Identifying opportunities to increase HIV testing among mexican migrants: a call to step up efforts in health care and detention settings

Interventions to ensure access to and continuity of HIV care for international migrants: an evidence synthesis

International migrants, especially those belonging to key populations, face a considerable HIV burden. However, continuity of HIV care for this group is often challenged along the migration route. We assess the available evidence on the existing interventions that aim to strengthen community and health systems to ensure the continuity of HIV care for international migrants. We did a systematic search of PubMed for publications from 1989 until 2023 focused on different stages of the HIV care continuum regardless of the geographical region. The literature was reviewed with a thematic approach. Globally, legal regulations can restrict access to HIV care and fuel fear of deportation among undocumented migrants. The intersection of HIV-related and migration-related stigma creates further challenges for uninterrupted access to HIV care along the migration route, with negative clinical and public health consequences. Different potential interventions were identified including: provision of HIV care regardless of migration status; utilisation of mobile health, mobile units, and community-led initiatives to bring HIV care to migrants; and utilisation of participatory and co-creation methods to develop tailored and sustainable HIV-related interventions with migrant communities. Improving access to the continuity of care for migrants requires a shift towards intersectional policies rooted in co-creation approaches to address the underlying multiple and mutually reinforcing inequalities.

The next phases of the Migrante Project: Study protocol to expand an observatory of migrant health on the Mexico-U.S. border

Background

Mexican migrants traveling across the Mexico-United States (U.S.) border region represent a large, highly mobile, and socially vulnerable subset of Mexican nationals. Population-level health data for this group is hard to obtain given their geographic dispersion, mobility, and largely unauthorized status in the U.S. Over the last 14 years, the Migrante Project has implemented a unique migration framework and novel methodological approach to generate population-level estimates of disease burden and healthcare access for migrants traversing the Mexico-U.S. border. This paper describes the rationale and history of the Migrante Project and the protocol for the next phases of the project.

Methods/design

In the next phases, two probability, face-to-face surveys of Mexican migrant flows will be conducted at key crossing points in Tijuana, Ciudad Juarez, and Matamoros (N = 1,200 each). Both survey waves will obtain data on demographics, migration history, health status, health care access, COVID-19 history, and from biometric tests. In addition, the first survey will focus on non-communicable disease (NCD), while the second will dive deeper into mental health and substance use. The project will also pilot test the feasibility of a longitudinal dimension with 90 survey respondents that will be re-interviewed by phone 6 months after completing the face-to-face baseline survey.

Discussion

Interview and biometric data from the Migrante project will help to characterize health care access and health status and identify variations in NCD-related outcomes, mental health, and substance use across migration phases. The results will also set the basis for a future longitudinal extension of this migrant health observatory. Analyses of previous Migrante data, paired with data from these upcoming phases, can shed light on the impact of health care and immigration policies on migrants' health and inform policy and programmatic responses to improve migrant health in sending, transit, and receiving communities.

Interest in Receiving HIV PrEP Among Biological Male Latinx Migrants at High-Risk of HIV Living in Mexico

OBJECTIVE

We examined the prevalence and correlates of interest in receiving HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in Latinx migrants at high-risk of HIV infection in Tijuana, Mexico, a migrant sending/receiving community bordering California.

METHODS

In 2016, 870 HIV-seronegative biologically male Latinx migrants ages 18 and older responded to interviewer-administered surveys. Univariate statistics and multivariable analyses were estimated.

RESULTS

In multivariable logistic regression analyses, emerging adults (18-24 years) were significantly less likely than participants ages 45 and older to be interested in PrEP (AOR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.89). Those who ever had sex with another male (AOR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.13, 2.80), and who recently used illicit drugs (AOR: 1.74, 95% 1.09, 2.75) were significantly more likely to be interested in receiving PrEP.

CONCLUSIONS

Provision of PrEP to migrant males at high-risk of HIV is needed. In Mexico, expanding access to federal health insurance and reducing the costs of PrEP are urgently needed.

