate, determined from apertural margin extension of marked and later recaptured snails, was strongly negatively related to both shell erosion and shell roundness. Since different shell attributes are indicative of different relationships-shell erosion is an extrinsic passive marker of acidification, and shell roundness and growth rate are intrinsic performance responders-analyzing their interrelations can imply causation, enhance predictive power, and bolster interpretation confidence. This study contributes to the methodology and interpretation of findings of trait-based field investigations to understand organismal responses to coastal acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Marshall
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam, BE1410. E-mail: (Marshall)
| | - Amira Rashid
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam, BE1410. E-mail: (Marshall)
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5
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Marshall DJ, Tsikouras B. Clay-shielded estuarine gastropods are better protected against environmental acidification than unshielded individuals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161367. [PMID: 36610628 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The effects of progressive global acidification on the shells of marine organisms is a topic of much current interest. Most studies on molluscan shell resistance to dissolution consider the carbonate mineral component, with less known about the protective role of the outer organic periostracum. Outer-shell resistance would seem especially important to gastropods living in carbonate-undersaturated and calcium-deficient estuarine waters that threaten shell dissolution and constrain CaCO3 production. We tested this prediction using gastropods from an acidified estuarine population (Neripteron violaceum) that form a clay shield outside the periostracum. Specifically, we aimed to show that the carbonate shell component lacks integrity, that the formation of the clay shield is directed by the organism, and that the clay shield functions to protect against shell dissolution. We found no evidence for any specific carbonate dissolution resistance strategy in the thin, predominantly aragonitic shells of these gastropods. Shield formation was directed by an ornamented periostracum which strongly bonded illite elements (e.g., Fe, Al and S), that become available through suspension in the water column. In unshielded individuals, CaCO3 erosion was initiated randomly across the shell (not age-related) and progressed rapidly when the periostracum was breached. A light reflectance technique showed qualitatively that shield consolidation is negatively-related to shell erosion. These findings support a conceptual framework for gastropod outer-shell responses to acidification that considers both environmental and evolutionary constraints on shell construction. We describe a novel strategy for shell protection against dissolution, highlighting the diversity of mechanisms available to gastropods facing extreme coastal acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Marshall
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.
| | - Basilios Tsikouras
- Geosciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
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6
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Bednaršek N, Beck MW, Pelletier G, Applebaum SL, Feely RA, Butler R, Byrne M, Peabody B, Davis J, Štrus J. Natural Analogues in pH Variability and Predictability across the Coastal Pacific Estuaries: Extrapolation of the Increased Oyster Dissolution under Increased pH Amplitude and Low Predictability Related to Ocean Acidification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9015-9028. [PMID: 35548856 PMCID: PMC9228044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Coastal-estuarine habitats are rapidly changing due to global climate change, with impacts influenced by the variability of carbonate chemistry conditions. However, our understanding of the responses of ecologically and economically important calcifiers to pH variability and temporal variation is limited, particularly with respect to shell-building processes. We investigated the mechanisms driving biomineralogical and physiological responses in juveniles of introduced (Pacific; Crassostrea gigas) and native (Olympia; Ostrea lurida) oysters under flow-through experimental conditions over a six-week period that simulate current and future conditions: static control and low pH (8.0 and 7.7); low pH with fluctuating (24-h) amplitude (7.7 ± 0.2 and 7.7 ± 0.5); and high-frequency (12-h) fluctuating (8.0 ± 0.2) treatment. The oysters showed physiological tolerance in vital processes, including calcification, respiration, clearance, and survival. However, shell dissolution significantly increased with larger amplitudes of pH variability compared to static pH conditions, attributable to the longer cumulative exposure to lower pH conditions, with the dissolution threshold of pH 7.7 with 0.2 amplitude. Moreover, the high-frequency treatment triggered significantly greater dissolution, likely because of the oyster's inability to respond to the unpredictable frequency of variations. The experimental findings were extrapolated to provide context for conditions existing in several Pacific coastal estuaries, with time series analyses demonstrating unique signatures of pH predictability and variability in these habitats, indicating potentially benefiting effects on fitness in these habitats. These implications are crucial for evaluating the suitability of coastal habitats for aquaculture, adaptation, and carbon dioxide removal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bednaršek
