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Meachasompop P, Bunnoy A, Keaswejjareansuk W, Dechbumroong P, Namdee K, Srisapoome P. Development of Immersion and Oral Bivalent Nanovaccines for Streptococcosis and Columnaris Disease Prevention in Fry and Fingerling Asian Seabass ( Lates calcarifer) Nursery Farms. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:17. [PMID: 38250830 PMCID: PMC10818643 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present study, chitosan-based bivalent nanovaccines of S. iniae and F. covae were administered by immersion vaccination at 30 and 40 days after hatching (DAH), and the third vaccination was orally administered by feeding at 50 DAH. ELISA revealed that the levels of total IgM and specific IgM to S. iniae and F. covae were significantly elevated in all vaccinated groups at 10, 20, and 30 days after vaccination (DAV). A qRT-PCR analysis of immune-related genes revealed significantly higher IgT expression in the vaccinated groups compared to the control group, as revealed by 44-100-fold changes in the vaccinated groups compared to the control (p < 0.001) at every tested time point after vaccination. All vaccinated groups expressed IgM, MHCIIα, and TCRα at significantly higher levels than the control group at 10 and/or 20 DAV (p < 0.05). In the S. iniae challenge tests, the survival of vaccinated groups ranged from 62.15 ± 2.11 to 75.70 ± 3.36%, which significantly differed from that of the control group (44.44 ± 1.92%). Similarly, all vaccinated groups showed higher survival rates of 68.89 ± 3.85 to 77.78 ± 5.09% during F. covae challenge than the control groups (50.00 ± 3.33%) (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakapon Meachasompop
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Rd., Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.M.); (A.B.)
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Rd., Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Anurak Bunnoy
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Rd., Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.M.); (A.B.)
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Rd., Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Wisawat Keaswejjareansuk
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; (W.K.); (P.D.); (K.N.)
| | - Piroonrat Dechbumroong
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; (W.K.); (P.D.); (K.N.)
| | - Katawut Namdee
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; (W.K.); (P.D.); (K.N.)
| | - Prapansak Srisapoome
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Rd., Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.M.); (A.B.)
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Rd., Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Yang Y, Zhu X, Liu Y, Xu N, Ai X, Zhang H. Effects of diets rich in Agaricus bisporus polysaccharides on the growth, antioxidant, immunity, and resistance to Yersinia ruckeri in channel catfish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:108941. [PMID: 37463648 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
To promote the application of Agaricus bisporus polysaccharides (ABPs) in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) culture, we evaluated the effects of ABPs on the growth, immunity, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of channel catfish. When the amount of ABPs was 250 mg/kg, channel catfish's weight gain and specific growth rates increased significantly while the feed coefficient decreased. We also found that adding ABPs in the feed effectively increased the activities of ACP, MDA, T-SOD, AKP, T-AOC, GSH, and CAT enzymes and immune-related genes such as IL-1β, Hsp70, and IgM in the head kidney of channel catfish. Besides, long-term addition will not cause pathological damage to the head kidney. When the amount of ABPs was over 125 mg/kg, the protection rate of channel catfish was more than 60%. According to the intestinal transcriptome analysis, the addition of ABPs promoted the expression of intestinal immunity genes and growth metabolism-related genes and enriched multiple related KEEG pathways. When challenged by Yersinia ruckeri infection, the immune response of channel catfish fed with ABPs was intenser and quicker. Additionally, the 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis showed that the composition of the intestinal microbial community of channel catfish treated with ABPs significantly changed, and the abundance of microorganisms beneficial to channel catfish growth, such as Firmicutes and Bacteroidota increased. In conclusion, feeding channel catfish with ABPs promoted growth, enhanced immunity and antioxidant, and improved resistance to bacterial infections. Our current results might promote the use of ABPs in channel catfish and even other aquacultured fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Yang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China.
| | - Xia Zhu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Yongtao Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Xiaohui Ai
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China.
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, 100141, China.