Enhanced immigration enforcement in the USA and the transnational continuity of HIV care for Latin American immigrants in deportation proceedings

In our work as clinicians, researchers, and immigrant rights advocates, we have noted increased anxiety about the possibility of deportation and disruptions in care among immigrants with HIV. Before the 2016 US elections, patients rarely asked about HIV treatment in their home countries. However, since the increase in anti-immigrant rhetoric and arrests by US Immigration and Customs Enforcement, patients have voiced concerns about the availability of HIV treatment in their home countries much more frequently. Although antiretroviral therapy is available throughout Latin America, access depends on economic, social, and political circumstances. Maintaining uninterrupted continuity of care among immigrants held in detention or deported to their home countries is challenging. In this Viewpoint, we identify periods of particular vulnerability for immigrants during deportation proceedings, from initial detention to deposition in their country of origin. We discuss the effect of enhanced immigration enforcement on the health and wellbeing of HIV-infected immigrants, and on public health. Finally, we also discuss recommendations for clinicians, immigration authorities, and public health institutions in the USA and in receiving countries.

What Prevents Central Asian Migrant Workers from Accessing HIV Testing? Implications for Increasing HIV Testing Uptake in Kazakhstan

Several barriers prevent key populations, such as migrant workers, from accessing HIV testing. Using data from a cross-sectional study among Central Asian migrant workers (n = 623) in Kazakhstan, we examined factors associated with HIV testing. Overall, 48% of participants had ever received an HIV test. Having temporary registration (AOR 1.69; (95% CI [1.12-2.56]), having an employment contract (AOR 2.59; (95% CI [1.58-4.23]), being able to afford health care services (AOR 3.61; (95% CI [1.86-7.03]) having a medical check-up in the past 12 months (AOR 1.85; 95% CI [1.18-2.89]), and having a regular doctor (AOR 2.37; 95% CI [1.20-4.70]) were associated with having an HIV test. HIV testing uptake among migrants in Kazakhstan falls far short of UNAIDS 90-90-90 goals. Intervention strategies to increase HIV testing among this population may include initiatives that focus on improving outreach to undocumented migrants, making health care services more affordable, and linking migrants to health care.

Foreign-born status as a predictor of engagement in HIV care in a large US metropolitan health system

We sought to determine the linkage to and retention in HIV care after HIV diagnosis in foreign-born compared with US-born individuals. From a clinical data registry, we identified 619 patients aged ≥18 years with a new HIV diagnosis between 2000 and 2012. Timely linkage to care was the proportion of patients with an ICD-9 code for HIV infection (V08 or 042) associated with a primary care or infectious disease physician within 90 days of the index positive HIV test. Retention in HIV care was the presence of an HIV primary care visit in each 6-month period of the 24-month measurement period from the index HIV test. We used Cox regression analysis with adjustment for hypothesized confounders (age, gender, race/ethnicity, substance abuse, year, and location of HIV diagnosis). Foreign-born individuals comprised 36% (225/619) of the cohort. Index CD4 count was 225/µl (IQR 67-439/µl) in foreign-born compared with 328/µl (IQR 121-527/µl) in US-born individuals (p < .001). The proportion linked to care was 87% (196/225) in foreign-born compared with 77% (302/394) in US-born individuals (p = .002). The adjusted hazard ratio of linkage to HIV care in foreign-born compared with US-born individuals was 1.28 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.56). Once linked, there was no difference in retention in care or virologic suppression at 24 months. These results show that despite late presentation to HIV care, foreign-born persons can subsequently engage in HIV care as well as US-born persons. Interventions that promote HIV screening in foreign-born persons are a promising way to improve outcomes in these populations.

HIV treatment cascade in migrants and mobile populations

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Health policy makers aspire to achieve an HIV treatment 'cascade' in which diagnostic and treatment services are accessed early and routinely by HIV-infected individuals. However, migrants and highly mobile individuals are likely to interact with HIV treatment programs and the healthcare system in ways that reflect their movement through time and place, affecting their successful progression through the HIV treatment cascade. We review recent research that has examined the challenges in effective and sustained HIV treatment for migrants and mobile populations.

