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Ambron E, Garcea FE, Cason S, Medina J, Detre JA, Coslett HB. The influence of hand posture on tactile processing: Evidence from a 7T functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Cortex 2024; 173:138-149. [PMID: 38394974 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Although behavioral evidence has shown that postural changes influence the ability to localize or detect tactile stimuli, little is known regarding the brain areas that modulate these effects. This 7T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study explores the effects of touch of the hand as a function of hand location (right or left side of the body) and hand configuration (open or closed). We predicted that changes in hand configuration would be represented in contralateral primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and the anterior intraparietal area (aIPS), whereas change in position of the hand would be associated with alterations in activation in the superior parietal lobule. Multivoxel pattern analysis and a region of interest approach partially supported our predictions. Decoding accuracy for hand location was above chance level in superior parietal lobule (SPL) and in the anterior intraparietal (aIPS) area; above chance classification of hand configuration was observed in SPL and S1. This evidence confirmed the role of the parietal cortex in postural effects on touch and the possible role of S1 in coding the body form representation of the hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Ambron
- Laboratory for Cognition and Neural Stimulation, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, USA; Department Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Frank E Garcea
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA; Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA.
| | - Samuel Cason
- Laboratory for Cognition and Neural Stimulation, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, USA; Department Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jared Medina
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, USA
| | - John A Detre
- Department Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - H Branch Coslett
- Laboratory for Cognition and Neural Stimulation, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, USA; Department Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Kikkert S, Sonar HA, Freund P, Paik J, Wenderoth N. Hand and face somatotopy shown using MRI-safe vibrotactile stimulation with a novel soft pneumatic actuator (SPA)-skin interface. Neuroimage 2023; 269:119932. [PMID: 36750151 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The exact somatotopy of the human facial representation in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) remains debated. One reason that progress has been hampered is due to the methodological challenge of how to apply automated vibrotactile stimuli to face areas in a manner that is: (1) reliable despite differences in the curvatures of face locations; and (2) MR-compatible and free of MR-interference artefacts when applied in the MR head-coil. Here we overcome this challenge by using soft pneumatic actuator (SPA) technology. SPAs are made of a soft silicon material and can be in- or deflated by means of airflow, have a small diameter, and are flexible in structure, enabling good skin contact even on curved body surfaces (as on the face). To validate our approach, we first mapped the well-characterised S1 finger layout using this novel device and confirmed that tactile stimulation of the fingers elicited characteristic somatotopic finger activations in S1. We then used the device to automatically and systematically deliver somatosensory stimulation to different face locations. We found that the forehead representation was least distant from the representation of the hand. Within the face representation, we found that the lip representation is most distant from the forehead representation, with the chin represented in between. Together, our results demonstrate that this novel MR compatible device produces robust and clear somatotopic representational patterns using vibrotactile stimulation through SPA-technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Kikkert
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Spinal Cord Injury Center Balgrist, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Patrick Freund
- Spinal Cord Injury Center Balgrist, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jamie Paik
- Reconfigurable Robotics Lab, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Wenderoth
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Akselrod M, Martuzzi R, van der Zwaag W, Blanke O, Serino A. Relation between palm and finger cortical representations in primary somatosensory cortex: A 7T fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:2262-2277. [PMID: 33621380 PMCID: PMC8046155 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies focused on the cortical representations of fingers, while the palm is relatively neglected despite its importance for hand function. Here, we investigated palm representation (PR) and its relationship with finger representations (FRs) in primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Few studies in humans suggested that PR is located medially with respect to FRs in S1, yet to date, no study directly quantified the somatotopic organization of PR and the five FRs. Importantly, the link between the somatotopic organization of PR and FRs and their activation properties remains largely unexplored. Using 7T fMRI, we mapped PR and the five FRs at the single subject level. First, we analyzed the cortical distance between PR and FRs to determine their somatotopic organization. Results show that PR was located medially with respect to D5. Second, we tested whether the observed cortical distances would predict the relationship between PR and FRs activations. Using three complementary measures (cross-activations, pattern similarity and resting-state connectivity), we show that the relationship between PR and FRs activations were not determined by their somatotopic organization, that is, there was no gradient moving from D5 to D1, except for resting-state connectivity, which was predicted by the somatotopy. Instead, we show that the representational geometry of PR and FRs activations reflected the physical structure of the hand. Collectively, our findings suggest that the spatial proximity between topographically organized neuronal populations do not necessarily predicts their functional properties, rather the structure of the sensory space (e.g., the hand shape) better describes the observed results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Akselrod
