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McDonald SC, Buck JW, Li Z. Pinpointing Rcs3 for frogeye leaf spot resistance and tracing its origin in soybean breeding. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:49. [PMID: 37313225 PMCID: PMC10248600 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Frogeye leaf spot is a yield-reducing disease of soybean caused by the pathogen Cercospora sojina. Rcs3 has provided durable resistance to all known races of C. sojina since its discovery in the cultivar Davis during the 1980s. Using a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between Davis and the susceptible cultivar Forrest, Rcs3 was fine-mapped to a 1.15 Mb interval on chromosome 16. This single locus was confirmed by tracing Rcs3 in resistant and susceptible progeny derived from Davis, as well as three near-isogenic lines. Haplotype analysis in the ancestors of Davis indicated that Davis has the same haplotype at the Rcs3 locus as susceptible cultivars in its paternal lineage. On the basis of these results, it is hypothesized that the resistance allele in Davis resulted from a mutation of a susceptibility allele. Tightly linked SNP markers at the Rcs3 locus identified in this research can be used for effective marker-assisted selection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-023-01397-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C. McDonald
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics and Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - James W. Buck
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA USA
| | - Zenglu Li
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics and Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
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Genome-wide association study reveals novel loci and a candidate gene for resistance to frogeye leaf spot (Cercospora sojina) in soybean. Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:441-454. [PMID: 36602595 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Frogeye leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora sojina, is a threat to soybeans in the southeastern and midwestern United States that can be controlled by crop genetic resistance. Limited genetic resistance to the disease has been reported, and only three sources of resistance have been used in modern soybean breeding. To discover novel sources and identify the genomic locations of resistance that could be used in soybean breeding, a GWAS was conducted using a panel of 329 soybean accessions selected to maximize genetic diversity. Accessions were phenotyped using a 1-5 visual rating and by using image analysis to count lesion number and measure the percent of leaf area diseased. Eight novel loci on eight chromosomes were identified for three traits utilizing the FarmCPU or BLINK models, of which a locus on chromosome 11 was highly significant across all model-trait combinations. KASP markers were designed using the SoySNP50K Beadchip and variant information from 65 of the accessions that have been sequenced to target SNPs in the gene model Glyma.11g230400, a LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN KINASE. The association of a KASP marker, GSM990, designed to detect a missense mutation in the gene was the most significant with all three traits in a genome-wide association, and the marker may be useful to select for resistance to frogeye leaf spot in soybean breeding.
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Rawandoozi ZJ, Young EL, Kang S, Yan M, Noyan S, Fu Q, Hochhaus T, Rawandoozi MY, Klein PE, Byrne DH, Riera-Lizarazu O. Pedigree-based analysis in multi-parental diploid rose populations reveals QTLs for cercospora leaf spot disease resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1082461. [PMID: 36684798 PMCID: PMC9859674 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1082461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) (Cercospora rosicola) is a major fungal disease of roses (Rosa sp.) in the southeastern U.S. Developing CLS-resistant cultivars offers a potential solution to reduce pesticide use. Yet, no work has been performed on CLS resistance. This study aimed to identify QTLs and to characterize alleles for resistance to CLS. The study used pedigree-based QTL analysis to dissect the genetic basis of CLS resistance using two multi-parental diploid rose populations (TX2WOB and TX2WSE) evaluated across five years in two Texas locations. A total 38 QTLs were identified across both populations and distributed over all linkage groups. Three QTLs on LG3, LG4, and LG6 were consistently mapped over multiple environments. The LG3 QTL was mapped in a region between 18.9 and 27.8 Mbp on the Rosa chinensis genome assembly. This QTL explained 13 to 25% of phenotypic variance. The LG4 QTL detected in the TX2WOB population spanned a 35.2 to 39.7 Mbp region with phenotypic variance explained (PVE) up to 48%. The LG6 QTL detected in the TX2WSE population was localized to 17.9 to 33.6 Mbp interval with PVE up to 36%. Also, this study found multiple degrees of favorable allele effects (q-allele) associated with decreasing CLS at major loci. Ancestors 'OB', 'Violette', and PP-M4-4 were sources of resistance q-alleles. These results will aid breeders in parental selection to develop CLS-resistant rose cultivars. Ultimately, high throughput DNA tests that target major loci for CLS could be developed for routine use in a DNA-informed breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zena J. Rawandoozi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ellen L. Young
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Stella Kang
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Muqing Yan
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Seza Noyan
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Qiuyi Fu
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Tessa Hochhaus
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Maad Y. Rawandoozi
- Norman Borlaug Institute for International Agriculture and Development, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M System, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Patricia E. Klein
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - David H. Byrne
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Oscar Riera-Lizarazu
