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Sridhar GR, Gumpeny L. Emerging significance of butyrylcholinesterase. World J Exp Med 2024; 14:87202. [PMID: 38590305 PMCID: PMC10999061 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v14.i1.87202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE; EC 3.1.1.8), an enzyme structurally related to acetylcholinesterase, is widely distributed in the human body. It plays a role in the detoxification of chemicals such as succinylcholine, a muscle relaxant used in anesthetic practice. BChE is well-known due to variant forms of the enzyme with little or no hydrolytic activity which exist in some endogamous communities and result in prolonged apnea following the administration of succinylcholine. Its other functions include the ability to hydrolyze acetylcholine, the cholinergic neurotransmitter in the brain, when its primary hydrolytic enzyme, acetylcholinesterase, is absent. To assess its potential roles, BChE was studied in relation to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cognition, hepatic disorders, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and inflammatory conditions. Individuals who lack the enzyme activity of BChE are otherwise healthy, until they are given drugs hydrolyzed by this enzyme. Therefore, BChE is a candidate for the study of loss-of-function mutations in humans. Studying individuals with variant forms of BChE can provide insights into whether they are protected against metabolic diseases. The potential utility of the enzyme as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease and the response to its drug treatment can also be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gumpeny R Sridhar
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Endocrine and Diabetes Centre, Visakhapatnam 530002, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Lakshmi Gumpeny
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gayatri Vidya Parishad Institute of Healthcare and Medical Technology, Visakhapatnam 530048, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Minassa VS, Aitken AV, Hott SC, de Sousa GJ, Batista TJ, Gonçalves RDCR, Coitinho JB, Paton JFR, Beijamini V, Bissoli NS, Sampaio KN. Intermittent exposure to chlorpyrifos results in cardiac hypertrophy and oxidative stress in rats. Toxicology 2022; 482:153357. [PMID: 36341877 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Forbidden in some countries due to its proven toxicity to humans, chlorpyrifos (CPF) still stands as an organophosphate pesticide (OP) highly used worldwide. Cardiotoxicity assessment is an unmet need in pesticide regulation and should be deeply studied through different approaches to better inform and generate an appropriate regulatory response to OP use. In the present study, we used our 4-week intermittent OP exposure model in rats to address the CPF effects on cardiac morphology allied with cardiovascular functional and biomolecular evaluation. Rats were intermittently treated with CPF at doses of 7 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg or saline (i.p.) and assessed for cardiac morphology (cardiomyocyte diameter and collagen content), cardiopulmonary Bezold-Jarisch reflex (BJR) function, cardiac autonomic tone, left ventricle (LV) contractility, cardiac expression of NADPH oxidase (Nox2), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and cardiac levels of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and brainstem acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were also measured. Intermittent exposure to CPF induced cardiac hypertrophy, increasing cardiomyocyte diameter and collagen content. An impairment of cardioinhibitory BJR responses and an increase in cardiac vagal tone were also observed in CPF-treated animals without changes in LV contractility. CPF exposure increased cardiac Nox-2, CAT, SOD1, and TBARS levels and inhibited plasma BuChE and brainstem AChE activities. Our data showed that intermittent exposure to CPF induces cardiac hypertrophy together with cardiovascular reflex impairment, imbalance of autonomic tone and oxidative stress, which may bring significant cardiovascular risk to individuals exposed to OP compounds seasonally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor Sampaio Minassa
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Andrew Vieira Aitken
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Sara Cristina Hott
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Glauciene Januário de Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Thatiany Jardim Batista
- Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Ribeiro Gonçalves
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Juliana Barbosa Coitinho
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Julian Francis Richmond Paton
- The Centre for Heart Research - Manaaki Mānawa, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton Campus, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Vanessa Beijamini
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Nazaré Souza Bissoli
- Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Karla Nívea Sampaio
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