- Southern
California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, California 92626, United States
- National
Institute of Biology, Marine Biological Station, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - Marcus W. Beck
- Tampa
Bay Estuary Program, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, United States
| | - Greg Pelletier
- Southern
California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, California 92626, United States
| | - Scott Lee Applebaum
- Environmental
Studies Program, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Richard A. Feely
- NOAA
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Robert Butler
- Southern
California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, California 92626, United States
| | - Maria Byrne
- School of
Life and Environmental Sciences, University
of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Betsy Peabody
- Puget
Sound Restoration Fund, Bainbridge
Island, Washington 98110, United States
| | - Jonathan Davis
- Pacific
Hybreed, Inc., Port Orchard, Washington 98366, United States
| | - Jasna Štrus
- Biotechnical
Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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7
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Johnston NM, Murphy EJ, Atkinson A, Constable AJ, Cotté C, Cox M, Daly KL, Driscoll R, Flores H, Halfter S, Henschke N, Hill SL, Höfer J, Hunt BPV, Kawaguchi S, Lindsay D, Liszka C, Loeb V, Manno C, Meyer B, Pakhomov EA, Pinkerton MH, Reiss CS, Richerson K, Jr. WOS, Steinberg DK, Swadling KM, Tarling GA, Thorpe SE, Veytia D, Ward P, Weldrick CK, Yang G. Status, Change, and Futures of Zooplankton in the Southern Ocean. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.624692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Southern Ocean, several zooplankton taxonomic groups, euphausiids, copepods, salps and pteropods, are notable because of their biomass and abundance and their roles in maintaining food webs and ecosystem structure and function, including the provision of globally important ecosystem services. These groups are consumers of microbes, primary and secondary producers, and are prey for fishes, cephalopods, seabirds, and marine mammals. In providing the link between microbes, primary production, and higher trophic levels these taxa influence energy flows, biological production and biomass, biogeochemical cycles, carbon flux and food web interactions thereby modulating the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Additionally, Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and various fish species are harvested by international fisheries. Global and local drivers of change are expected to affect the dynamics of key zooplankton species, which may have potentially profound and wide-ranging implications for Southern Ocean ecosystems and the services they provide. Here we assess the current understanding of the dominant metazoan zooplankton within the Southern Ocean, including Antarctic krill and other key euphausiid, copepod, salp and pteropod species. We provide a systematic overview of observed and potential future responses of these taxa to a changing Southern Ocean and the functional relationships by which drivers may impact them. To support future ecosystem assessments and conservation and management strategies, we also identify priorities for Southern Ocean zooplankton research.
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8
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9
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Aragonite dissolution protects calcite at the seafloor. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1104. [PMID: 35232971 PMCID: PMC8888755 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the open ocean, calcium carbonates are mainly found in two mineral forms. Calcite, the least soluble, is widespread at the seafloor, while aragonite, the more soluble, is rarely preserved in marine sediments. Despite its greater solubility, research has shown that aragonite, whose contribution to global pelagic calcification could be at par with that of calcite, is able to reach the deep-ocean. If large quantities of aragonite settle and dissolve at the seafloor, this represents a large source of alkalinity that buffers the deep ocean and favours the preservation of less soluble calcite, acting as a deep-sea, carbonate version of galvanization. Here, we investigate the role of aragonite dissolution on the early diagenesis of calcite-rich sediments using a novel 3D, micrometric-scale reactive-transport model combined with 3D, X-ray tomography structures of natural aragonite and calcite shells. Results highlight the important role of diffusive transport in benthic calcium carbonate dissolution, in agreement with recent work. We show that, locally, aragonite fluxes to the seafloor could be sufficient to suppress calcite dissolution in the top layer of the seabed, possibly causing calcite recrystallization. As aragonite producers are particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification, the proposed galvanizing effect of aragonite could be weakened in the future, and calcite dissolution at the sediment-water interface will have to cover a greater share of CO2 neutralization. Results from a new model suggest that a deep-sea, carbonate version of galvanization, in which aragonite sacrifies itself to protect the underlying calcite, could explain the predominance of calcite over aragonite in the sediment record.