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Lin F, Chhapekar SS, Vieira CC, Da Silva MP, Rojas A, Lee D, Liu N, Pardo EM, Lee YC, Dong Z, Pinheiro JB, Ploper LD, Rupe J, Chen P, Wang D, Nguyen HT. Breeding for disease resistance in soybean: a global perspective. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:3773-3872. [PMID: 35790543 PMCID: PMC9729162 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE This review provides a comprehensive atlas of QTLs, genes, and alleles conferring resistance to 28 important diseases in all major soybean production regions in the world. Breeding disease-resistant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] varieties is a common goal for soybean breeding programs to ensure the sustainability and growth of soybean production worldwide. However, due to global climate change, soybean breeders are facing strong challenges to defeat diseases. Marker-assisted selection and genomic selection have been demonstrated to be successful methods in quickly integrating vertical resistance or horizontal resistance into improved soybean varieties, where vertical resistance refers to R genes and major effect QTLs, and horizontal resistance is a combination of major and minor effect genes or QTLs. This review summarized more than 800 resistant loci/alleles and their tightly linked markers for 28 soybean diseases worldwide, caused by nematodes, oomycetes, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. The major breakthroughs in the discovery of disease resistance gene atlas of soybean were also emphasized which include: (1) identification and characterization of vertical resistance genes reside rhg1 and Rhg4 for soybean cyst nematode, and exploration of the underlying regulation mechanisms through copy number variation and (2) map-based cloning and characterization of Rps11 conferring resistance to 80% isolates of Phytophthora sojae across the USA. In this review, we also highlight the validated QTLs in overlapping genomic regions from at least two studies and applied a consistent naming nomenclature for these QTLs. Our review provides a comprehensive summary of important resistant genes/QTLs and can be used as a toolbox for soybean improvement. Finally, the summarized genetic knowledge sheds light on future directions of accelerated soybean breeding and translational genomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Sushil Satish Chhapekar
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Caio Canella Vieira
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
- Fisher Delta Research Center, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO 63873 USA
| | - Marcos Paulo Da Silva
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Alejandro Rojas
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Dongho Lee
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
- Fisher Delta Research Center, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO 63873 USA
| | - Nianxi Liu
- Soybean Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun,, 130033 Jilin China
| | - Esteban Mariano Pardo
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino (ITANOA) [Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEAOC) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)], Av. William Cross 3150, C.P. T4101XAC, Las Talitas, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Yi-Chen Lee
- Fisher Delta Research Center, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO 63873 USA
| | - Zhimin Dong
- Soybean Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun,, 130033 Jilin China
| | - Jose Baldin Pinheiro
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ/USP), PO Box 9, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brazil
| | - Leonardo Daniel Ploper
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino (ITANOA) [Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEAOC) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)], Av. William Cross 3150, C.P. T4101XAC, Las Talitas, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - John Rupe
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Pengyin Chen
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
- Fisher Delta Research Center, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO 63873 USA
| | - Dechun Wang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Henry T. Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
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McDonald SC, Buck J, Li Z. Automated, image-based disease measurement for phenotyping resistance to soybean frogeye leaf spot. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:103. [PMID: 35974392 PMCID: PMC9382788 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frogeye leaf spot is a disease of soybean, and there are limited sources of crop genetic resistance. Accurate quantification of resistance is necessary for the discovery of novel resistance sources, which can be accelerated by using a low-cost and easy-to-use image analysis system to phenotype the disease. The objective herein was to develop an automated image analysis phenotyping pipeline to measure and count frogeye leaf spot lesions on soybean leaves with high precision and resolution while ensuring data integrity. RESULTS The image analysis program developed measures two traits: the percent of diseased leaf area and the number of lesions on a leaf. Percent of diseased leaf area is calculated by dividing the number of diseased pixels by the total number of leaf pixels, which are segmented through a series of color space transformations and pixel value thresholding. Lesion number is determined by counting the number of objects remaining in the image when the lesions are segmented. Automated measurement of the percent of diseased leaf area deviates from the manually measured value by less than 0.05% on average. Automatic lesion counting deviates by an average of 1.6 lesions from the manually counted value. The proposed method is highly correlated with a conventional method using a 1-5 ordinal scale based on a standard area diagram. Input image compression was optimal at a resolution of 1500 × 1000 pixels. At this resolution, the image analysis method proposed can process an image in less than 10 s and is highly concordant with uncompressed images. CONCLUSION Image analysis provides improved resolution over conventional methods of frogeye leaf spot disease phenotyping. This method can improve the precision and resolution of phenotyping frogeye leaf spot, which can be used in genetic mapping to identify QTLs for crop genetic resistance and in breeding efforts for resistance to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C McDonald
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, and Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - James Buck
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA
| | - Zenglu Li
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, and Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Molecular Breeding to Overcome Biotic Stresses in Soybean: Update. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11151967. [PMID: 35956444 PMCID: PMC9370206 DOI: 10.3390/plants11151967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important leguminous crop and biotic stresses are a global concern for soybean growers. In recent decades, significant development has been carried outtowards identification of the diseases caused by pathogens, sources of resistance and determination of loci conferring resistance to different diseases on linkage maps of soybean. Host-plant resistance is generally accepted as the bestsolution because of its role in the management of environmental and economic conditions of farmers owing to low input in terms of chemicals. The main objectives of soybean crop improvement are based on the identification of sources of resistance or tolerance against various biotic as well as abiotic stresses and utilization of these sources for further hybridization and transgenic processes for development of new cultivars for stress management. The focus of the present review is to summarize genetic aspects of various diseases caused by pathogens in soybean and molecular breeding research work conducted to date.