- Laboratory MySpace, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute and Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland.,Minded Program, CMON Unit, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Martuzzi
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute and Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland.,Foundation Campus Biotech Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Olaf Blanke
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute and Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Serino
- Laboratory MySpace, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute and Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
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4
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Panchuelo RMS, Eldeghaidy S, Marshall A, McGlone F, Francis ST, Favorov O. A nociresponsive specific area of human somatosensory cortex within BA3a: BA3c? Neuroimage 2020; 221:117187. [PMID: 32711068 PMCID: PMC7762820 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that in primates, including humans, noxious body stimulation evokes a neural response in the posterior bank of the central sulcus, in Brodmann cytoarchitectonic subdivisions 3b and 1 of the primary somatosensory cortex. This response is associated with the 1st/sharp pain and contributes to sensory discriminative aspects of pain perception and spatial localization of the noxious stimulus. However, neurophysiological studies in New World monkeys predict that in humans noxious stimulation also evokes a separate neural response-mediated by C-afferent drive and associated with the 2nd/burning pain-in the depth of the central sulcus in Brodmann area 3a (BA3a) at the transition between the somatosensory and motor cortices. To evoke such a response, it is necessary to use multi-second duration noxious stimulation, rather than brief laser pulses. Given the limited human pain-imaging literature on cortical responses induced by C-nociceptive input specifically within BA3a, here we used high spatial resolution 7T fMRI to study the response to thermonoxious skin stimulation. We observed the predicted response of BA3a in the depth of the central sulcus in five human volunteers. Review of the available evidence suggests that the nociresponsive region in the depth of the central sulcus is a structurally and functionally distinct cortical area that should not be confused with proprioceptive BA3a. It is most likely engaged in interoception and control of the autonomic nervous system, and contributes to the sympathetic response to noxious stimulation, arguably the most intolerable aspect of pain experience. Ablation of this region has been shown to reduce pain sensibility and might offer an effective means of ameliorating some pathological pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Sanchez Panchuelo
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Sally Eldeghaidy
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; Future Food Beacon, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew Marshall
- Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Francis McGlone
- School of natural Science and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Susan T Francis
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Oleg Favorov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, CB #7575, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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A probabilistic atlas of finger dominance in the primary somatosensory cortex. Neuroimage 2020; 217:116880. [PMID: 32376303 PMCID: PMC7339146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of ultra-high field (7T), high spatial resolution functional MRI (fMRI) has allowed the differentiation of the cortical representations of each of the digits at an individual-subject level in human primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Here we generate a probabilistic atlas of the contralateral SI representations of the digits of both the left and right hand in a group of 22 right-handed individuals. The atlas is generated in both volume and surface standardised spaces from somatotopic maps obtained by delivering vibrotactile stimulation to each distal phalangeal digit using a travelling wave paradigm. Metrics quantify the likelihood of a given position being assigned to a digit (full probability map) and the most probable digit for a given spatial location (maximum probability map). The atlas is validated using a leave-one-out cross validation procedure. Anatomical variance across the somatotopic map is also assessed to investigate whether the functional variability across subjects is coupled to structural differences. This probabilistic atlas quantifies the variability in digit representations in healthy subjects, finding some quantifiable separability between digits 2, 3 and 4, a complex overlapping relationship between digits 1 and 2, and little agreement of digit 5 across subjects. The atlas and constituent subject maps are available online for use as a reference in future neuroimaging studies.
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Single subject and group whole-brain fMRI mapping of male genital sensation at 7 Tesla. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2487. [PMID: 32051426 PMCID: PMC7015912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58966-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Processing of genital sensations in the central nervous system of humans is still poorly understood. Current knowledge is mainly based on neuroimaging studies using electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG), and 1.5- or 3- Tesla (T) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), all of which suffer from limited spatial resolution and sensitivity, thereby relying on group analyses to reveal significant data. Here, we studied the impact of passive, yet non-arousing, tactile stimulation of the penile shaft using ultra-high field 7T fMRI. With this approach, penile stimulation evoked significant activations in distinct areas of the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices (S1 & S2), premotor cortex, insula, midcingulate gyrus, prefrontal cortex, thalamus and cerebellum, both at single subject and group level. Passive tactile stimulation of the feet, studied for control, also evoked significant activation in S1, S2, insula, thalamus and cerebellum, but predominantly, yet not exclusively, in areas that could be segregated from those associated with penile stimulation. Evaluation of the whole-brain activation patterns and connectivity analyses indicate that genital sensations following passive stimulation are, unlike those following feet stimulation, processed in both sensorimotor and affective regions.
