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Agrafioti P, Vrontaki M, Rigopoulou M, Lampiri E, Grigoriadou K, Ioannidis PM, Rumbos CI, Athanassiou CG. Insecticidal Effect of Diatomaceous Earth Formulations for the Control of a Wide Range of Stored-Product Beetle Species. INSECTS 2023; 14:656. [PMID: 37504662 PMCID: PMC10380314 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Diatomaceous earth (DE) formulations are promising alternatives over the use of traditional insecticides. In the present study, a series of laboratory bioassays was carried out to assess the efficacy of three diatomaceous earth formulations, i.e., Silicid, Celatom® MN-23, and SilicoSec®, for the control of a wide range of stored-product insect species in soft wheat. The species tested were Tribolium confusum, Tribolium castaneum, Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus granarius, Rhyzopertha dominica, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, and Alphitobious diaperinus. Different dose rates, i.e., 0 (control), 100, 300, 500, and 1000 ppm, were used for each of the aforementioned dust formulations. Mortality levels of the exposed individuals were assessed after 3, 7, 14, and 21 days of exposure. Moreover, progeny were counted 65 days later. Based on our results, dust formulations were effective for the control of most of the stored-product beetle species tested. Among the DE formulations tested, Silicid could adequately control the stored-product insect species. Complete suppression of offspring was observed only for secondary species (T. confusum, T. castaneum, O. surinamensis, and A. diaperinus). For primary species (S. oryzae, S. granarius, and R. dominica), the lowest number of progeny was observed in wheat treated with Silicid. For instance, in the case of R. dominica, significantly fewer individuals were produced in Silicid-treated wheat at the highest dose rate. The results of the present study aim to encourage the utilization of DE in stored-product protection as an integrated pest management tool. Additional experimentation is required to apply the tested DE formulations in the field and on different surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Agrafioti
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446 Nea Ionia, Greece
| | - Mariastela Vrontaki
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446 Nea Ionia, Greece
| | - Marianna Rigopoulou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446 Nea Ionia, Greece
| | - Evagelia Lampiri
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446 Nea Ionia, Greece
| | - Katerina Grigoriadou
- Hellenic Feedstuff Industries S.A., 59300 Plati Imathias, Greece
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Christos I Rumbos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446 Nea Ionia, Greece
| | - Christos G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446 Nea Ionia, Greece
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Morrison WR, Brabec D, Bruce A, Arthur FH, Athanassiou CG. Immediate and delayed movement of resistant and susceptible adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) after short exposures to phosphine. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2066-2074. [PMID: 36700675 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the last decade, the evaluation of certain behavioral attributes has been utilized as an indicator of resistance to phosphine. In this context, an underappreciated challenge may be the development of behavioral traits that are related with resistance to phosphine such as the movement to refugia and recovery of stored product insects after short exposures. Thus, the aim of the current study was to track the movement of phosphine-resistant and -susceptible adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), which is a major pest of stored products, after brief exposures to phosphine. Exposures were followed for extended intervals to assess the recovery patterns and how those patterns are related to known resistance to phosphine. A video-tracking procedure coupled with Ethovision software was used to assess movement after exposure. RESULTS Overall, we found baseline movement was less for phosphine-resistant T. castaneum, suggesting resistance comes at a considerable fitness cost. In the presence of phosphine (1000 or 3000 ppm), there was a much greater reduction in movement for phosphine-susceptible than phosphine-resistant T. castaneum adults immediately after brief 5-min exposures. Twenty-four hours later, these effects were more variable and less apparent, regardless of the susceptibility level. CONCLUSIONS The initial knockdown associated with successful fumigation may just be a temporary state whereafter insects shortly resume movement and may be able to seek out refugia from phosphine, thereby promoting the development of resistance. Our results strengthen a growing consensus that it is the speed to knockdown that truly matters, with quick knockdown indicating slow recovery and a reduced likelihood for the occurrence of resistance. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Morrison
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Daniel Brabec
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Alexander Bruce
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 370 E. J. Chapman Dr. Plant Biotechnology Building, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Frank H Arthur
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Christos G Athanassiou
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Magnesia, Greece
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Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3933. [PMID: 33594183 PMCID: PMC7887275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphine is the most commonly used gas for fumigation for durable commodities globally, but there is still inadequate information regarding its efficacy in conjunction with proper concentration monitoring. In a series of bioassays, insect mortality after specific exposure intervals to phosphine in selected species was examined, as well as the appearance of the so called "sweet spot". The species that were tested were: Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) with populations that had different levels of phosphine resistance. Evaluation was conducted by using the Phosphine Tolerance Test (PTT), with exposure of the adult stage for 15, 30, 60, 90, 150 and 300 min at 3000 ppm. At the end of these intervals (separate bioassays for each time interval), the insects were transferred to Petri dishes, in which recovery was recorded at different time intervals (2 h, 1, 2 and 7 days). The majority of susceptible populations of all species were instantly immobilized even in the shortest exposure period (15 min), in contrast with resistant populations that were active even after 300 min. After exposure to phosphine, populations and exposure time affected mortality of susceptible populations, whereas resistant populations recovered regardless of species and exposure time. Additional bioassays at the concentrations of 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm for 1, 3, 5, 20, 30 and 40 h showed the presence of the "sweet spot", i.e., decrease of mortality with the increase of concentration. In fact, for most of the tested species, the "sweet spot" appeared in 1000 and 2000 ppm at a 5-h exposure time, regardless of the level of resistance to phosphine. This observation is particularly important both in terms of the assessment of resistance and in the context of non-linear recovery at elevated concentrations, indicating the occurrence of strong hormetic reversals in phosphine efficacy.