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Sun M, Na C, Jing Y, Cui Z, Li N, Zhan Y, Teng W, Li Y, Li W, Zhao X, Han Y. Genome-Wide Association Analysis and Gene Mining of Resistance to China Race 1 of Frogeye Leaf Spot in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:867713. [PMID: 35812941 PMCID: PMC9257224 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.867713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soybean frogeye leaf spot (FLS) is a worldwide fungal disease. Its higher occurrence frequency and wider distribution range always led to severe yield losses of soybean, therefore, breeding new cultivars with FLS resistance has been an important breeding goal for soybean breeders. In this study, an association panel of 183 representative soybean accessions was used to evaluate their resistance to FLS race 1, and to identify quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) and candidate genes based on genome-wide association study (GWAS) and high-throughput single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A total of 23,156 high-quality SNPs were developed using the specific locus-amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) approach. Finally, 13 novel association signals associated with FLS race 1 resistance were identified by the compressed mixed linear model (CMLM). In addition, 119 candidate genes were found within the 200-kb flanking genomic region of these 13 peak SNPs. Based on the gene-based association analysis, haplotype analysis, expression pattern analysis, and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) systems, four genes (Glyma.05G121100, Glyma.17G228300, Glyma.19G006900, and Glyma.19G008700) were preliminarily proved to play an important role in the soybean resistance to FLS race 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding, Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chen Na
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding, Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Jing
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhihui Cui
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding, Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding, Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding, Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Weili Teng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding, Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding, Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding, Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding, Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingpeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding, Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Seo JH, Dhungana SK, Kang BK, Baek IY, Sung JS, Ko JY, Jung CS, Kim KS, Jun TH. Development and Validation of SNP and InDel Markers for Pod-Shattering Tolerance in Soybean. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2382. [PMID: 35216500 PMCID: PMC8880809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pod-shattering causes a significant yield loss in many soybean cultivars. Shattering-tolerant cultivars provide the most effective approach to minimizing this loss. We developed molecular markers for pod-shattering and validated them in soybeans with diverse genetic backgrounds. The genes Glyma.16g141200, Glyma.16g141500, and Glyma.16g076600, identified in our previous study by quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and whole-genome resequencing, were selected for marker development. The whole-genome resequencing of three parental lines (one shattering-tolerant and two shattering-susceptible) identified single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and/or insertion/deletion (InDel) regions within or near the selected genes. Two SNPs and one InDel were converted to Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) and InDel markers, respectively. The accuracy of the markers was examined in the two recombinant inbred line populations used for the QTL mapping, as well as the 120 varieties and elite lines, through allelic discrimination and phenotyping by the oven-drying method. Both types of markers successfully discriminated the pod shattering-tolerant and shattering-susceptible genotypes. The prediction accuracy, which was as high as 90.9% for the RILs and was 100% for the varieties and elite lines, also supported the accuracy and usefulness of these markers. Thus, the markers can be used effectively for genetic and genomic studies and the marker-assisted selection for pod-shattering tolerance in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyun Seo
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang 50424, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (S.K.D.); (B.-K.K.); (I.-Y.B.); (J.-S.S.); (J.-Y.K.); (C.-S.J.)
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Dhungana
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang 50424, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (S.K.D.); (B.-K.K.); (I.-Y.B.); (J.-S.S.); (J.-Y.K.); (C.-S.J.)
| | - Beom-Kyu Kang
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang 50424, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (S.K.D.); (B.-K.K.); (I.-Y.B.); (J.-S.S.); (J.-Y.K.); (C.-S.J.)
| | - In-Youl Baek
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang 50424, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (S.K.D.); (B.-K.K.); (I.-Y.B.); (J.-S.S.); (J.-Y.K.); (C.-S.J.)
| | - Jung-Sook Sung
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang 50424, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (S.K.D.); (B.-K.K.); (I.-Y.B.); (J.-S.S.); (J.-Y.K.); (C.-S.J.)
| | - Jee-Yeon Ko
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang 50424, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (S.K.D.); (B.-K.K.); (I.-Y.B.); (J.-S.S.); (J.-Y.K.); (C.-S.J.)
| | - Chan-Sik Jung
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang 50424, Korea; (J.-H.S.); (S.K.D.); (B.-K.K.); (I.-Y.B.); (J.-S.S.); (J.-Y.K.); (C.-S.J.)
| | - Ki-Seung Kim
- Innovative Technology Department, FarmHannong, Ltd., Nonsan 33010, Korea;
| | - Tae-Hwan Jun
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
- Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
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Ferreira EGC, Marcelino-Guimarães FC. Mapping Major Disease Resistance Genes in Soybean by Genome-Wide Association Studies. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2481:313-340. [PMID: 35641772 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2237-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is one of the most valuable agricultural crops in the world. Besides, this legume is constantly attacked by a wide range of pathogens (fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes) compromising yield and increasing production costs. One of the major disease management strategies is the genetic resistance provided by single genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL). Identifying the genomic regions underlying the resistance against these pathogens on soybean is one of the first steps performed by molecular breeders. In the past, genetic mapping studies have been widely used to discover these genomic regions. However, over the last decade, advances in next-generation sequencing technologies and their subsequent cost decreasing led to the development of cost-effective approaches to high-throughput genotyping. Thus, genome-wide association studies applying thousands of SNPs in large sets composed of diverse soybean accessions have been successfully done. In this chapter, a comprehensive review of the majority of GWAS for soybean diseases published since this approach was developed is provided. Important diseases caused by Heterodera glycines, Phytophthora sojae, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum have been the focus of the several GWAS. However, other bacterial and fungi diseases also have been targets of GWAS. As such, this GWAS summary can serve as a guide for future studies of these diseases. The protocol begins by describing several considerations about the pathogens and bringing different procedures of molecular characterization of them. Advice to choose the best isolate/race to maximize the discovery of multiple R genes or to directly map an effective R gene is provided. A summary of protocols, methods, and tools to phenotyping the soybean panel is given to several diseases. We also give details of options of DNA extraction protocols and genotyping methods, and we describe parameters of SNP quality to soybean data. Websites and their online tools to obtain genotypic and phenotypic data for thousands of soybean accessions are highlighted. Finally, we report several tricks and tips in Subheading 4, especially related to composing the soybean panel as well as generating and analyzing the phenotype data. We hope this protocol will be helpful to achieve GWAS success in identifying resistance genes on soybean.