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Thompson KD, Rodkhum C, Bunnoy A, Thangsunan P, Kitiyodom S, Sukkarun P, Yostawornkul J, Yata T, Pirarat N. Addressing Nanovaccine Strategies for Tilapia. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1356. [PMID: 37631924 PMCID: PMC10459980 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tilapia is the world's most extensively farmed species after carp. It is an attractive species for aquaculture as it grows quickly, reaching harvest size within six to seven months of production, and provides an important source of food and revenue for many low-income families, especially in low- to middle-income countries. The expansion of tilapia aquaculture has resulted in an intensification of farming systems, and this has been associated with increased disease outbreaks caused by various pathogens, mostly bacterial and viral agents. Vaccination is routinely used to control disease in higher-value finfish species, such as Atlantic salmon. At the same time, many tilapia farmers are often unwilling to vaccinate their fish by injection once the fish have been moved to their grow-out site. Alternative vaccination strategies are needed to help tilapia farmers accept and use vaccines. There is increasing interest in nanoparticle-based vaccines as alternative methods for delivering vaccines to fish, especially for oral and immersion administration. They can potentially improve vaccine efficacy through the controlled release of antigens, protecting antigens from premature proteolytic degradation in the gastric tract, and facilitating antigen uptake and processing by antigen-presenting cells. They can also allow targeted delivery of the vaccine at mucosal sites. This review provides a brief overview of the bacterial and viral diseases affecting tilapia aquaculture and vaccine strategies for farmed tilapia. It focuses on the use of nanovaccines to improve the acceptance and uptake of vaccines by tilapia farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim D. Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (C.R.); (P.T.)
| | - Anurak Bunnoy
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Patcharapong Thangsunan
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (C.R.); (P.T.)
| | - Sirikorn Kitiyodom
- Wildlife, Exotic and Aquatic Animal Pathology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.K.); (J.Y.); (N.P.)
| | - Pimwarang Sukkarun
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya, Nakhon Si Thammarat 90000, Thailand;
| | - Jakarwan Yostawornkul
- Wildlife, Exotic and Aquatic Animal Pathology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.K.); (J.Y.); (N.P.)
| | - Teerapong Yata
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Nopadon Pirarat
- Wildlife, Exotic and Aquatic Animal Pathology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.K.); (J.Y.); (N.P.)
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Yang Y, Zhu X, Zhang H, Chen Y, Song Y, Ai X. Dual RNA-Seq of Trunk Kidneys Extracted From Channel Catfish Infected With Yersinia ruckeri Reveals Novel Insights Into Host-Pathogen Interactions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:775708. [PMID: 34975864 PMCID: PMC8715527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.775708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen intectarions are complex, involving large dynamic changes in gene expression through the process of infection. These interactions are essential for understanding anti-infective immunity as well as pathogenesis. In this study, the host-pathogen interaction was analyzed using a model of acute infection where channel catfish were infected with Yersinia ruckeri. The infected fish showed signs of body surface hyperemia as well as hyperemia and swelling in the trunk kidney. Double RNA sequencing was performed on trunk kidneys extracted from infected channel catfish and transcriptome data was compared with data from uninfected trunk kidneys. Results revealed that the host-pathogen interaction was dynamically regulated and that the host-pathogen transcriptome fluctuated during infection. More specifically, these data revealed that the expression levels of immune genes involved in Cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, the NF-kappa B signaling pathway, the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling and other immune-related pathways were significantly upregulated. Y. ruckeri mainly promote pathogenesis through the flagellum gene fliC in channel catfish. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) R package was used to reveal that the infection of catfish is closely related to metabolic pathways. This study contributes to the understanding of the host-pathogen interaction between channel catfish and Y. ruckeri, more specifically how catfish respond to infection through a transcriptional perspective and how this infection leads to enteric red mouth disease (ERM) in these fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Yang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Control of Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Zhu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Haixin Zhang
- Fish Disease Laboratory, Jiangxi Fisheries Research Institute, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center & Key Lab of Intestinal & Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Song