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10
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Boissonnot L, Kohnert P, Ehrenfels B, Søreide JE, Graeve M, Stübner E, Schrödl M, Niehoff B. Year-round population dynamics of Limacina spp. early stages in a high-Arctic fjord (Adventfjorden, Svalbard). Polar Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-021-02904-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Adkins JF, Naviaux JD, Subhas AV, Dong S, Berelson WM. The Dissolution Rate of CaCO 3 in the Ocean. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2021; 13:57-80. [PMID: 32946363 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-041720-092514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The dissolution of CaCO3 minerals in the ocean is a fundamental part of the marine alkalinity and carbon cycles. While there have been decades of work aimed at deriving the relationship between dissolution rate and mineral saturation state (a so-called rate law), no real consensus has been reached. There are disagreements between laboratory- and field-based studies and differences in rates for inorganic and biogenic materials. Rates based on measurements on suspended particles do not always agree with rates inferred from measurements made near the sediment-water interface of the actual ocean. By contrast, the freshwater dissolution rate of calcite has been well described by bulk rate measurements from a number of different laboratories, fit by basic kinetic theory, and well studied by atomic force microscopy and vertical scanning interferometry to document the processes at the atomic scale. In this review, we try to better unify our understanding of carbonate dissolution in the ocean via a relatively new, highly sensitive method we have developed combined with a theoretical framework guided by the success of the freshwater studies. We show that empirical curve fits of seawater data as a function of saturation state do not agree, largely because the curvature is itself a function of the thermodynamics. Instead, we show that models that consider both surface energetic theory and the complicated speciation of seawater and calcite surfaces in seawater are able to explain most of the most recent data.This new framework can also explain features of the historical data that have not been previously explained. The existence of a kink in the relationship between rate and saturation state, reflecting a change in dissolution mechanism, may be playing an important role in accelerating CaCO3 dissolution in key sedimentary environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess F Adkins
- Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, Department of Geology and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA; ,
| | - John D Naviaux
- Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, Department of Geology and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA; ,
| | - Adam V Subhas
- Department of Chemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA;
| | - Sijia Dong
- Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, Department of Geology and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA; ,
| | - William M Berelson
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA;
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12
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Taylor-Burns R, Cochran C, Ferron K, Harris M, Thomas C, Fredston A, Kendall BE. Locating gaps in the California Current System ocean acidification monitoring network. Sci Prog 2020; 103:36850420936204. [PMID: 32730137 PMCID: PMC10451902 DOI: 10.1177/0036850420936204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ocean acidification is a global issue with particular regional significance in the California Current System, where social, economic, and ecological impacts are already occurring. Although ocean acidification is a concern that unifies the entire West Coast region, managing for this phenomenon at a regional scale is complex and further complicated by the large scale and dynamic nature of the region. Currently, data collection relevant to ocean acidification on the West Coast is piecemeal, and cannot capture the primary sources of variability in ocean acidification through time and across the region, hindering collaboration among regional managers. We developed a tool to analyze gaps in the West Coast ocean acidification monitoring network. We describe this tool and discuss how it can enable scientists and marine managers in the California Current System to fill information gaps and better understand and thus respond to ocean acidification through the implementation of management solutions at the local level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae Taylor-Burns
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Courtney Cochran
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Kelly Ferron
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Madison Harris
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Courtney Thomas
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Alexa Fredston
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Bruce E Kendall
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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13