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Gu X, Huang S, Zhu Z, Ma Y, Yang X, Yao L, Gao X, Zhang M, Liu W, Qiu L, Zhao H, Wang Q, Li Z, Li Z, Meng Q, Yang S, Wang C, Hu X, Ding J. Genome-wide association of single nucleotide polymorphism loci and candidate genes for frogeye leaf spot (Cercospora sojina) resistance in soybean. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:588. [PMID: 34895144 PMCID: PMC8665500 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frogeye leaf spot (FLS) is a destructive fungal disease that affects soybean production. The most economical and effective strategy to control FLS is the use of resistant cultivars. However, the use of a limited number of resistant loci in FLS management will be countered by the emergence of new high-virulence Cercospora sojina races. Therefore, we identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) that control resistance to FLS and identified novel resistant genes using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 234 Chinese soybean cultivars. RESULTS A total of 30,890 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were used to estimate linkage disequilibrium (LD) and population structure. The GWAS results showed four loci (p < 0.0001) distributed over chromosomes (Chr.) 5 and 20, that are significantly associated with FLS resistance. No previous studies have reported resistance loci in these regions. Subsequently, 45 genes in the two resistance-related haplotype blocks were annotated. Among them, Glyma20g31630 encoding pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), Glyma05g28980, which encodes mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 (MPK7), and Glyma20g31510, Glyma20g31520 encoding calcium-dependent protein kinase 4 (CDPK4) in the haplotype blocks deserves special attention. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that GWAS can be employed as an effective strategy for identifying disease resistance traits in soybean and narrowing SNPs and candidate genes. The prediction of candidate genes in the haplotype blocks identified by disease resistance loci can provide a useful reference to study systemic disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gu
- Wuhu Institute of Technology, Wuhu, 241003, China
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Harmful Biology of Crop Scientific Monitoring Station Jiamusi Experiment Station, China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biotechnology Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beidahuang Kenfeng Seed Co., Ltd., Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhu
- Wuhu Institute of Technology, Wuhu, 241003, China
| | - Yansong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biotechnology Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beidahuang Kenfeng Seed Co., Ltd., Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiaohe Yang
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Harmful Biology of Crop Scientific Monitoring Station Jiamusi Experiment Station, China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Liangliang Yao
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Harmful Biology of Crop Scientific Monitoring Station Jiamusi Experiment Station, China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Xuedong Gao
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Harmful Biology of Crop Scientific Monitoring Station Jiamusi Experiment Station, China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Maoming Zhang
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Harmful Biology of Crop Scientific Monitoring Station Jiamusi Experiment Station, China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Harmful Biology of Crop Scientific Monitoring Station Jiamusi Experiment Station, China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Lei Qiu
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Harmful Biology of Crop Scientific Monitoring Station Jiamusi Experiment Station, China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Haihong Zhao
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Harmful Biology of Crop Scientific Monitoring Station Jiamusi Experiment Station, China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Qingsheng Wang
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Harmful Biology of Crop Scientific Monitoring Station Jiamusi Experiment Station, China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Zengjie Li
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Harmful Biology of Crop Scientific Monitoring Station Jiamusi Experiment Station, China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Harmful Biology of Crop Scientific Monitoring Station Jiamusi Experiment Station, China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Qingying Meng
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Harmful Biology of Crop Scientific Monitoring Station Jiamusi Experiment Station, China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Potato Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biotechnology Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beidahuang Kenfeng Seed Co., Ltd., Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biotechnology Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beidahuang Kenfeng Seed Co., Ltd., Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Junjie Ding
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Harmful Biology of Crop Scientific Monitoring Station Jiamusi Experiment Station, China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA, Jiamusi, 154007, China.
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11
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Harrelson BC, Kemerait RC, Culbreath AK, Ghimire B, Li Z, Severns PM, Buck JW. Assessment of Quinone Outside Inhibitor Sensitivity and Frogeye Leaf Spot Race of Cercospora sojina in Georgia Soybean. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2946-2954. [PMID: 33779250 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-21-0236-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Frogeye leaf spot (FLS), caused by the fungal pathogen Cercospora sojina K. Hara, is a foliar disease of soybean (Glycine max L. [Merr.]) responsible for yield reductions throughout the major soybean-producing regions of the world. In the United States, management of FLS relies heavily on the use of resistant cultivars and in-season fungicide applications, specifically within the class of quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs), which has resulted in the development of fungicide resistance in many states. In 2018 and 2019, 80 isolates of C. sojina were collected from six counties in Georgia and screened for QoI fungicide resistance using molecular and in vitro assays, with resistant isolates being confirmed from three counties. Additionally, 50 isolates, including a "baseline isolate" with no prior fungicide exposure, were used to determine the percent reduction of mycelial growth to two fungicides, azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin, at six concentrations: 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg ml-1. Mycelial growth observed for resistant isolates varied significantly from both sensitive isolates and baseline isolate for azoxystrobin concentrations of 10, 1, 0.1, and 0.01 μg ml-1 and for pyraclostrobin concentrations of 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 μg ml-1. Moreover, 40 isolates were used to evaluate pathogen race on six soybean differential cultivars by assessing susceptible or resistant reactions. Isolate reactions suggested 12 races of C. sojina present in Georgia, 4 of which have not been previously described. Species richness indicators (rarefaction and abundance-based coverage estimators) indicated that within-county C. sojina race numbers were undersampled in this study, suggesting the potential for the presence of either additional undescribed races or known but unaccounted for races in Georgia. However, no isolates were pathogenic on 'Davis', a differential cultivar carrying the Rcs3 resistance allele, suggesting that the gene is still an effective source of resistance in Georgia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert C Kemerait