- The Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Control of Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Ai
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Control of Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Kitiyodom S, Trullàs C, Rodkhum C, Thompson KD, Katagiri T, Temisak S, Namdee K, Yata T, Pirarat N. Modulation of the mucosal immune response of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) against columnaris disease using a biomimetic-mucoadhesive nanovaccine. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 112:81-91. [PMID: 33675991 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Columnaris, a highly contagious bacterial disease caused by Flavobacterium columnare, is recognized as one of the most important infectious diseases in farmed tilapia, especially during the fry and fingerling stages of production. The disease is associated with characteristic lesions in the mucosa of affected fish, particularly their skin and gills. Vaccines delivered via the mucosa are therefore of great interest to scientists developing vaccines for this disease. In the present study, we characterized field isolates of F. columnare obtained from clinical columnaris outbreaks in red tilapia to select an isolate to use as a candidate for our vaccine study. This included characterizing its colony morphology, genotype and virulence status. The isolate was incorporated into a mucoadhesive polymer chitosan-complexed nanovaccine (CS-NE), the efficacy of which was determined by experimentally infecting red tilapia that had been vaccinated with the nanoparticles by immersion. The experimental infection was performed 30-days post-vaccination (dpv), which resulted in 89% of the unvaccinated control fish dying, while the relative percentage survival (RPS) of the CS-NE vaccinated group was 78%. Histology of the mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) showed a significantly higher presence of leucocytes and a greater antigen uptake by the mucosal epithelium in CS-NE vaccinated fish compared to control fish and whole cell vaccinated fish, respectively, and there was statistically significant up-regulation of IgT, IgM, TNF α, IL1-β and MHC-1 genes in the gill of the CS-NE vaccinated group. Overall, the results of our study confirmed that the CS-NE particles achieved better adsorption onto the mucosal surfaces of the fish, elicited great vaccine efficacy and modulated the MALT immune response better than the conventional whole cell-killed vaccine, demonstrating the feasibility of the mucoadhesive nano-immersion vaccine as an effective delivery system for the induction of a mucosal immune response against columnaris disease in tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirikorn Kitiyodom
- Wildlife Exotic Aquatic Animal Pathology-Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Clara Trullàs
- Wildlife Exotic Aquatic Animal Pathology-Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, UK
| | - Takayuki Katagiri
- Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Course of Aquatic Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sasithon Temisak
- Bio Analysis Group, Chemical Metrology and Biometry Department, National Institute of Metrology (NIMT), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Katawut Namdee
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Teerapong Yata
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Nopadon Pirarat
- Wildlife Exotic Aquatic Animal Pathology-Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Villumsen KR, Ohtani M, Forberg T, Aasum E, Tinsley J, Bojesen AM. Synbiotic feed supplementation significantly improves lipid utilization and shows discrete effects on disease resistance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Sci Rep 2020; 10:16993. [PMID: 33046750 PMCID: PMC7550352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73812-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric redmouth disease caused by the bacterial pathogen Yersinia ruckeri is the main reason for antimicrobial prescription, and a cause of substantial economic losses and decreased animal welfare in aquaculture. Given the importance of the intestinal microbiota in digestion and disease, our aim was to investigate whether synbiotic feed supplementation strategies could improve feed performance and disease resistance. Four experimental synbiotic feeds formulated with pre- and probiotics were tested against a commercially available probiotic control feed. Each experimental feed was evaluated for feed performance, effects on gross as well as intestinal morphometrics, and finally their effect on resistance against a waterborne experimental infection with Yersinia ruckeri serotype O1, biotype 2. While co-supplementing Pediococcus acidilactici with citrus flavonoids or bacterial paraprobiotics significantly improved utilization of feed lipid content relative to the control group, a decrease in lipid utilization was observed for feeds that combined P. acidilactici with yeast paraprobiotics. No significant improvements on disease resistance were observed. Still, synbiotic formulations including P. acidilactici led to reduced risks relative to that of the control group, while an increased relative risk was observed for a Bacillus-based formulation. In conclusion, two of the synbiotic supplements significantly improved lipid utilization and contributed to minor increases in disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Rømer Villumsen