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7
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Ultra-high field MRI: Advancing systems neuroscience towards mesoscopic human brain function. Neuroimage 2018; 168:345-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Serino A, Akselrod M, Salomon R, Martuzzi R, Blefari ML, Canzoneri E, Rognini G, van der Zwaag W, Iakova M, Luthi F, Amoresano A, Kuiken T, Blanke O. Upper limb cortical maps in amputees with targeted muscle and sensory reinnervation. Brain 2017; 140:2993-3011. [PMID: 29088353 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroprosthetics research in amputee patients aims at developing new prostheses that move and feel like real limbs. Targeted muscle and sensory reinnervation (TMSR) is such an approach and consists of rerouting motor and sensory nerves from the residual limb towards intact muscles and skin regions. Movement of the myoelectric prosthesis is enabled via decoded electromyography activity from reinnervated muscles and touch sensation on the missing limb is enabled by stimulation of the reinnervated skin areas. Here we ask whether and how motor control and redirected somatosensory stimulation provided via TMSR affected the maps of the upper limb in primary motor (M1) and primary somatosensory (S1) cortex, as well as their functional connections. To this aim, we tested three TMSR patients and investigated the extent, strength, and topographical organization of the missing limb and several control body regions in M1 and S1 at ultra high-field (7 T) functional magnetic resonance imaging. Additionally, we analysed the functional connectivity between M1 and S1 and of both these regions with fronto-parietal regions, known to be important for multisensory upper limb processing. These data were compared with those of control amputee patients (n = 6) and healthy controls (n = 12). We found that M1 maps of the amputated limb in TMSR patients were similar in terms of extent, strength, and topography to healthy controls and different from non-TMSR patients. S1 maps of TMSR patients were also more similar to normal conditions in terms of topographical organization and extent, as compared to non-targeted muscle and sensory reinnervation patients, but weaker in activation strength compared to healthy controls. Functional connectivity in TMSR patients between upper limb maps in M1 and S1 was comparable with healthy controls, while being reduced in non-TMSR patients. However, connectivity was reduced between S1 and fronto-parietal regions, in both the TMSR and non-TMSR patients with respect to healthy controls. This was associated with the absence of a well-established multisensory effect (visual enhancement of touch) in TMSR patients. Collectively, these results show how M1 and S1 process signals related to movement and touch are enabled by targeted muscle and sensory reinnervation. Moreover, they suggest that TMSR may counteract maladaptive cortical plasticity typically found after limb loss, in M1, partially in S1, and in their mutual connectivity. The lack of multisensory interaction in the present data suggests that further engineering advances are necessary (e.g. the integration of somatosensory feedback into current prostheses) to enable prostheses that move and feel as real limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Serino
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL), chemin des mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL), chemin des mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), Switzerland
| | - Michel Akselrod
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL), chemin des mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL), chemin des mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), Switzerland
| | - Roy Salomon
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL), chemin des mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL), chemin des mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.,The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Roberto Martuzzi
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL), chemin des mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL), chemin des mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.,Campus Biotech Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Laura Blefari
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL), chemin des mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL), chemin des mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Canzoneri
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL), chemin des mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL), chemin des mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Rognini
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL), chemin des mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL), chemin des mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wietske van der Zwaag
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Iakova
- Département de l'appareil locomoteur, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation SUVA Care, Sion, Switzerland
| | - François Luthi
- Département de l'appareil locomoteur, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation SUVA Care, Sion, Switzerland
| | | | - Todd Kuiken
- Center for Bionic Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Olaf Blanke
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL), chemin des mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne (EPFL), chemin des mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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9
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Anatomical and functional properties of the foot and leg representation in areas 3b, 1 and 2 of primary somatosensory cortex in humans: A 7T fMRI study. Neuroimage 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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10
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De Martino F, Yacoub E, Kemper V, Moerel M, Uludağ K, De Weerd P, Ugurbil K, Goebel R, Formisano E. The impact of ultra-high field MRI on cognitive and computational neuroimaging. Neuroimage 2017; 168:366-382. [PMID: 28396293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to measure functional brain responses non-invasively with ultra high field MRI (7 T and above) represents a unique opportunity in advancing our understanding of the human brain. Compared to lower fields (3 T and below), ultra high field MRI has an increased sensitivity, which can be used to acquire functional images with greater spatial resolution, and greater specificity of the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal to the underlying neuronal responses. Together, increased resolution and specificity enable investigating brain functions at a submillimeter scale, which so far could only be done with invasive techniques. At this mesoscopic spatial scale, perception, cognition and behavior can be probed at the level of fundamental units of neural computations, such as cortical columns, cortical layers, and subcortical nuclei. This represents a unique and distinctive advantage that differentiates ultra high from lower field imaging and that can foster a tighter link between fMRI and computational modeling of neural networks. So far, functional brain mapping at submillimeter scale has focused on the processing of sensory information and on well-known systems for which extensive information is available from invasive recordings in animals. It remains an open challenge to extend this methodology to uniquely human functions and, more generally, to systems for which animal models may be problematic. To succeed, the possibility to acquire high-resolution functional data with large spatial coverage, the availability of computational models of neural processing as well as accurate biophysical modeling of neurovascular coupling at mesoscopic scale all appear necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico De Martino
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, 2021 sixth street SE, 55455 Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Essa Yacoub
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, 2021 sixth street SE, 55455 Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Valentin Kemper
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle Moerel
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht Center for System Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 60, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kâmil Uludağ
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter De Weerd
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kamil Ugurbil
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, 2021 sixth street SE, 55455 Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rainer Goebel
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elia Formisano
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht Center for System Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 60, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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