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793
| | | | - Bikash Ghimire
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223
| | - Zenglu Li
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics/Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Paul M Severns
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - James W Buck
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223
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12
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Yundaeng C, Somta P, Chen J, Yuan X, Chankaew S, Chen X. Fine mapping of QTL conferring Cercospora leaf spot disease resistance in mungbean revealed TAF5 as candidate gene for the resistance. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:701-714. [PMID: 33188437 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports fine mapping of qCLS for resistance to Cercospora leaf spot disease in mungbean and identified LOC106765332encoding TATA-binding-protein-associated factor 5 (TAF5) as the candidate gene for the resistance Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) caused by the fungus Cercospora canescens is an important disease of mungbean. A QTL mapping using mungbean F2 and BC1F1 populations developed from the "V4718" (resistant) and "Kamphaeng Saen 1" (KPS1; susceptible) has identified a major QTL controlling CLS resistance (qCLS). In this study, we finely mapped the qCLS and identified candidate genes at this locus. A BC8F2 [KPS1 × (KPS1 × V4718)] population developed in this study and the F2 (KPS1 × V4718) population used in a previous study were genotyped with 16 newly developed SSR markers. QTL analysis in the BC8F2 and F2 populations consistently showed that the qCLS was mapped to a genomic region of ~ 13 Kb on chromosome 6, which contains only one annotated gene, LOC106765332 (designated "VrTAF5"), encoding TATA-binding-protein-associated factor 5 (TAF5), a subunit of transcription initiation factor IID and Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase complexes. Sequence comparison of VrTAF5 between KPS1 and V4718 revealed many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and inserts/deletions (InDels) in which eight SNPs presented in eight different exons, and an SNP (G4,932C) residing in exon 8 causes amino acid change (S250T) in V4718. An InDel marker was developed to detect a 24-bp InDel polymorphism in VrTAF5 between KPS1 and V4718. Analysis by RT-qPCR showed that expression levels of VrTAF5 in KPS1 and V4718 were not statistically different. These results indicated that mutation in VrTAF5 causing an amino acid change in the VrTAF5 protein is responsible for CLS resistance in V4718.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutintorn Yundaeng
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Prakit Somta
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, 73140, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Jingbin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sompong Chankaew
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.
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13
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Wu M, Liu YN, Zhang C, Liu XT, Liu CC, Guo R, Niu KX, Zhu AQ, Yang JY, Chen JQ, Wang B. Molecular mapping of the gene(s) conferring resistance to Soybean mosaic virus and Bean common mosaic virus in the soybean cultivar Raiden. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:3101-3114. [PMID: 31432199 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE In the soybean cultivar Raiden, both a SMV-resistance gene and a BCMV-resistance gene were fine-mapped to a common region within the Rsv1 complex locus on chromosome 13, in which two CC-NBS-LRR resistance genes (Glyma.13g184800 and Glyma.13g184900) exhibited significant divergence between resistant and susceptible cultivars and were subjected to positive selection. Both Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) can induce soybean mosaic diseases. To date, few studies have explored soybean resistance against these two viruses simultaneously. In this work, Raiden, a cultivar resistant to both SMV and BCMV, was crossed with a susceptible cultivar, Williams 82, to fine-map the resistance genes. After inoculating ~ 200 F2 individuals with either SMV (SC6-N) or BCMV (HZZB011), a segregation ratio of 3 resistant:1 susceptible was observed, indicating that for either virus, a single dominant gene confers resistance. Bulk segregation analysis (BSA) revealed that the BCMV-resistance gene is also linked to the SMV-resistance Rsv1 complex locus. Genotyping the F2 individuals with 12 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers across the Rsv1 complex locus then preliminarily mapped the SMV-resistance gene, Rsv1-r, between SSR markers BARCSOYSSR_13_1075 and BARCSOYSSR_13_1161 and the BCMV-resistance gene between BARCSOYSSR_13_1084 and BARCSOYSSR_13_1115. Furthermore, a population of 1009 F2 individuals was screened with markers BARCSOYSSR_13_1075 and BARCSOYSSR_13_1161, and 32 recombinant F2 individuals were identified. By determining the genotypes of these F2 individuals on multiple internal SSR and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and assaying the phenotypes of selected recombinant F2:3 lines, both the SMV- and BCMV-resistance genes were fine-mapped to a common region ( ~ 154.5 kb) between two SNP markers: SNP-38 and SNP-50. Within the mapped region, two CC-NBS-LRR genes exhibited significant divergence between Raiden and Williams 82, and their evolution has been affected by positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Wu
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Evolution, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 XianLin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ying-Na Liu
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Evolution, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 XianLin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Evolution, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 XianLin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xue-Ting Liu
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Evolution, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 XianLin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Cheng-Chen Liu
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Evolution, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 XianLin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Evolution, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 XianLin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ke-Xin Niu