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Terhaar J, Kwiatkowski L, Bopp L. Emergent constraint on Arctic Ocean acidification in the twenty-first century. Nature 2020; 582:379-383. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Hancock AM, King CK, Stark JS, McMinn A, Davidson AT. Effects of ocean acidification on Antarctic marine organisms: A meta-analysis. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4495-4514. [PMID: 32489613 PMCID: PMC7246202 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Southern Ocean waters are among the most vulnerable to ocean acidification. The projected increase in the CO2 level will cause changes in carbonate chemistry that are likely to be damaging to organisms inhabiting these waters. A meta-analysis was undertaken to examine the vulnerability of Antarctic marine biota occupying waters south of 60°S to ocean acidification. This meta-analysis showed that ocean acidification negatively affects autotrophic organisms, mainly phytoplankton, at CO2 levels above 1,000 μatm and invertebrates above 1,500 μatm, but positively affects bacterial abundance. The sensitivity of phytoplankton to ocean acidification was influenced by the experimental procedure used. Natural, mixed communities were more sensitive than single species in culture and showed a decline in chlorophyll a concentration, productivity, and photosynthetic health, as well as a shift in community composition at CO2 levels above 1,000 μatm. Invertebrates showed reduced fertilization rates and increased occurrence of larval abnormalities, as well as decreased calcification rates and increased shell dissolution with any increase in CO2 level above 1,500 μatm. Assessment of the vulnerability of fish and macroalgae to ocean acidification was limited by the number of studies available. Overall, this analysis indicates that many marine organisms in the Southern Ocean are likely to be susceptible to ocean acidification and thereby likely to change their contribution to ecosystem services in the future. Further studies are required to address the poor spatial coverage, lack of community or ecosystem-level studies, and the largely unknown potential for organisms to acclimate and/or adapt to the changing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce M. Hancock
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaBattery PointTASAustralia
- Antarctic Gateway PartnershipBattery PointTASAustralia
- Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research CentreBattery PointTASAustralia
| | | | | | - Andrew McMinn
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaBattery PointTASAustralia
- Antarctic Gateway PartnershipBattery PointTASAustralia
- Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research CentreBattery PointTASAustralia
| | - Andrew T. Davidson
- Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research CentreBattery PointTASAustralia
- Australian Antarctic DivisionKingstonTASAustralia
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15
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Di Santo V. Ocean acidification and warming affect skeletal mineralization in a marine fish. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20182187. [PMID: 30963862 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification and warming are known to alter, and in many cases decrease, calcification rates of shell and reef building marine invertebrates. However, to date, there are no datasets on the combined effect of ocean pH and temperature on skeletal mineralization of marine vertebrates, such as fishes. Here, the embryos of an oviparous marine fish, the little skate ( Leucoraja erinacea), were developmentally acclimatized to current and increased temperature and CO2 conditions as expected by the year 2100 (15 and 20°C, approx. 400 and 1100 µatm, respectively), in a fully crossed experimental design. Using micro-computed tomography, hydroxyapatite density was estimated in the mineralized portion of the cartilage in jaws, crura, vertebrae, denticles and pectoral fins of juvenile skates. Mineralization increased as a consequence of high CO2 in the cartilage of crura and jaws, while temperature decreased mineralization in the pectoral fins. Mineralization affects stiffness and strength of skeletal elements linearly, with implications for feeding and locomotion performance and efficiency. This study is, to my knowledge, the first to quantify a significant change in mineralization in the skeleton of a fish and shows that changes in temperature and pH of the oceans have complex effects on fish skeletal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Santo
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University , 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA , USA
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Mohan PM, Swathi V. Intertidal Biodiversity and Their Response to Climatic Variables, Temperature and pH—What We Know. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/ojms.2020.104016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cross EL, Harper EM, Peck LS. Thicker Shells Compensate Extensive Dissolution in Brachiopods under Future Ocean Acidification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:5016-5026. [PMID: 30925214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organisms with long generation times require phenotypic plasticity to survive in changing environments until genetic adaptation can be achieved. Marine calcifiers are particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification due to dissolution and a reduction in shell-building carbonate ions. Long-term experiments assess organisms' abilities to acclimatize or even adapt to environmental change. Here we present an unexpected compensatory response to extensive shell dissolution in a highly calcium-carbonate-dependent organism after long-term culture in predicted end-century acidification and warming conditions. Substantial shell dissolution with decreasing pH posed a threat to both a polar ( Liothyrella uva) and a temperate ( Calloria inconspicua) brachiopod after 7 months and 3 months exposure, respectively, with more extensive dissolution in the polar species. This impact was reflected in decreased outer primary layer thickness in the polar brachiopod. A compensatory response of increasing inner secondary layer thickness, and thereby producing a thicker shell, was exhibited by the polar species. Less extensive dissolution in the temperate brachiopod did not affect shell thickness. Increased temperature did not impact shell dissolution or thickness. Brachiopod ability to produce a thicker shell when extensive shell dissolution occurs suggests this marine calcifier has great plasticity in calcification providing insights into how similar species might cope under future environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Cross
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Cambridge , Downing Street , Cambridge , CB2 3EQ , United Kingdom
- British Antarctic Survey , Natural Environment Research Council , High Cross, Madingley Road , Cambridge , CB3 0ET , United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M Harper
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Cambridge , Downing Street , Cambridge , CB2 3EQ , United Kingdom
| | - Lloyd S Peck
- British Antarctic Survey , Natural Environment Research Council , High Cross, Madingley Road , Cambridge , CB3 0ET , United Kingdom
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Cuyler EE, Byrne RH. Spectrophotometric calibration procedures to enable calibration-free measurements of seawater calcium carbonate saturation states. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1020:95-103. [PMID: 29655433 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A simple protocol was developed to measure seawater calcium carbonate saturation states (Ωspec) spectrophotometrically. Saturation states are typically derived from the separate measurement of two other carbon system parameters, with each requiring unique instrumentation and often complex measurement protocols. Using the new protocol, the only required equipment is a thermostatted laboratory spectrophotometer. For each seawater sample, spectrophotometric measurements of pH (visible absorbance) are made in paired optical cells, one with and one without added nitric acid. Ultraviolet absorbance is measured to determine the amount of added acid based on the direct proportionality between nitrate concentration and UV absorbance. Coupled measurements of pH and the alkalinity change that accompanies the nitric acid addition allow calculation of a seawater sample's original carbonate ion concentration and saturation state. These paired absorbance measurements yield Ωspec (and other carbonate system parameters), with each sample requiring about 12 min processing time. Initially, an instrument-specific nitrate molar absorptivity coefficient must be determined (due to small but significant discrepancies in instrumental wavelength calibrations), but thereafter no further calibration is needed. In this work, the 1σ precision of replicate measurements of aragonite saturation state was found to be 0.020, and the average difference between Ωspec and Ω calculated conventionally from measured total alkalinity and pH (Ωcalc) was -0.11% ± 0.96% (a level of accuracy comparable to that obtained from spectrophotometric measurements of carbonate ion concentration). Over the entire range of experimental conditions, 0.97 < Ω < 3.17 (n = 125), all measurements attained the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network's "weather level" goal for accuracy and 90% attained the more stringent "climate level" goal. When Ωspec was calculated from averages of duplicate samples (n = 56), the precision improved to 0.014 and the average difference between Ωspec and Ωcalc improved to -0.11% ± 0.73%. Additionally, 97% of the duplicate-based Ωspec measurements attained the "climate level" accuracy goal. These results indicate that the simple measurement protocol developed in this work should be widely applicable for monitoring fundamental seawater changes associated with ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Cuyler
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - Robert H Byrne
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
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Gardner J, Manno C, Bakker DCE, Peck VL, Tarling GA. Southern Ocean pteropods at risk from ocean warming and acidification. MARINE BIOLOGY 2017; 165:8. [PMID: 29170568 PMCID: PMC5681611 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-017-3261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Early life stages of marine calcifiers are particularly vulnerable to climate change. In the Southern Ocean aragonite undersaturation events and areas of rapid warming already occur and are predicted to increase in extent. Here, we present the first study to successfully hatch the polar pteropod Limacina helicina antarctica and observe the potential impact of exposure to increased temperature and aragonite undersaturation resulting from ocean acidification (OA) on the early life stage survival and shell morphology. High larval mortality (up to 39%) was observed in individuals exposed to perturbed conditions. Warming and OA induced extensive shell malformation and dissolution, respectively, increasing shell fragility. Furthermore, shell growth decreased, with variation between treatments and exposure time. Our results demonstrate that short-term exposure through passing through hotspots of OA and warming poses a serious threat to pteropod recruitment and long-term population viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Gardner
