1
|
Lee N, Kim D. Toxic Metabolites and Inborn Errors of Amino Acid Metabolism: What One Informs about the Other. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060527. [PMID: 35736461 PMCID: PMC9231173 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In inborn errors of metabolism, such as amino acid breakdown disorders, loss of function mutations in metabolic enzymes within the catabolism pathway lead to an accumulation of the catabolic intermediate that is the substrate of the mutated enzyme. In patients of such disorders, dietarily restricting the amino acid(s) to prevent the formation of these catabolic intermediates has a therapeutic or even entirely preventative effect. This demonstrates that the pathology is due to a toxic accumulation of enzyme substrates rather than the loss of downstream products. Here, we provide an overview of amino acid metabolic disorders from the perspective of the ‘toxic metabolites’ themselves, including their mechanism of toxicity and whether they are involved in the pathology of other disease contexts as well. In the research literature, there is often evidence that such metabolites play a contributing role in multiple other nonhereditary (and more common) disease conditions, and these studies can provide important mechanistic insights into understanding the metabolite-induced pathology of the inborn disorder. Furthermore, therapeutic strategies developed for the inborn disorder may be applicable to these nonhereditary disease conditions, as they involve the same toxic metabolite. We provide an in-depth illustration of this cross-informing concept in two metabolic disorders, methylmalonic acidemia and hyperammonemia, where the pathological metabolites methylmalonic acid and ammonia are implicated in other disease contexts, such as aging, neurodegeneration, and cancer, and thus there are opportunities to apply mechanistic or therapeutic insights from one disease context towards the other. Additionally, we expand our scope to other metabolic disorders, such as homocystinuria and nonketotic hyperglycinemia, to propose how these concepts can be applied broadly across different inborn errors of metabolism and various nonhereditary disease conditions.
Collapse
|
2
|
Choi K. Nitrogen‐Neutral Amino Acids Refinery: Deamination of Amino Acids for Bio‐Alcohol and Ammonia Production. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.202000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwon‐Young Choi
- Ajou University Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering College of Engineering Suwon, Gyeonggi-do South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ding L, Xu X, Li C, Wang Y, Xia X, Zheng JC. Glutaminase in microglia: A novel regulator of neuroinflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 92:139-156. [PMID: 33278560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is the inflammatory responses that are involved in the pathogenesis of most neurological disorders. Glutaminase (GLS) is the enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glutamine to produce glutamate. Besides its well-known role in cellular metabolism and excitatory neurotransmission, GLS has recently been increasingly noticed to be up-regulated in activated microglia under pathological conditions. Furthermore, GLS overexpression induces microglial activation, extracellular vesicle secretion, and neuroinflammatory microenvironment formation, which, are compromised by GLS inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that GLS has more complicated implications in brain disease etiology than what are previously known. In this review, we introduce GLS isoforms, expression patterns in the body and the brain, and expression/activities regulation. Next, we discuss the metabolic and neurotransmission functions of GLS. Afterwards, we summarize recent findings of GLS-mediated microglial activation and pro-inflammatory extracellular vesicle secretion, which, in turns, induces neuroinflammation. Lastly, we provide a comprehensive discussion for the involvement of microglial GLS in the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders, indicating microglial GLS as a promising target to treat these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ding
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiaonan Xu
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Congcong Li
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China.
| | - Xiaohuan Xia
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China.