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Evolution, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 XianLin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - An-Qi Zhu
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Evolution, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 XianLin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jia-Yin Yang
- Huaiyin Institute of Agricultural Science of Xuhuai Region in Jiangsu, Huai'an, 223001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian-Qun Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Evolution, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 XianLin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Evolution, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 XianLin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Maldonado dos Santos JV, Ferreira EGC, Passianotto ALDL, Brumer BB, Santos ABD, Soares RM, Torkamaneh D, Arias CAA, Belzile F, Abdelnoor RV, Marcelino-Guimarães FC. Association mapping of a locus that confers southern stem canker resistance in soybean and SNP marker development. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:798. [PMID: 31672122 PMCID: PMC6824049 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Southern stem canker (SSC), caused by Diaporthe aspalathi (E. Jansen, Castl. & Crous), is an important soybean disease that has been responsible for severe losses in the past. The main strategy for controlling this fungus involves the introgression of resistance genes. Thus far, five main loci have been associated with resistance to SSC. However, there is a lack of information about useful allelic variation at these loci. In this work, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed to identify allelic variation associated with resistance against Diaporthe aspalathi and to provide molecular markers that will be useful in breeding programs. RESULTS We characterized the response to SSC infection in a panel of 295 accessions from different regions of the world, including important Brazilian elite cultivars. Using a GBS approach, the panel was genotyped, and we identified marker loci associated with Diaporthe aspalathi resistance through GWAS. We identified 19 SNPs associated with southern stem canker resistance, all on chromosome 14. The peak SNP showed an extremely high degree of association (p-value = 6.35E-27) and explained a large amount of the observed phenotypic variance (R2 = 70%). This strongly suggests that a single major gene is responsible for resistance to D. aspalathi in most of the lines constituting this panel. In resequenced soybean materials, we identified other SNPs in the region identified through GWAS in the same LD block that clearly differentiate resistant and susceptible accessions. The peak SNP was selected and used to develop a cost-effective molecular marker assay, which was validated in a subset of the initial panel. In an accuracy test, this SNP assay demonstrated 98% selection efficiency. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest relevance of this locus to SSC resistance in soybean cultivars and accessions from different countries, and the SNP marker assay developed in this study can be directly applied in MAS studies in breeding programs to select materials that are resistant against this pathogen and support its introgression.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Vitor Maldonado dos Santos
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, National Soybean Research Center (Embrapa Soja), Carlos João Strass Road, Warta County, PR Brazil
- Londrina State University (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, km 380, Londrina, PR Brazil
| | | | - André Luiz de Lima Passianotto
- Londrina State University (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, km 380, Londrina, PR Brazil
- Present address: Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2V7 Canada
| | - Bruna Bley Brumer
- Londrina State University (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, km 380, Londrina, PR Brazil
| | - Adriana Brombini Dos Santos
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, National Soybean Research Center (Embrapa Soja), Carlos João Strass Road, Warta County, PR Brazil
| | - Rafael Moreira Soares
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, National Soybean Research Center (Embrapa Soja), Carlos João Strass Road, Warta County, PR Brazil
| | - Davoud Torkamaneh
- Department of Plant Sciences and Institute of Integrative Biology and Systems (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Carlos Alberto Arrabal Arias
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, National Soybean Research Center (Embrapa Soja), Carlos João Strass Road, Warta County, PR Brazil
| | - François Belzile
- Department of Plant Sciences and Institute of Integrative Biology and Systems (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Ricardo Vilela Abdelnoor
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, National Soybean Research Center (Embrapa Soja), Carlos João Strass Road, Warta County, PR Brazil
- Londrina State University (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, km 380, Londrina, PR Brazil
| | - Francismar Corrêa Marcelino-Guimarães
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, National Soybean Research Center (Embrapa Soja), Carlos João Strass Road, Warta County, PR Brazil
- Londrina State University (UEL), Celso Garcia Cid Road, km 380, Londrina, PR Brazil
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15
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Zatybekov A, Abugalieva S, Didorenko S, Rsaliyev A, Turuspekov Y. GWAS of a soybean breeding collection from South East and South Kazakhstan for resistance to fungal diseases. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2018. [DOI: 10.18699/vj18.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr) is an essential food, feed, and technical culture. In Kazakhstan the area under soybean is increasing every year, helping to solve the problem of protein deficiency in human nutrition and animal feeding. One of the main problems of soybean production is fungal diseases causing yields losses of up to 30 %. Modern genomic studies can be applied to facilitate efficient breeding research for improvement of soybean fungal disease tolerance. Therefore, the objective of this genome-wide association study (GWAS) was analysis of a soybean collection consisting of 182 accessions in relation to fungal diseases in the conditions of South East and South Kazakhstan. Field evaluation of the soybean collection suggested thatFusariumspp. andCercospora sojinaaffected plants in the South region (RIBSP), andSeptoria glycines– in the South East region (KRIAPP). The major objective of the study was identification of QTL associated with resistance to fusarium root rot (FUS), frogeye leaf spot (FLS), and brown spot (BS). GWAS using 4 442 SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers of Illumina iSelect array allowed for identification of fifteen marker trait associations (MTA) resistant to the three diseases at two different stages of growth. Two QTL both for FUS (chromosomes 13 and 17) and BS (chromosomes 14 and 17) were genetically mapped, including one presumably novel QTL for BS (chromosome 17). Also, five presumably novel QTL for FLS were genetically mapped on chromosomes 2, 7, and 15. The results can be used for improvement of the local breeding projects based on marker-assisted selection approach.