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Clara Manno
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Dorothee C. E. Bakker
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Victoria L. Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Geraint A. Tarling
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Transcriptomic response of the Antarctic pteropod Limacina helicina antarctica to ocean acidification. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:812. [PMID: 29061120 PMCID: PMC5653985 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ocean acidification (OA), a change in ocean chemistry due to the absorption of atmospheric CO2 into surface oceans, challenges biogenic calcification in many marine organisms. Ocean acidification is expected to rapidly progress in polar seas, with regions of the Southern Ocean expected to experience severe OA within decades. Biologically, the consequences of OA challenge calcification processes and impose an energetic cost. Results In order to better characterize the response of a polar calcifier to conditions of OA, we assessed differential gene expression in the Antarctic pteropod, Limacina helicina antarctica. Experimental levels of pCO2 were chosen to create both contemporary pH conditions, and to mimic future pH expected in OA scenarios. Significant changes in the transcriptome were observed when juvenile L. h. antarctica were acclimated for 21 days to low-pH (7.71), mid-pH (7.9) or high-pH (8.13) conditions. Differential gene expression analysis of individuals maintained in the low-pH treatment identified down-regulation of genes involved in cytoskeletal structure, lipid transport, and metabolism. High pH exposure led to increased expression and enrichment for genes involved in shell formation, calcium ion binding, and DNA binding. Significant differential gene expression was observed in four major cellular and physiological processes: shell formation, the cellular stress response, metabolism, and neural function. Across these functional groups, exposure to conditions that mimic ocean acidification led to rapid suppression of gene expression. Conclusions Results of this study demonstrated that the transcriptome of the juvenile pteropod, L. h. antarctica, was dynamic and changed in response to different levels of pCO2. In a global change context, exposure of L. h. antarctica to the low pH, high pCO2 OA conditions resulted in a suppression of transcripts for genes involved in key physiological processes: calcification, metabolism, and the cellular stress response. The transcriptomic response at both acute and longer-term acclimation time frames indicated that contemporary L. h. antarctica may not have the physiological plasticity necessary for adaptation to OA conditions expected in future decades. Lastly, the differential gene expression results further support the role of shelled pteropods such as L. h. antarctica as sentinel organisms for the impacts of ocean acidification. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4161-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Exposure history determines pteropod vulnerability to ocean acidification along the US West Coast. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4526. [PMID: 28674406 PMCID: PMC5495755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03934-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The pteropod Limacina helicina frequently experiences seasonal exposure to corrosive conditions (Ωar < 1) along the US West Coast and is recognized as one of the species most susceptible to ocean acidification (OA). Yet, little is known about their capacity to acclimatize to such conditions. We collected pteropods in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) that differed in the severity of exposure to Ωar conditions in the natural environment. Combining field observations, high-CO2 perturbation experiment results, and retrospective ocean transport simulations, we investigated biological responses based on histories of magnitude and duration of exposure to Ωar < 1. Our results suggest that both exposure magnitude and duration affect pteropod responses in the natural environment. However, observed declines in calcification performance and survival probability under high CO2 experimental conditions do not show acclimatization capacity or physiological tolerance related to history of exposure to corrosive conditions. Pteropods from the coastal CCE appear to be at or near the limit of their physiological capacity, and consequently, are already at extinction risk under projected acceleration of OA over the next 30 years. Our results demonstrate that Ωar exposure history largely determines pteropod response to experimental conditions and is essential to the interpretation of biological observations and experimental results.