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China; Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5930, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yuan Y, Wang X, Xu X, Liu Y, Li C, Yang M, Yang Y, Ma Z. Evaluation of a Dual-Acting Antibacterial Agent, TNP-2092, on Gut Microbiota and Potential Application in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:820-831. [PMID: 31849218 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
TNP-2092 is a unique multitargeting drug conjugate with extremely low propensity for development of resistance. The in vitro activity of TNP-2092 against a panel of urease-producing bacteria was similar to that of rifaximin, a locally acting antibiotic approved for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy, irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea, and traveler's diarrhea. When given orally, TNP-2092 exhibited low absorption and the majority of compound was recovered in feces as parent. The impact of oral TNP-2092 on gut microbiota was investigated in rats. TNP-2092 was administered to rats by oral gavage for 7 days. Feces samples were collected and analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Although the total amount of bacterial load appeared relatively unchanged before, during, and after treatment, significant changes in the relative abundance of certain gut bacteria at family and genus levels were observed. Some of the changes are known to be associated with improvement of symptoms associated with liver cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy. The observed effects of TNP-2092 on gut microbiota in rats were similar to those of rifaximin. In vivo, TNP-2092 demonstrated potent efficacy in a mouse Clostridium difficile infection model, superior to metronidazole and vancomycin, with no relapse observed after treatment. TNP-2092 is currently in clinical development for the treatment of symptoms associated with gastrointestinal and liver disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yuan
- TenNor Therapeutics Limited, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- TenNor Therapeutics Limited, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiangyi Xu
- TenNor Therapeutics Limited, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yu Liu
- TenNor Therapeutics Limited, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Cancan Li
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Meng Yang
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao, China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yiqing Yang
- BGI Genomics, BGI Park, No.21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Zhenkun Ma
- TenNor Therapeutics Limited, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Simon J, Nuñez-García M, Fernández-Tussy P, Barbier-Torres L, Fernández-Ramos D, Gómez-Santos B, Buqué X, Lopitz-Otsoa F, Goikoetxea-Usandizaga N, Serrano-Macia M, Rodriguez-Agudo R, Bizkarguenaga M, Zubiete-Franco I, Gutiérrez-de Juan V, Cabrera D, Alonso C, Iruzubieta P, Romero-Gomez M, van Liempd S, Castro A, Nogueiras R, Varela-Rey M, Falcón-Pérez JM, Villa E, Crespo J, Lu SC, Mato JM, Aspichueta P, Delgado TC, Martínez-Chantar ML. Targeting Hepatic Glutaminase 1 Ameliorates Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis by Restoring Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein Triglyceride Assembly. Cell Metab 2020; 31:605-622.e10. [PMID: 32084378 PMCID: PMC7259377 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by the accumulation of hepatic fat in an inflammatory/fibrotic background. Herein, we show that the hepatic high-activity glutaminase 1 isoform (GLS1) is overexpressed in NASH. Importantly, GLS1 inhibition reduces lipid content in choline and/or methionine deprivation-induced steatotic mouse primary hepatocytes, in human hepatocyte cell lines, and in NASH mouse livers. We suggest that under these circumstances, defective glutamine fueling of anaplerotic mitochondrial metabolism and concomitant reduction of oxidative stress promotes a reprogramming of serine metabolism, wherein serine is shifted from the generation of the antioxidant glutathione and channeled to provide one-carbon units to regenerate the methionine cycle. The restored methionine cycle can induce phosphatidylcholine synthesis from the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-mediated and CDP-choline pathways as well as by base-exchange reactions between phospholipids, thereby restoring hepatic phosphatidylcholine content and very-low-density lipoprotein export. Overall, we provide evidence that hepatic GLS1 targeting is a valuable therapeutic approach in NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Simon
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Maitane Nuñez-García
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Pablo Fernández-Tussy
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Lucía Barbier-Torres
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - David Fernández-Ramos
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gómez-Santos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Xabier Buqué
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Fernando Lopitz-Otsoa
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Naroa Goikoetxea-Usandizaga
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marina Serrano-Macia
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rubén Rodriguez-Agudo
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Maider Bizkarguenaga
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Imanol Zubiete-Franco
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Virginia Gutiérrez-de Juan
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Diana Cabrera
- Metabolomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Paula Iruzubieta