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16
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Karthikeyan A, Li K, Li C, Yin J, Li N, Yang Y, Song Y, Ren R, Zhi H, Gai J. Fine-mapping and identifying candidate genes conferring resistance to Soybean mosaic virus strain SC20 in soybean. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2018; 131:461-476. [PMID: 29181547 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-017-3014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The Mendelian gene conferring resistance to Soybean mosaic virus Strain SC20 in soybean was fine-mapped onto a 79-kb segment on Chr.13 where two closely linked candidate genes were identified and qRT-PCR verified. Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) threatens the world soybean production, particularly in China. A country-wide SMV strain system composed of 22 strains was established in China, among which SC20 is a dominant strain in five provinces in Southern China. Resistance to SC20 was evaluated in parents, F1, F2 and the F2:7 RIL (recombinant inbred line) population derived from a cross between Qihuang-1 (resistant) and NN1138-2 (susceptible). The segregation ratio of resistant to susceptible in the populations suggested a single dominant gene involved in the resistance to SC20 in Qihuang-1. A "partial genome mapping strategy" was used to map the resistance gene on Chromosome 13. Linkage analysis between 178 RILs and genetic markers showed that the SC20-resistance gene located at 3.9 and 3.8 cM to the flanking markers BARCSOYSSR_13_1099 and BARCSOYSSR_13_1185 on Chromosome 13. Subsequently, a residual heterozygote segregating population with 346 individuals was developed by selfing four plants heterozygous at markers adjacent to the tentative SC20-resistance gene; then, the candidate region was delimited to a genomic interval of approximately 79 kb flanked by the new markers gm-ssr_13-14 and gm-indel_13-3. Among the seven annotated candidate genes in this region, two genes, Glyma.13G194700 and Glyma.13G195100, encoding Toll Interleukin Receptor-nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich repeat resistance proteins were identified as candidate resistance genes by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis. The two closely linked genes work together to cause the phenotypic segregation as a single Mendelian gene. These results will facilitate marker-assisted selection, gene cloning and breeding for the resistance to SC20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhimoolam Karthikeyan
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Li
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cui Li
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinlong Yin
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Na Li
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunhua Yang
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingpei Song
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Ren
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haijian Zhi
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junyi Gai
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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17
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Steele KA, Quinton-Tulloch MJ, Amgai RB, Dhakal R, Khatiwada SP, Vyas D, Heine M, Witcombe JR. Accelerating public sector rice breeding with high-density KASP markers derived from whole genome sequencing of indica rice. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2018; 38:38. [PMID: 29563850 PMCID: PMC5842261 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-018-0777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Few public sector rice breeders have the capacity to use NGS-derived markers in their breeding programmes despite rapidly expanding repositories of rice genome sequence data. They rely on > 18,000 mapped microsatellites (SSRs) for marker-assisted selection (MAS) using gel analysis. Lack of knowledge about target SNP and InDel variant loci has hampered the uptake by many breeders of Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP), a proprietary technology of LGC genomics that can distinguish alleles at variant loci. KASP is a cost-effective single-step genotyping technology, cheaper than SSRs and more flexible than genotyping by sequencing (GBS) or array-based genotyping when used in selection programmes. Before this study, there were 2015 rice KASP marker loci in the public domain, mainly identified by array-based screening, leaving large proportions of the rice genome with no KASP coverage. Here we have addressed the urgent need for a wide choice of appropriate rice KASP assays and demonstrated that NGS can detect many more KASP to give full genome coverage. Through re-sequencing of nine indica rice breeding lines or released varieties, this study has identified 2.5 million variant sites. Stringent filtering of variants generated 1.3 million potential KASP assay designs, including 92,500 potential functional markers. This strategy delivers a 650-fold increase in potential selectable KASP markers at a density of 3.1 per 1 kb in the indica crosses analysed and 377,178 polymorphic KASP design sites on average per cross. This knowledge is available to breeders and has been utilised to improve the efficiency of public sector breeding in Nepal, enabling identification of polymorphic KASP at any region or quantitative trait loci in relevant crosses. Validation of 39 new KASP was carried out by genotyping progeny from a range of crosses to show that they detected segregating alleles. The new KASP have replaced SSRs to aid trait selection during marker-assisted backcrossing in these crosses, where target traits include rice blast and BLB resistance loci. Furthermore, we provide the software for plant breeders to generate KASP designs from their own datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Steele
- School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, SENRGY, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW UK
| | - Mark J. Quinton-Tulloch
- School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, SENRGY, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW UK
| | - Resham B. Amgai
- Biotechnology Division, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, PO Box No. 1135, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rajeev Dhakal
- Anamolbiu Private Ltd., P.O. Box 28, Jagritichok, Bharatpur-11, Chitwan, Nepal
- Present Address: LI-BIRD, PO Box 324, Gairapatan, Kaski, Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Shambhu P. Khatiwada
- Biotechnology Division, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, PO Box No. 1135, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Darshna Vyas
- LGC Genomics, Units 1 & 2, Trident Industrial Estate, Pindar Road, Hoddesdon, Herts EN11 0WZ UK
| | - Martin Heine
- LGC Genomics, TGS Haus 8, Ostendstr. 25, 12459 Berlin, Germany
- Present Address: NuGEN Technologies Inc., 201 Industrial Road, Suite 310, San Carlos, CA 94070 USA
| | - John R. Witcombe
- School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, SENRGY, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW UK