- Preventive Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Maki Ohtani
- Preventive Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Division of Development of Functional Brain Activities,Research Centre for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Anders Miki Bojesen
- Preventive Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Injection Vaccines Formulated with Nucleotide, Liposomal or Mineral Oil Adjuvants Induce Distinct Differences in Immunogenicity in Rainbow Trout. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010103. [PMID: 32106599 PMCID: PMC7157222 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection facilitated by the widespread use of mineral oil adjuvanted injection vaccines in salmonid fish comes with adverse effects of varying severity. In this study, we characterized the immunological profiles of two alternative vaccine formulations, both with proven efficacy and an improved safety profile in rainbow trout. Experimental injection vaccines were prepared on an identical whole-cell Aeromonas salmonicida bacterin platform and were formulated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, a liposomal (CAF01) or a benchmark mineral oil adjuvant, respectively. A naïve group, as well as bacterin and saline-injected groups were also included. Following administration, antigen-specific serum antibody titers, the tissue distribution of immune cell markers, and the expression of immune-relevant genes following the in vitro antigenic restimulation of anterior kidney leukocytes was investigated. Immunohistochemical staining suggested prolonged antigen presentation for the particulate formulations and increased mucosal presence of antigen-presenting cells in all immunized fish. Unlike the other immunized groups, the CAF01 group only displayed a transient elevation in specific antibody titers and immunohistochemical observations, and the transcription data suggest an increased role of cell-mediated immunity for this group. Finally, the transcription profile of the CpG formulation approached that of a TH1 profile. When compared to the benchmark formulation, CAF01 and CpG adjuvants induce slight, but distinct differences in the resulting protective immune responses. This is important, as it allows a broader immunological approach for the future development of safer vaccines.
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Chettri JK, Al-Jubury A, Hansen MB, Lihme A, Dalsgaard I, Buchmann K, Heegaard PMH. Protective effect of in-feed specific IgM towards Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:934-939. [PMID: 31404633 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tightened regulations and an environmentally friendly approaches in fish production have greatly reduced the use of antibiotics but green solutions are continuously being explored. The use of functional feed may have a potential in the aquaculture sector in securing biomass and minimizing the loss from disease. In the present study, we tested the concept that blood from the fish slaughterhouse can be used for mass purification of specific antibodies which subsequently can be used for feeding fish and thereby confer protection against diseases. IgM was purified from serum from Yersinia ruckeri vaccinated rainbow trout and an IgM sandwich ELISA was developed for quantification of rainbow trout IgM. The purified IgM was encapsulated in alginate microparticles and top-coated in fish feed. IgM re-extracted from the alginate microparticles was shown to retain high reactivity towards Y. ruckeri antigens indicating that its bioactivity remained intact after encapsulation. IgM release from the alginate microparticles was only observed at high pH (pH 8.2) and minimal at low pH, indicating protection of IgM at low pH in the fish stomach during passage. In a feeding - challenge experiment (feeding 1 week before Y. ruckeri challenge and for two weeks following challenge), a statistically non-significant 10% lower mortality was observed in the high dose (400 μg IgM/fish/day fed over 3 weeks) group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwan K Chettri
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Azmi Al-Jubury
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Allan Lihme
- Lihme Protein Solutions, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Wrobel A, Leo JC, Linke D. Overcoming Fish Defences: The Virulence Factors of Yersinia ruckeri. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10090700. [PMID: 31514317 PMCID: PMC6770984 DOI: 10.3390/genes10090700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease, a bacterial infection of marine and freshwater fish. The disease mainly affects salmonids, and outbreaks have significant economic impact on fish farms all over the world. Vaccination routines are in place against the major serotypes of Y. ruckeri but are not effective in all cases. Despite the economic importance of enteric redmouth disease, a detailed molecular understanding of the disease is lacking. A considerable number of mostly omics-based studies have been performed in recent years to identify genes related to Y. ruckeri virulence. This review summarizes the knowledge on Y. ruckeri virulence factors. Understanding the molecular pathogenicity of Y. ruckeri will aid in developing more efficient vaccines and antimicrobial compounds directed against enteric redmouth disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wrobel