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Tsaganou FK, Vassilakos TN, Athanassiou CG. Knockdown-Mortality Responses of Six Stored-Product Beetle Species on Different Surfaces Treated With Thiamethoxam, Using a Standardized Lethality Index. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:430-439. [PMID: 33313685 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioassays were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of thiamethoxam in different surfaces, against six stored-grain insects, Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae), and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Six different surfaces (concrete, plywood, galvanized steel, linen, plastic, and ceramic tile) treated with thiamethoxam at 0.05 and 0.1 mg/cm2 were used as substrate for adult exposure. Knockdown was recorded after 1, 3, and 7 d of exposure to the treated surface, in order to calculate a Standardized Lethality Index (SLI). Knockdown counts were ranked from '0' to '4', with '0' representing adult insects 'moved generally' and '4' representing dead insects. Based on the results, insect knockdown seems leading to mortality than to recovery and the SLI ranking of the target species according to their susceptibility to thiamethoxam showed that S. granarius being more susceptible and decreasing susceptibility in an order of S. oryzae > T. castaneum ≥ O. surinamenis ≥ C. ferrugineus ≥ T. confusum. In general, among the surfaces, thiamethoxam efficacy was lower on linen, wooden, and concrete surfaces, as compared to metallic and plastic surfaces. Nevertheless, at the end of 7-d exposure, all surfaces equally affected thiamethoxam toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotoula K Tsaganou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece
| | - Thomas N Vassilakos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece
| | - Christos G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece
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Athanassiou CG, Kavallieratos NG, Arthur FH, Nakas CT. Rating knockdown of flour beetles after exposure to two insecticides as an indicator of mortality. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1145. [PMID: 33441570 PMCID: PMC7806656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78982-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Knockdown and mortality of adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, were assessed after exposure to two contact insecticides, chlorfenapyr and cyfluthrin, on a concrete surface. Individuals were rated on a scale for knockdown of exposed adults according to their mobility from 1, representing immobilized adults to 5, representing normally moving (similar to the controls). Only cyfluthrin gave immediate knockdown. Adults were rated at 1, 3 and 7 days post-exposure. After the final assessment, adults were discarded and the same procedure was repeated for 5 consecutive weeks with new adults exposed on the same treated surfaces. Despite initial knockdown, many individuals did not eventually die after exposure to cyfluthrin. In contrast, adults exposed to chlorfenapyr were not initially knocked down after exposure but most died after 7 days. These trends were similar during the entire 5-week residual testing period. The storage of the treated dishes in illuminated or non-illuminated conditions did not affect the insecticidal effect of either insecticide. The results of the present study can be further implemented towards the design of a “lethality index” that can serve as a quick indicator of knockdown and mortality rates caused after exposure to insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446, Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece. .,Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA.
| | - Nickolas G Kavallieratos
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA.,Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Frank H Arthur
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA.,Retired, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Christos T Nakas
- Laboratory of Biometry, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446, Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece.,University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Arthur FH, Athanassiou CG, Morrison WR. Mobility of Stored Product Beetles after Exposure to a Combination Insecticide Containing Deltamethrin, Methoprene, and a Piperonyl Butoxide Synergist Depends on Species, Concentration, and Exposure Time. INSECTS 2020; 11:E151. [PMID: 32121416 PMCID: PMC7142774 DOI: 10.3390/insects11030151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
: Adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), the lesser grain borer, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), the rusty grain beetle, and Sitophilus oryzae (L.), the rice weevil, were exposed for 1, 24, and 72 h on wheat treated with concentrations of 0% (untreated controls) to 100% of the proposed label rate of an experimental formulation of deltamethrin + Methoprene + piperonyl butoxide synergist. Movement and velocity of movement were assessed after each exposure time using a camera-based monitoring system (Ethovision®). Movement of R. dominica decreased with increasing concentration and exposure time, so that movement had virtually ceased at the 48 and 72 h exposures. Cryptolestes ferrugineus was less susceptible compared to R. dominica, but there was still a general pattern of decreased movement and velocity of movement with increasing concentration and exposure time. Sitophilus oryzae was the least susceptible species, with less differences at the 1 h exposure interval compared to the other two species, but after 24-72 h, the patterns of declining movement and velocity were apparent as the concentration increased. Data were analyzed using curve-fit equations to show the relationship between concentration and exposure time for each species. Results show that the Ethovison system can be used to assess the sub-lethal effects of exposure to grain protectant insecticides and elucidate behavioral variation between different stored product insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank H. Arthur
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (C.G.A.); (W.R.M.III)
| | - Christos G. Athanassiou
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (C.G.A.); (W.R.M.III)