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Jatayev S, Kurishbayev A, Zotova L, Khasanova G, Serikbay D, Zhubatkanov A, Botayeva M, Zhumalin A, Turbekova A, Soole K, Langridge P, Shavrukov Y. Advantages of Amplifluor-like SNP markers over KASP in plant genotyping. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:254. [PMID: 29297326 PMCID: PMC5751575 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND KASP (KBioscience Competitive Allele Specific PCR) and Amplifluor (Amplification with fluorescence) SNP markers are two prominent technologies based upon a shared identical Allele-specific PCR platform. METHODS Amplifluor-like SNP and KASP analysis was carried out using published and own design of Universal probes (UPs) and Gene-specific primers (GSPs). RESULTS Advantages of the Amplifluor-like system over KASP include the significantly lower costs and much greater flexibility in the adjustment and development of 'self-designed' dual fluorescently-labelled UPs and regular GSPs. The presented results include optimisation of 'tail' length in UPs and GSPs, protocol adjustment, and the use of various fluorophores in different qPCR instruments. The compatibility of the KASP Master-mix in both original and Amplifluor-like systems has been demonstrated in the presented results, proving their similar principles. Results of SNP scoring with rare alleles in addition to more frequently occurring alleles are shown. CONCLUSIONS The Amplifluor-like system produces SNP genotyping results with a level of sensitivity and accuracy comparable to KASP but at a significantly cheaper cost and with much greater flexibility for UPs with self-designed GSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyvaldy Jatayev
- Faculty of Agronomy, S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Akhylbek Kurishbayev
- Faculty of Agronomy, S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Lyudmila Zotova
- Faculty of Agronomy, S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulmira Khasanova
- Faculty of Agronomy, S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Dauren Serikbay
- Faculty of Agronomy, S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Askar Zhubatkanov
- Faculty of Agronomy, S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Makpal Botayeva
- Faculty of Agronomy, S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Aibek Zhumalin
- Faculty of Agronomy, S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Arysgul Turbekova
- Faculty of Agronomy, S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Kathleen Soole
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA Australia
| | - Peter Langridge
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA Australia
| | - Yuri Shavrukov
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA Australia
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Smallwood CJ, Gillman JD, Saxton AM, Bhandari HS, Wadl PA, Fallen BD, Hyten DL, Song Q, Pantalone VR. Identifying and exploring significant genomic regions associated with soybean yield, seed fatty acids, protein and oil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12892-017-0020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Patil G, Chaudhary J, Vuong TD, Jenkins B, Qiu D, Kadam S, Shannon GJ, Nguyen HT. Development of SNP Genotyping Assays for Seed Composition Traits in Soybean. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT GENOMICS 2017; 2017:6572969. [PMID: 28630621 PMCID: PMC5463095 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6572969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Seed composition is one of the most important determinants of the economic values in soybean. The quality and quantity of different seed components, such as oil, protein, and carbohydrates, are crucial ingredients in food, feed, and numerous industrial products. Soybean researchers have successfully developed and utilized a diverse set of molecular markers for seed trait improvement in soybean breeding programs. It is imperative to design and develop molecular assays that are accurate, robust, high-throughput, cost-effective, and available on a common genotyping platform. In the present study, we developed and validated KASP (Kompetitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction) genotyping assays based on previously known functional mutant alleles for the seed composition traits, including fatty acids, oligosaccharides, trypsin inhibitor, and lipoxygenase. These assays were validated on mutant sources as well as mapping populations and precisely distinguish the homozygotes and heterozygotes of the mutant genes. With the obvious advantages, newly developed KASP assays in this study can substitute the genotyping assays that were previously developed for marker-assisted selection (MAS). The functional gene-based assay resource developed using common genotyping platform will be helpful to accelerate efforts to improve soybean seed composition traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunvant Patil
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Juhi Chaudhary
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Tri D. Vuong
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Brian Jenkins
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Dan Qiu
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Suhas Kadam
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Grover J. Shannon
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Henry T. Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- *Henry T. Nguyen:
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Dhanapal AP, Ray JD, Singh SK, Hoyos-Villegas V, Smith JR, Purcell LC, Fritschi FB. Genome-wide association mapping of soybean chlorophyll traits based on canopy spectral reflectance and leaf extracts. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:174. [PMID: 27488358 PMCID: PMC4973047 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorophyll is a major component of chloroplasts and a better understanding of the genetic basis of chlorophyll in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] might contribute to improving photosynthetic capacity and yield in regions with adverse environmental conditions. A collection of 332 diverse soybean genotypes were grown in 2 years (2009 and 2010) and chlorophyll a (eChl_A), chlorophyll b (eChl_B), and total chlorophyll (eChl_T) content as well as chlorophyll a/b ratio (eChl_R) in leaf tissues were determined by extraction and spectrometric determination. Total chlorophyll was also derived from canopy spectral reflectance measurements using a model of wavelet transformed spectra (tChl_T) as well as with a spectral reflectance index (iChl_T). RESULTS A genome-wide associating mapping approach was employed using 31,253 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify loci associated with the extract based eChl_A, eChl_B, eChl_R and eChl_T measurements and the two canopy spectral reflectance-based methods (tChl_T and iChl_T). A total of 23 (14 loci), 15 (7 loci) and 14 SNPs (10 loci) showed significant association with eChl_A, eChl_B and eChl_R respectively. A total of 52 unique SNPs were significantly associated with total chlorophyll content based on at least one of the three approaches (eChl_T, tChl_T and iChl_T) and likely tagged 27 putative loci for total chlorophyll content, four of which were indicated by all three approaches. CONCLUSIONS Results presented here show that markers for chlorophyll traits can be identified in soybean using both extract-based and canopy spectral reflectance-based phenotypes, and confirm that high-throughput phenotyping-amenable canopy spectral reflectance measurements can be used for association mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffery D. Ray
- Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA
| | | | | | - James R. Smith
- Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA
| | - Larry C. Purcell
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704 USA
| | - Felix B. Fritschi
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
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