RECENT FINDINGS

Mobility is associated with increased risk of antiretroviral therapy (ART) nonadherence, lost to follow-up, deterioration in CD4 count, HIV-related death, development of drug resistance and general noncontinuity of HIV care. Migrants' slow progression through the HIV treatment cascade can be attributed to feelings of confusion, helplessness; an inability to effectively communicate in the native language; poor knowledge about administrative or logistical requirements of the healthcare system; the possibility of deportation or expulsion based on the legal status of the undocumented migrant; fear of disclosure and social isolation from the exile or compatriot group. Travel or transition to the host country commonly makes it difficult for migrants to remain enrolled in ART programs and to maintain adherence to treatment.

SUMMARY

Existing public health systems fail to properly account for migration, and actionable knowledge of the health requirements of migrants is still lacking. A large body of research has shown that migrants are more likely to enter into the healthcare system late and are less likely to be retained at successive stages of the HIV treatment cascade. HIV-infected migrants are especially vulnerable to a wide range of social, economic and political factors that include a lack of direct access to healthcare services; exposure to difficult or oppressive work environments; the separation from family, friends and a familiar sociocultural environment. Realizing the full treatment and preventive benefits of the UNAIDS 90-90-90 strategy will require reaching all marginalized subpopulations of which migrants are a particularly large and important group.

Views about HIV/STI and health promotion among gay and bisexual Chinese and South Asian men living in Auckland, New Zealand

Ethnic minority gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) are considered to have a high risk for HIV infection. The aim of this study was to identify some of the ways Chinese and South Asian MSM talk about and understand issues related to HIV/STI and health promotion, as well as highlighting some of this group's health promoting behaviours. A qualitative study using face-to-face interviews with 44 Chinese and South Asian MSM living in Auckland, New Zealand, was undertaken. Following data analysis, four major themes were identified: the importance of condoms, condom use, HIV/STI practices, and HIV health promotion. The results showed that the men interviewed had a good understanding of the benefits of using condoms for anal sex. They also reported strong recall of the local HIV health promotion campaigns which seek to influence men's behaviours through promotion of a single, unequivocal message to always use a condom for anal sex. The men however did not always report consistent condom use, and a range of reasons why this happened were identified. Among the men who discussed testing practices, regular testing was much more likely to have occurred in men who have lived in New Zealand for more than 5 years. These results suggest that future health promotion initiatives should be tailored to ensure the needs of Chinese and South Asian MSM are appropriately addressed when promoting condom use for anal sex.

[Sexually transmitted infections in male prison inmates: risk of development of new diseases]

OBJECTIVE

To measure incidence and main risk factors related to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Daroca Prison (Zaragoza, Spain).

METHOD

A retrospective cohort study (2005-2013) to measure the incidence of STI and a cross-sectional study to measure risk factors.

RESULTS

Of the 203 inmates, 79 developed an STI, 37 had a previous STI, 55.2% lacked knowledge on STI prevention, and 28.9% showed behaviours unfavourable for STI prevention. The incidence rate was 6.5 STIs per 1,000 inmates-year. The most frequent STIs were hepatitis B (39.7%), Ureaplasma urealyticum (19.1%), herpes simplex (16.2%) and HIV (8.8%). The risk (hazard ratio, HR) of acquiring a new STI was significantly higher in inmates with a history of previous STI (HR=2.61; 95%CI: 1.01 to 6.69), and was at the limit of significance for non-preventive behaviour (HR=2.10; 95%CI: 0.98 to 4.53), but not in knowledge related to STIs (HR=1.33; 95%CI: 0.58 to 3.07).

CONCLUSION

The most important risk factors in prison are behaviours related to STIs and previous history of STIs. Other factors are being a repeat offender, injecting drug use, or being in a methadone programme. Health personnel and peer education can facilitate prevention and control.