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, 39008 Santander, Spain; Clinical and Traslational Digestive Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Manuel Romero-Gomez
- Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CIBERehd, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Sebastiaan van Liempd
- Metabolomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Galician Agency of Innovation (GAIN), Xunta de Galicia, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marta Varela-Rey
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Falcón-Pérez
- Metabolomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Erica Villa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria & University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Javier Crespo
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, 39008 Santander, Spain; Clinical and Traslational Digestive Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Shelly C Lu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Jose M Mato
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Patricia Aspichueta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Teresa C Delgado
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - María Luz Martínez-Chantar
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Liver Metabolism Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ning Q. Main Complications of AECHB and Severe Hepatitis B (Liver Failure). ACUTE EXACERBATION OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B 2019. [PMCID: PMC7498917 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1603-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gil-GÓmez A, Gómez-Sotelo AI, Ranchal I, Rojas Á, García-Valdecasas M, Muñoz-Hernández R, Gallego-Durán R, Ampuero J, Romero Gómez M. Metformin modifies glutamine metabolism in an in vitro and in vivo model of hepatic encephalopathy. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2018. [PMID: 29542325 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2018.5004/2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM to analyze the effect of metformin on ammonia production derived from glutamine metabolism in vitro and in vivo. METHODS twenty male Wistar rats were studied for 28 days after a porto-caval anastomosis (n = 16) or a sham operation (n = 4). Porto-caval shunted animals were randomized into two groups (n = 8) and either received 30 mg/kg/day of metformin for two weeks or were control animals. Plasma ammonia concentration, Gls gene expression and K-type glutaminase activity were measured in the small intestine, muscle and kidney. Furthermore, Caco2 were grown in different culture media containing glucose/glutamine as the main carbon source and exposed to different concentrations of the drug. The expression of genes implicated in glutamine metabolism were analyzed. RESULTS metformin was associated with a significant inhibition of glutaminase activity levels in the small intestine of porto-caval shunted rats (0.277 ± 0.07 IU/mg vs 0.142 ± 0.04 IU/mg) and a significant decrease in plasma ammonia (204.3 ± 24.4 µg/dl vs 129.6 ± 16.1 µg/dl). Glucose withdrawal induced the expression of the glutamine transporter SLC1A5 (2.54 ± 0.33 fold change; p < 0.05). Metformin use reduced MYC levels in Caco2 and consequently, SLC1A5 and GLS expression, with a greater effect in cells dependent on glutaminolytic metabolism. CONCLUSION metformin regulates ammonia homeostasis by modulating glutamine metabolism in the enterocyte, exerting an indirect control of both the uptake and degradation of glutamine. This entails a reduction in the production of metabolites and energy through this pathway and indirectly causes a decrease in ammonia production that could be related to a decreased risk of HE development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gil-GÓmez
- Enfermedades Digestivas, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, España
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Javier Ampuero
- UGC de Enfermedades Digestivas, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, España
| | - Manuel Romero Gómez
- Dirección Gerencia, Hospitales Universitarios Virgen Macarena-Rocío., España
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dai H, Jia G, Wang W, Liang C, Han S, Chu M, Mei X. Genistein inhibited ammonia induced astrocyte swelling by inhibiting NF-κB activation-mediated nitric oxide formation. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:841-848. [PMID: 28255863 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-9975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study has indicated the involvement of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation in ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling, which represents a major pathogenesis of brain edema in hepatic encephalopathy. In this study, we examined the effect of genistein, a naturally occurred broad-spectrum protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor, on ammonia-induced cell swelling. We found that genistein pretreatment significantly prevented ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling. Mechanistically, ammonia triggered EGFR/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) association and subsequent ERK phosphorylation were alleviated by genistein pretreatment. Moreover, ammonia-induced NF-κB nuclear location, iNOS expression, and consequent NO production were all prevented by AG1478 and genistein pretreatment. This study suggested that genistein could alleviate ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling, which may be, at least partly, related to its PTK-inhibiting activity and repression of NF-κB mediated iNOS-derived NO accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Dai
- School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, No. 40, Section 3, Songpo Road, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, China.