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Bylenga CH, Cummings VJ, Ryan KG. High resolution microscopy reveals significant impacts of ocean acidification and warming on larval shell development in Laternula elliptica. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175706. [PMID: 28423059 PMCID: PMC5396886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental stressors impact marine larval growth rates, quality and sizes. Larvae of the Antarctic bivalve, Laternula elliptica, were raised to the D-larvae stage under temperature and pH conditions representing ambient and end of century projections (-1.6°C to +0.4°C and pH 7.98 to 7.65). Previous observations using light microscopy suggested pH had no influence on larval abnormalities in this species. Detailed analysis of the shell using SEM showed that reduced pH is in fact a major stressor during development for this species, producing D-larvae with abnormal shapes, deformed shell edges and irregular hinges, cracked shell surfaces and even uncalcified larvae. Additionally, reduced pH increased pitting and cracking on shell surfaces. Thus, apparently normal larvae may be compromised at the ultrastructural level and these larvae would be in poor condition at settlement, reducing juvenile recruitment and overall survival. Elevated temperatures increased prodissoconch II sizes. However, the overall impacts on larval shell quality and integrity with concurrent ocean acidification would likely overshadow any beneficial results from warmer temperatures, limiting populations of this prevalent Antarctic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H. Bylenga
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Vonda J. Cummings
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ken G. Ryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Johnson KM, Hofmann GE. A transcriptome resource for the Antarctic pteropod Limacina helicina antarctica. Mar Genomics 2016; 28:25-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Late winter-to-summer change in ocean acidification state in Kongsfjorden, with implications for calcifying organisms. Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-016-1955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Somero GN, Beers JM, Chan F, Hill TM, Klinger T, Litvin SY. What Changes in the Carbonate System, Oxygen, and Temperature Portend for the Northeastern Pacific Ocean: A Physiological Perspective. Bioscience 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Wells ML, Trainer VL, Smayda TJ, Karlson BSO, Trick CG, Kudela RM, Ishikawa A, Bernard S, Wulff A, Anderson DM, Cochlan WP. Harmful algal blooms and climate change: Learning from the past and present to forecast the future. HARMFUL ALGAE 2015; 49:68-93. [PMID: 27011761 PMCID: PMC4800334 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Climate change pressures will influence marine planktonic systems globally, and it is conceivable that harmful algal blooms may increase in frequency and severity. These pressures will be manifest as alterations in temperature, stratification, light, ocean acidification, precipitation-induced nutrient inputs, and grazing, but absence of fundamental knowledge of the mechanisms driving harmful algal blooms frustrates most hope of forecasting their future prevalence. Summarized here is the consensus of a recent workshop held to address what currently is known and not known about the environmental conditions that favor initiation and maintenance of harmful algal blooms. There is expectation that harmful algal bloom (HAB) geographical domains should expand in some cases, as will seasonal windows of opportunity for harmful algal blooms at higher latitudes. Nonetheless there is only basic information to speculate upon which regions or habitats HAB species may be the most resilient or susceptible. Moreover, current research strategies are not well suited to inform these fundamental linkages. There is a critical absence of tenable hypotheses for how climate pressures mechanistically affect HAB species, and the lack of uniform experimental protocols limits the quantitative cross-investigation comparisons essential to advancement. A HAB "best practices" manual would help foster more uniform research strategies and protocols, and selection of a small target list of model HAB species or isolates for study would greatly promote the accumulation of knowledge. Despite the need to focus on keystone species, more studies need to address strain variability within species, their responses under multifactorial conditions, and the retrospective analyses of long-term plankton and cyst core data; research topics that are departures from the norm. Examples of some fundamental unknowns include how larger and more frequent extreme weather events may break down natural biogeographic barriers, how stratification may enhance or diminish HAB events, how trace nutrients (metals, vitamins) influence cell toxicity, and how grazing pressures may leverage, or mitigate HAB development. There is an absence of high quality time-series data in most regions currently experiencing HAB outbreaks, and little if any data from regions expected to develop HAB events in the future. A subset of observer sites is recommended to help develop stronger linkages among global, national, and regional climate change and HAB observation programs, providing fundamental datasets for investigating global changes in the prevalence of harmful algal blooms. Forecasting changes in HAB patterns over the next few decades will depend critically upon considering harmful algal blooms within the competitive context of plankton communities, and linking these insights to ecosystem, oceanographic and climate models. From a broader perspective, the nexus of HAB science and the social sciences of harmful algal blooms is inadequate and prevents quantitative assessment of impacts of future HAB changes on human well-being. These and other fundamental changes in HAB research will be necessary if HAB science is to obtain compelling evidence that climate change has caused alterations in HAB distributions, prevalence or character, and to develop the theoretical, experimental, and empirical evidence explaining the mechanisms underpinning these ecological shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Wells