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou str. N. Ionia, 38843 Volos, Greece
| | - W. Robert Morrison
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (C.G.A.); (W.R.M.III)
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Evaluation of the Bioactivities of Rumex crispus L. Leaves and Root Extracts Using Toxicity, Antimicrobial, and Antiparasitic Assays. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:6825297. [PMID: 31827556 PMCID: PMC6885263 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6825297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Traditional folks in different parts of the world use Rumex crispus L. for the treatment of microbial infections, malaria, and sleeping sickness in the form of decoction or tincture. In the search for a natural alternative remedy, this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial, antitrypanosomal, and antiplasmodial efficacy and the toxicity of R. crispus extracts. Antimicrobial potency of the extracts was evaluated using the agar dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The antitrypanosomal activity of the extracts was evaluated with the Trypanosoma brucei brucei model while the antimalaria potency was tested using Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain. Toxicity was then tested with brine shrimp assay and cytotoxicity (HeLa cells). The acetone extract of the root (RT-ACE) reveals the highest antimicrobial potency with the lowest MIC value of <1.562 mg/mL for all bacteria strains and also showed high potent against fungi. RT-ACE (IC50: 13 μg/mL) and methanol extract of the leaf (LF-MEE; IC50: 15 μg/mL) show a strong inhibition of P. falciparum. The ethanol extract of the root (RT-ETE: IC50: 9.7 μg/mL) reveals the highest inhibition of T.b. brucei parasite. RT-ETE and RT-ACE were found to have the highest toxicity in brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) and cytotoxicity which correlates in the two assays. This research revealed Rumex crispus has potency against microorganisms, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium and could be a potential source for the treatment of these diseases.
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Tutuncu S, Emekci M. Comparative efficacy of modified atmospheres enriched with carbon dioxide against Cadra (=Ephestia) cautella. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:5962-5968. [PMID: 31215022 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadra (=Ephestia) cautella (Walker) is a serious cosmopolitan pest that can feed on a wide variety of stored foods. It is controlled mainly by fumigation with phosphine, to which strong resistance has been documented in major stored-product insects in many countries. The need for reliable, user- and environmentally friendly alternatives is therefore high on the agenda to avoid the development of potential resistance and to reduce human exposure to toxic insecticides. Two modified atmospheres (MAs) composed of high carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and low oxygen (O2 ) (90% and 96% CO2 in air) were studied at the laboratory at 20 °C and 65 ± 3% relative humidity (RH) against C. cautella. RESULTS Eggs (1, 2, and 3 days old), young and mature larvae (10 and 20 days old), pupae (1, 2 and 3 days old) and adults (1 day old) were exposed to two MAs consisting of high CO2 and low O2 for the range of 2 to 104 h. Eggs, old larvae, and pupae were found to be the most tolerant. Adults were rather easily killed and young larvae were the most susceptible. Lethal exposure time (LT99 ) values were between 11.74 h and 128.97 h. CONCLUSION Modified atmospheres consisting of high CO2 and low O2 offer an affordable combination to control C. cautella effectively. From the perspective of economics and efficacy, 90% CO2 might be the concentration of choice. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sule Tutuncu
- Kalecik Vocational School, Ankara University, Kalecik, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mevlut Emekci
- Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Faculty, Ankara University, Dıskapı, Ankara, Turkey
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Athanassiou CG, Rumbos CI, Sakka M, Potin O, Storm C, Dillon AB. Delivering Beauveria bassiana with electrostatic powder for the control of stored-product beetles. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:1725-1736. [PMID: 28066976 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of a Beauveria bassiana-based formulation (Bb38) with Entostat, an electrostatically charged powder, was investigated as a surface treatment against Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Oryzaephilus surinamensis and Sitophilus granarius adults. In lab bioassays, the efficacy of Bb38 against the aforementioned species was examined on concrete, plywood, steel and ceramic, whereas its residual efficacy against the same species was assessed on concrete and steel in the presence or absence of illumination. Finally, the efficacy of Bb38 against O. surinamensis and S. granarius adults was assessed in a commercial grain storage facility under realistic field conditions. RESULTS In the lab trials, O. surinamensis and C. ferrugineus were much more susceptible to Bb38 than S. granarius on all types of surfaces. Moreover, Bb38 was, at least for O. surinamensis and C. ferrugineus, as effective as the chemical standard (deltamethrin) for at least 2 months after the application, regardless of the presence or absence of illumination. Finally, in the field trial Bb38 provided a satisfactory level of control against O. surinamensis. CONCLUSION Bb38 is an effective surface treatment, but its efficacy varies according to the target species, the type of surface and the time post-application. This is the first published report that examines the efficacy of Bb38 as a surface treatment for wider uses in empty warehouses and related storage facilities. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Magnesia, Greece
| | - Christos I Rumbos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Magnesia, Greece
| | - Maria Sakka
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Magnesia, Greece
| | | | - Clare Storm
- Exosect Ltd, Leylands Business Park, Colden Common, Winchester, UK
| | - Aoife B Dillon
- Exosect Ltd, Leylands Business Park, Colden Common, Winchester, UK
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