| | - Guizhi Jia
- Department of Physiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunguang Liang
- School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, No. 40, Section 3, Songpo Road, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, China
| | - Siyu Han
- School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, No. 40, Section 3, Songpo Road, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, China
| | - Minghui Chu
- School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, No. 40, Section 3, Songpo Road, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Matoori S, Leroux JC. Recent advances in the treatment of hyperammonemia. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 90:55-68. [PMID: 25895618 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is a neurotoxic agent that is primarily generated in the intestine and detoxified in the liver. Toxic increases in systemic ammonia levels predominantly result from an inherited or acquired impairment in hepatic detoxification and lead to potentially life-threatening neuropsychiatric symptoms. Inborn deficiencies in ammonia detoxification mainly affect the urea cycle, an endogenous metabolic removal system in the liver. Hepatic encephalopathy, on the other hand, is a hyperammonemia-related complication secondary to acquired liver function impairment. A range of therapeutic options is available to target either ammonia generation and absorption or ammonia removal. Therapies for hepatic encephalopathy decrease intestinal ammonia production and uptake. Treatments for urea cycle disorders eliminate ammoniagenic amino acids through metabolic transformation, preventing ammonia generation. Therapeutic approaches removing ammonia activate the urea cycle or the second essential endogenous ammonia detoxification system, glutamine synthesis. Recent advances in treating hyperammonemia include using synergistic combination treatments, broadening the indication of orphan drugs, and developing novel approaches to regenerate functional liver tissue. This manuscript reviews the various pharmacological treatments of hyperammonemia and focuses on biopharmaceutical and drug delivery issues.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a dreadful, devastating and incurable motor neuron disease. Aetiologically, it is a multigenic, multifactorial and multiorgan disease. Despite intense research, ALS pathology remains unexplained. Following extensive literature review, this paper posits a new integrative explanation. This framework proposes that ammonia neurotoxicity is a main player in ALS pathogenesis. According to this explanation, a combination of impaired ammonia removal- mainly because of impaired hepatic urea cycle dysfunction-and increased ammoniagenesis- mainly because of impaired glycolytic metabolism in fast twitch skeletal muscle-causes chronic hyperammonia in ALS. In the absence of neuroprotective calcium binding proteins (calbindin, calreticulin and parvalbumin), elevated ammonia-a neurotoxin-damages motor neurons. Ammonia-induced motor neuron damage occurs through multiple mechanisms such as macroautophagy-endolysosomal impairment, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, CDK5 activation, oxidative/nitrosative stress, neuronal hyperexcitability and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, the regional pattern of calcium binding proteins' loss, owing to either ER stress and/or impaired oxidative metabolism, determines clinical variability of ALS. Most importantly, this new framework can be generalised to explain other neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's disease and Parkinsonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhavin Parekh
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tapper EB, Jiang ZG, Patwardhan VR. Refining the ammonia hypothesis: a physiology-driven approach to the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Mayo Clin Proc 2015; 90:646-58. [PMID: 25865476 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is one of the most important complications of cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Although the etiology is incompletely understood, it has been linked to ammonia directly and indirectly. Our goal is to review for the clinician the mechanisms behind hyperammonemia and the pathogenesis of HE to explain the rationale for its therapy. We reviewed articles collected through a search of MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar between October 1, 1948, and December 8, 2014, and by a manual search of citations within retrieved articles. Search terms included hepatic encephalopathy, ammonia hypothesis, brain and ammonia, liver failure and ammonia, acute-on-chronic liver failure and ammonia, cirrhosis and ammonia, portosytemic shunt, ammonia and lactulose, rifaximin, zinc, and nutrition. Ammonia homeostatsis is a multiorgan process involving the liver, brain, kidneys, and muscle as well as the gastrointestinal tract. Indeed, hyperammonemia may be the first clue to poor functional reserves, malnutrition, and impending multiorgan dysfunction. Furthermore, the neuropathology of ammonia is critically linked to states of systemic inflammation and endotoxemia. Given the complex interplay among ammonia, inflammation, and other factors, ammonia levels have questionable utility in the staging of HE. The use of nonabsorbable disaccharides, antibiotics, and probiotics reduces gut ammoniagenesis and, in the case of antibiotics and probiotics, systemic inflammation. Nutritional support preserves urea cycle function and prevents wasting of skeletal muscle, a significant site of ammonia metabolism. Correction of hypokalemia, hypovolemia, and acidosis further assists in the reduction of ammonia production in the kidney. Finally, early and aggressive treatment of infection, avoidance of sedatives, and modification of portosystemic shunts are also helpful in reducing the neurocognitive effects of hyperammonemia. Refining the ammonia hypothesis to account for these other factors instructs a solid foundation for the effective treatment and prevention of hepatic encephalopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliot B Tapper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.
| | - Z Gordon Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Vilas R Patwardhan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|