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jack C Leo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Dirk Linke
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Kato G, Miyazawa H, Nakayama Y, Ikari Y, Kondo H, Yamaguchi T, Sano M, Fischer U. A Novel Antigen-Sampling Cell in the Teleost Gill Epithelium With the Potential for Direct Antigen Presentation in Mucosal Tissue. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2116. [PMID: 30294324 PMCID: PMC6158387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, M cells can take up antigens through mucosal surfaces of the gut and the respiratory tract. Since M cells are deficient of lysosomes and phagosomes, the antigens are directly delivered to the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) without degradation. In teleost fish, the entire body surface (gills, skin, and intestinal system) is covered by mucus; however, specific antigen-sampling cells have not yet been identified in their mucosal tissues. Here, we show that two phenotypes of antigen-sampling cells take up antigens through epithelial surfaces of the rainbow trout gill. One phenotype of antigen-sampling cells has features of monocyte/macrophage/dendritic cell-type cells; they have large vacuoles in the cytoplasm and express PTPRC (CD45), CD83, IL-1β, and IL-12p40b. The second phenotype exhibits similar characteristics to mammalian M cells; the corresponding cells bind the lectin UEA-1 but not WGA and show expression of M cell marker gene Anxa5. In contrast to mammalian M cells, teleost M-type cells were found to exhibit small vacuoles in their cytoplasm and to express almost all genes related to the “phagosome”, “lysosome,” and “antigen processing and presentation” pathways. Furthermore, MHC class II was constitutively expressed on a fraction of M-type cells, and this expression was significantly increased after antigen uptake, suggesting that the MHC class II is inducible by antigen stimulation. Here, we suggest that teleost M-type cells play a role in the phylogenetically primitive teleost immune system, similar to bona-fide M cells. In addition, the presence of MHC class II expression suggests an additional role in antigen presentation in the gills, which are an organ with high T cell abundance, especially in interbranchial lymphoid tissue. The present results suggest an unconventional antigen presentation mechanism in the primitive mucosal immune system of teleosts, which generally lack highly organized lymphoid tissues. Moreover, the results of this work may be valuable for the development of mucosal vaccines that specifically target M-type cells; mucosal vaccines significantly reduce working costs and the stress that is usually induced by vaccination via injection of individual fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goshi Kato
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruya Miyazawa
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakayama
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Ikari
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kondo
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamaguchi
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Motohiko Sano
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Uwe Fischer
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Guijarro JA, García-Torrico AI, Cascales D, Méndez J. The Infection Process of Yersinia ruckeri: Reviewing the Pieces of the Jigsaw Puzzle. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:218. [PMID: 29998086 PMCID: PMC6028603 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding the keys to understanding the infectious process of Yersinia ruckeri was not a priority for many years due to the prompt development of an effective biotype 1 vaccine which was used mainly in Europe and USA. However, the gradual emergence of outbreaks in vaccinated fish, which have been reported since 2003, has awakened interest in the mechanism of virulence in this pathogen. Thus, during the last two decades, a large number of studies have considerably enriched our knowledge of many aspects of the pathogen and its interaction with the host. By means of both conventional and a variety of novel strategies, such as cell GFP tagging, bioluminescence imaging and optical projection tomography, it has been possible to determine three putative Y. ruckeri infection routes, the main point of entry for the bacterium being the gill lamellae. Moreover, a wide range of potential virulence factors have been highlighted by specific gene mutagenesis strategies or genome-wide transposon/plasmid insertion-based screening approaches, such us in vivo expression technology (IVET) and signature tagged mutagenesis (STM). Finally, recent proteomic and whole genomic analyses have allowed many of the genes and systems that are potentially implicated in the organism's pathogenicity and its adaptation to the host environmental conditions to be elucidated. Altogether, these studies contribute to a better understanding of the infectious process of Y. ruckeri in fish, which is crucial for the development of more effective strategies for preventing or treating enteric redmouth disease (ERM).