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Reddy Parvathareddy KK, Balla RV, Nagula P, Ravi S, Maale S, Rayapu M. Prognostic significance of serum cholinesterase in acute myocardial infarction. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND PREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jcpc.jcpc_18_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Lu Z, Ma G, Chen L. De-Ritis Ratio Is Associated with Mortality after Cardiac Arrest. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8826318. [PMID: 33204363 PMCID: PMC7657697 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8826318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of our study was to explore the associations of the aspartate transaminase/alanine transaminase (De-Ritis) ratio with outcomes after cardiac arrest (CA). METHODS This retrospective study included 374 consecutive adult cardiac arrest patients. Information on the study population was obtained from the Dryad Digital Repository. Patients were divided into tertiles based on their De-Ritis ratio. The logistic regression hazard analysis was used to assess the independent relationship between the De-Ritis ratio and mortality. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to estimate the survival of different groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was utilized to compare the prognostic ability of biomarkers. A model combining the De-Ritis ratio was established, and its performance was evaluated using the Akaike information criterion (AIC). RESULTS Of the 374 patients who were included in the study, 194 patients (51.9%) died in the intensive care unit (ICU), 213 patients (57.0%) died during hospitalization, and 226 patients (60.4%) had an unfavorable neurologic outcome. Logistic regression analysis including potentially confounding factors showed that the De-Ritis ratio was independently associated with mortality, yielding a more than onefold risk of ICU mortality (OR 1.455; 95% CI 1.088-1.946; p = 0.011) and hospital mortality (OR 1.378; 95% CI 1.031-1.842; p = 0.030). Discriminatory performance assessed by ROC curves showed an area under the curve of 0.611 (95% CI 0.553-0.668) for ICU mortality and 0.625 (0.567-0.682) for hospital mortality. Further, the likelihood ratio test (LRT) analysis showed that the model combining the De-Ritis ratio had a smaller AIC and higher likelihood ratio χ 2 score than the model without the De-Ritis ratio. The Kaplan-Meier curves showed that the CA patients in the De-Ritis ratio tertile 3 group clearly had a significantly higher incidence of ICU mortality (log - rank = 0.007). CONCLUSION An elevated De-Ritis ratio on admission was significantly associated with ICU mortality and hospital mortality after CA. Assessment of the De-Ritis ratio might help identify groups at high risk for mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengri Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Genshan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Kilianova Z, Ciznarova N, Szmicsekova K, Slobodova L, Hrabovska A. Expression of cholinesterases and their anchoring proteins in rat heart. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:473-476. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh)-mediated vagal transmission as well as nonneuronal ACh release are considered cardioprotective in pathological situations with increased sympathetic drive such as ischemia–reperfusion and cardiac remodeling. ACh action is terminated by hydrolysis by the cholinesterases (ChEs), acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase. Both ChEs exist in multiple molecular variants either soluble or anchored by specific anchoring proteins like collagen Q (ColQ) anchoring protein and proline-rich membrane anchoring protein (PRiMA). Here we assessed the expression of specific ChE molecular forms in different heart compartments using RT-qPCR. We show that both ChEs are expressed in all heart compartments but display different expression patterns. The acetylcholinesterase-T variant together with PRiMA and ColQ is predominantly expressed in rat atria. Butylcholinesterase is found in all heart compartments and is accompanied by both PRiMA and ColQ anchors. Its expression in the ventricular system suggests involvement in the nonneuronal cholinergic system. Additionally, two PRiMA variants are detected throughout the rat heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kilianova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Natalia Ciznarova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Kristina Szmicsekova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- COGnition and Action Group, UMR 8257, CNRS, Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Lubica Slobodova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Anna Hrabovska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Batista TJ, Minassa VS, Aitken AV, Jara BT, Felippe ISA, Beijamini V, Paton JFR, dos Santos L, Sampaio KN. Intermittent Exposure to Chlorpyrifos Differentially Impacts Neuroreflex Control of Cardiorespiratory Function in Rats. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2019; 19:548-564. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-019-09528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Steininger M, Winter MP, Reiberger T, Koller L, El-Hamid F, Forster S, Schnaubelt S, Hengstenberg C, Distelmaier K, Goliasch G, Wojta J, Toma A, Niessner A, Sulzgruber P. De-Ritis Ratio Improves Long-Term Risk Prediction after Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7120474. [PMID: 30477196 PMCID: PMC6306912 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent evidence suggested levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and AST/ALT ratio (De-Ritis ratio) were associated with a worse outcome after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, their value for predicting long-term prognosis remained unknown. Therefore, we investigated the prognostic potential of transaminases on patient outcome after AMI from a long-term perspective. Methods: Data of a large AMI registry including 1355 consecutive patients were analyzed. The Cox regression hazard analysis was used to assess the impact of transaminases and the De-Ritis ratio on long-term mortality. Results: The median De-Ritis ratio for the entire study population was 1.5 (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.0–2.6). After a median follow-up time of 8.6 years, we found that AST (crude hazard ratio (HR) of 1.19 per 1-SD [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09–1.32; p < 0.001]) and De-Ritis ratio (crude HR of 1.31 per 1-SD [95% CI: 1.18–1.44; p < 0.001]), but not ALT (p = 0.827), were significantly associated with long-term mortality after AMI. After adjustment for confounders independently, the De-Ritis ratio remained a strong and independent predictor for long-term mortality in the multivariate model with an adjusted HR of 1.23 per 1-SD (95% CI: 1.07–1.42; p = 0.004). Moreover, the De-Ritis ratio added prognostic value beyond N-terminal pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide, Troponin T, and Creatine Kinase. Conclusion: The De-Ritis ratio is a strong and independent predictor for long-term mortality after AMI. As a readily available biomarker in clinical routine, it might be used to identify patients at risk for fatal cardiovascular events and help to optimize secondary prevention strategies after AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Steininger
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Max-Paul Winter
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Thomas Reiberger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lorenz Koller
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Feras El-Hamid
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefan Forster
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sebastian Schnaubelt
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Klaus Distelmaier
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Georg Goliasch
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Johann Wojta
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Aurel Toma
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Alexander Niessner
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Patrick Sulzgruber
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Neuroreflex control of cardiovascular function is impaired after acute poisoning with chlorpyrifos, an organophosphorus insecticide: Possible short and long term clinical implications. Toxicology 2018; 398-399:13-22. [PMID: 29471072 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although it is well-established that severe poisoning by organophosphorus (OP) compounds strongly affects the cardiorespiratory system, the effects of sub-lethal exposure to these compounds on the neural control of cardiovascular function are poorly explored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of acute sub-lethal exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF), a commonly used OP insecticide, on three basic reflex mechanisms involved in blood pressure regulation, the peripheral chemoreflex, the baroreflex and the Bezold-Jarisch reflex. Adult male Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of CPF (30 mg/kg) or saline (0.9%). 24 h after injections, cardiovascular reflexes were tested in awake rats. Potassium cyanide (KCN) and phenylbiguanide (PBG) were injected intravenously to activate the chemoreflex and the Bezold-Jarisch reflex, respectively. The baroreflex was activated by phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside infusions. Blood samples were taken for measurements of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity while acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in brainstem samples. Animals treated with CPF presented signs of intoxication such as ataxia, tremor, lacrimation, salivation, tetany, urination and defecation. The hypertensive and the bradycardic responses of the chemoreflex as well as the hypotensive and bradycardic responses of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex were attenuated in CPF treated animals (P < 0.05). Concerning the baroreflex responses, CPF treatment reduced the bradycardia plateau, the range and the gain of the reflex (P < 0.05). Plasma BChE and brainstem AChE were both reduced significantly after CPF treatment (P < 0.05). Our results showed that acute sub-lethal exposure to CPF impairs the cardiovascular responses of homeostatic and defensive cardiovascular reflexes. These effects are associated with a marked inhibition of plasma BChE and brainstem AChE.
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