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Vera L Trainer
- Marine Biotoxins Program, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Theodore J Smayda
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Bengt S O Karlson
- SMHI Research & Development, Oceanography, Sven Källfelts gata 15, 426 71 Västra Frölunda, Sweden
| | - Charles G Trick
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- Ocean Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Akira Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Biological Oceanography, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-machiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie-ken 514-8507, Japan
| | - Stewart Bernard
- Earth Systems Earth Observation, CSIR-NRE Centre for High Performance Computing, 15 Lower Hope Street, Rosebank, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Angela Wulff
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - William P Cochlan
- Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, 3152 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920-1205, USA
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Gattuso JP, Magnan A, Billé R, Cheung WWL, Howes EL, Joos F, Allemand D, Bopp L, Cooley SR, Eakin CM, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Kelly RP, Pörtner HO, Rogers AD, Baxter JM, Laffoley D, Osborn D, Rankovic A, Rochette J, Sumaila UR, Treyer S, Turley C. OCEANOGRAPHY. Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO₂ emissions scenarios. Science 2015; 349:aac4722. [PMID: 26138982 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac4722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ocean moderates anthropogenic climate change at the cost of profound alterations of its physics, chemistry, ecology, and services. Here, we evaluate and compare the risks of impacts on marine and coastal ecosystems—and the goods and services they provide—for growing cumulative carbon emissions under two contrasting emissions scenarios. The current emissions trajectory would rapidly and significantly alter many ecosystems and the associated services on which humans heavily depend. A reduced emissions scenario—consistent with the Copenhagen Accord's goal of a global temperature increase of less than 2°C—is much more favorable to the ocean but still substantially alters important marine ecosystems and associated goods and services. The management options to address ocean impacts narrow as the ocean warms and acidifies. Consequently, any new climate regime that fails to minimize ocean impacts would be incomplete and inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Gattuso
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, CNRS-Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France. Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, Observatoire Océanologique, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France. Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Sciences Po, 27 rue Saint Guillaume, F-75007 Paris, France.
| | - A Magnan
- Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Sciences Po, 27 rue Saint Guillaume, F-75007 Paris, France
| | - R Billé
- Secretariat of the Pacific Community, B.P. D5, 98848 Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia
| | - W W L Cheung
- Nippon Foundation-UBC Nereus Program, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - E L Howes
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570, Bremenrhaven, Germany
| | - F Joos
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - D Allemand
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine Ier, MC-98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco. Institut Pierre Simon Laplace/Laboratoire des Science du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR8212, CNRS-Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - L Bopp
- Ocean Conservancy, 1300 19th Street NW, 8th Floor, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - S R Cooley
- Coral Reef Watch, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - C M Eakin
- Global Change Institute and Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Coral Reef Studies, University of Queensland, Building 20, St Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - O Hoegh-Guldberg
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, 3707 Brooklyn Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - R P Kelly
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - H-O Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570, Bremenrhaven, Germany
| | - A D Rogers
- Scottish Natural Heritage, 231 Corstorphine Road, Edinburgh EH12 7AT, Scotland
| | - J M Baxter
- IUCN, Rue Mauverney 28, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - D Laffoley
- Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, MC-98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - D Osborn
- Program on Science, Technology, and Society, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 79 John F. Kennedy Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - A Rankovic
- Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Sciences Po, 27 rue Saint Guillaume, F-75007 Paris, France. Fisheries Economics Research Unit, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - J Rochette
- Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Sciences Po, 27 rue Saint Guillaume, F-75007 Paris, France
| | - U R Sumaila
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| | - S Treyer
- Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Sciences Po, 27 rue Saint Guillaume, F-75007 Paris, France
| | - C Turley
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
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