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Guijarro
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana I García-Torrico
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Desirée Cascales
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jessica Méndez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Løkka G, Koppang EO. Antigen sampling in the fish intestine. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:138-149. [PMID: 26872546 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Antigen uptake in the gastrointestinal tract may induce tolerance, lead to an immune response and also to infection. In mammals, most pathogens gain access to the host though the gastrointestinal tract, and in fish as well, this route seems to be of significant importance. The epithelial surface faces a considerable challenge, functioning both as a barrier towards the external milieu but simultaneously being the site of absorption of nutrients and fluids. The mechanisms allowing antigen uptake over the epithelial barrier play a central role for maintaining the intestinal homeostasis and regulate appropriate immune responses. Such uptake has been widely studied in mammals, but also in fish, a number of experiments have been reported, seeking to reveal cells and mechanisms involved in antigen sampling. In this paper, we review these studies in addition to addressing our current knowledge of the intestinal barrier in fish and its anatomical construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guro Løkka
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Erling Olaf Koppang
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
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Genome Sequence of the Fish Pathogen Yersinia ruckeri SC09 Provides Insights into Niche Adaptation and Pathogenic Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:557. [PMID: 27089334 PMCID: PMC4849013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia ruckeri is the etiologic agent of enteric red mouth disease (ERM), a severe fish disease prevailing in worldwide aquaculture industries. Here we report for the first time the complete genome of Y. ruckeri (Yersinia ruckeri) SC09, a highly virulent strain isolated from Ictalurus punctatus with severe septicemia. SC09 possesses a single chromosome of 3,923,491 base pairs, which contains 3651 predicted protein coding sequences (CDS), 19 rRNA genes, and 79 tRNA genes. Among the CDS, we have identified a Ysa locus containing genes encoding all the components of a type III secretion system (T3SS). Comparative analysis suggest that SC09-Ysa share extensive similarity in sequence, gene content, and gene arrangement with Salmonella enterica pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) and chromosome-encoded T3SS from Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1B. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis shown that SC09-Ysa and SPI1-T3SS belong on the same branch of the phylogenetic tree. These results suggest that SC09-Ysa and SPI1-T3SS appear to mediate biological function to adapt to specific hosts with a similar niche, and both of them are likely to facilitate the development of an intracellular niche. In addition, our analysis also indicated that a substantial part of the SC09 genome might contribute to adaption in the intestinal microenvironment, including a number of proteins associated with aerobic or anaerobic respiration, signal transduction, and various stress reactions. Genomic analysis of the bacterium offered insights into the pathogenic mechanism associated with intracellular infection and intestinal survivability, which constitutes an important first step in understanding the pathogenesis of Y. ruckeri.
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Haarder S, Kania PW, Lindebo Holm T, Ohtani M, Buchmann K. Comparison of Two Chemically-Induced Colitis-Models in Adult Zebrafish, Using Optical Projection Tomography and Novel Transcriptional Markers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/oji.2016.64016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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IPNV Antigen Uptake and Distribution in Atlantic Salmon Following Oral Administration. Viruses 2015; 7:2507-17. [PMID: 26008698 PMCID: PMC4452917 DOI: 10.3390/v7052507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One impediment to the successful oral vaccination in fish is the hostile stomach environment that antigens must cross. Furthermore, uptake of antigens from the gut to systemic distribution is required for induction of systemic immunity, the dynamics of which are poorly understood. In the present study, groups of Atlantic salmon parr were intubated with live or inactivated infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), either orally or anally. At 1, 24 and 72 h post infection (p.i.), the fish were sacrificed. Serum was used for assessing IPNV by ELISA, while formalin-fixed head-kidney, spleen, liver and intestine tissues were used for the demonstration of antigens by immunohistochemistry. Both live and inactivated IPNV antigens were observed in enterocytes of the intestines and in immune cells of the head-kidneys and spleens of all groups. In the liver, no antigens were observed in any of the groups. Significantly higher serum antigen OD values (p < 0.04) were observed in orally- compared to anally-intubated fish. By contrast, no difference (p = 0.05) was observed in tissue antigens between these groups by immunohistochemistry. No significant difference (p = 0.05) in serum antigens was observed between groups intubated with live and inactivated IPNV, while in tissues, significantly more antigens (p < 0.03) were observe in the latter compared to the former. These findings demonstrate that both live and inactivated IPNV are taken up by enterocytes in the intestines of Atlantic salmon, likely by receptor-mediated mechanisms. Higher IPNV uptake by the oral compared to anal route suggests that both the anterior and posterior intestines are important for the uptake of the virus and that IPNV is resistant to gastric degradation of the Atlantic salmon stomach.
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