1
|
Sakamaki T, Morita A, Touyama S, Watanabe Y, Suzuki S, Kawai T. Effects of watershed land use on coastal marine environments: A multiscale exploratory analysis with multiple biogeochemical indicators in fringing coral reefs of Okinawa Island. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 183:114054. [PMID: 36007269 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The analytical spatial scale and selection of biogeochemical indicators affect interpretations of land-use impacts on coastal marine environments. In this study, nine biogeochemical indicators were sampled from 36 locations of coral reefs fringing a subtropical island, and their relationships with watershed land use were assessed by spatial autoregressive models with spatial weight matrixes based on distance thresholds of a few to 30 km. POM-relevant indicators were associated with agricultural and urban lands of watersheds within relatively small ranges (6-14 km), while the concentrations of inorganic nutrients were associated with watersheds within 20 km or more. The macroalgal δ15N showed a strong relationship with agricultural lands of watersheds within 7 km and urban/forest lands of watersheds within 24 km. These results demonstrate significant effects of land use on the coral reef ecosystems of the island, and the importance of appropriate combinations of analytical scales and biogeochemical indicators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sakamaki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
| | - Akiko Morita
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan; Oriental Consultants Co., Ltd., Tokyo 151-0071, Japan
| | - Shouji Touyama
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan; Stargate Entertainment, Okinawa 905-0005, Japan
| | | | - Shouhei Suzuki
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawai
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan; Tokyo Kyuei Co., Ltd., Tokyo 101-0032, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shamaskin AC, Correa SB, Street GM, Linhoss AC, Evans KO. Considering the influence of land use/land cover on estuarine biotic richness with Bayesian hierarchical models. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2675. [PMID: 35581947 PMCID: PMC9786285 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The composition of land use/land cover (LULC) in coastal watersheds has many implications for estuarine system ecological function. Land use/land cover can influence allochthonous inputs and can enhance or degrade the physical characteristics of estuaries, which in turn affects estuaries' ability to support local biota. However, these implications for estuaries are often poorly considered when assessing the value of lands for conservation. The focus of research regarding terrestrial and estuarine interfaces often evaluates how LULC may stress estuarine ecosystems, but in this study we sought to understand how LULC may both positively and negatively affect estuaries using measures of observed biotic richness as proxies for estuarine function. We investigated the influence of LULC on estuarine biotic richness with Bayesian hierarchical models using multiple geospatial data sets from 33 estuaries and their associated watersheds along the Gulf of Mexico coastal region of the United States. We designed the hierarchical models with observed species richness of three functional groups (FGs) (i.e., pelagic fishes, forage fishes, and shrimp) from fishery-independent trawl surveys as response variables. We then set salinity and water temperature as trawl-specific covariates and measures of influence from six LULC classes as estuary-specific covariates and allowed the models to vary by estuary, trawl program, salinity, and temperature. The model results indicated that the observed richness of each FG was both positively and negatively associated with different LULC classes, with estuarine wetlands and forested lands demonstrating the strongest positive influences on each FG. The results are generally consistent with past studies, and the modeling framework provides a promising way to systematically quantify LULC linkages with the biotic health of estuaries for the purposes of potentially valuing the estuarine implications of land conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Challen Shamaskin
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and AquacultureMississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMississippiUSA
| | - Sandra B. Correa
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and AquacultureMississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMississippiUSA
| | - Garrett M. Street
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and AquacultureMississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMississippiUSA
| | - Anna C. Linhoss
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringMississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMississippiUSA
| | - Kristine O. Evans
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and AquacultureMississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMississippiUSA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Delevaux JMS, Stamoulis KA. Prioritizing forest management actions to benefit marine habitats in data-poor regions. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13792. [PMID: 34115408 PMCID: PMC9293477 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Land-use change is considered one of the greatest human threats to marine ecosystems globally. Given limited resources for conservation, we adapted and scaled up a spatially explicit, linked land-sea decision support tool using open access global geospatial data sets and software to inform the prioritization of future forest management interventions that can have the greatest benefit on marine conservation in Vanuatu. We leveraged and compared outputs from two global marine habitat maps to prioritize land areas for forest conservation and restoration that can maximize sediment retention, water quality, and healthy coastal/marine ecosystems. By combining the outputs obtained from both marine habitat maps, we incorporated elements unique to each and provided higher confidence in our prioritization results. Regardless of marine habitat data source, prioritized areas were mostly located in watersheds on the windward side of the large high islands, exposed to higher tropical rainfall, upstream from large sections of coral reef and seagrass habitats, and thus vulnerable to human-driven land use change. Forest protection and restoration in these areas will serve to maintain clean water and healthy, productive habitats through sediment retention, supporting the wellbeing of neighboring communities. The nationwide application of this linked land-sea tool can help managers prioritize watershed-based management actions based on quantitative synergies and trade-offs across terrestrial and marine ecosystems in data-poor regions. The framework developed here will guide the implementation of ridge-to-reef management across the Pacific region and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jade M. S. Delevaux
- Seascape Solutions LLCPrincevilleHawaiiUSA
- The Natural Capital Project, Woods Institute of the EnvironmentStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Williams NE, Sistla SA, Kramer DB, Stevens KJ, Roddy AB. Resource users as land-sea links in coastal and marine socioecological systems. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13784. [PMID: 34114682 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coastal zones, which connect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, are among the most resource-rich regions globally and home to nearly 40% of the global human population. Because human land-based activities can alter natural processes in ways that affect adjacent aquatic ecosystems, land-sea interactions are increasingly recognized as critical to coastal conservation planning and governance. However, the complex socioeconomic dynamics inherent in coastal and marine socioecological systems (SESs) have received little consideration. Drawing on knowledge generalized from long-term studies in Caribbean Nicaragua, we devised a conceptual framework that clarifies the multiple ways socioeconomically driven behavior can link the land and sea. In addition to other ecosystem effects, the framework illustrates how feedbacks resulting from changes to aquatic resources can influence terrestrial resource management decisions and land uses. We assessed the framework by applying it to empirical studies from a variety of coastal SESs. The results suggest its broad applicability and highlighted the paucity of research that explicitly investigates the effects of human behavior on coastal SES dynamics. We encourage researchers and policy makers to consider direct, indirect, and bidirectional cross-ecosystem links that move beyond traditionally recognized land-to-sea processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Williams
- Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - Seeta A Sistla
- Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - Daniel B Kramer
- James Madison College and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Adam B Roddy
- Institute of Environment and Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Suárez-Castro AF, Beyer HL, Kuempel CD, Linke S, Borrelli P, Hoegh-Guldberg O. Global forest restoration opportunities to foster coral reef conservation. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:5238-5252. [PMID: 34350684 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sediment runoff from disturbed coastal catchments is a major threat to marine ecosystems. Understanding where sediments are produced and where they are delivered enables managers to design more effective strategies for improving water quality. A management strategy is targeted restoration of degraded terrestrial areas, as it provides opportunities to reduce land-based runoff from coastal areas and consequently foster coral reef conservation. To do this strategically, a systematic approach is needed to identify watersheds where restoration actions will provide the highest conservation benefits for coral reefs. Here, we develop a systematic approach for identifying global forest restoration opportunities that would also result in large decreases in the flux of sediments to coral reefs. We estimate how land-use change affects sediment runoff globally using high-resolution spatial data and determine the subsequent risk of sediment exposure on coral reefs using a diffusion-based ocean transport model. Our results reveal that sediment export is a major issue affecting 41% of coral reefs globally. The main coastal watersheds with the highest sediment export are predominantly located in Southeast Asian countries, with Indonesia and the Philippines accounting for 52% of the sediment export in coastal areas near coral reefs. We show how restoring forest across multiple watersheds could help to reduce sediment export to 63,000 km2 of coral reefs. Although reforestation opportunities in areas that discharge onto coral reefs are relatively small across watersheds, it is possible to achieve large sediment reduction benefits by strategically targeting watersheds located in regions with a high density of corals near to the coast. Thus, reforestation benefits on coral reefs do not necessarily come from the watersheds that produce the highest sediment export. These analyses are key for generating informed action to support both international conservation policy and national restoration activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés F Suárez-Castro
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hawthorne L Beyer
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Caitlin D Kuempel
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Simon Linke
- Australian Rivers Institute - Coast and Estuaries, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
| | - Pasquale Borrelli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Carlson RR, Evans LJ, Foo SA, Grady BW, Li J, Seeley M, Xu Y, Asner GP. Synergistic benefits of conserving land-sea ecosystems. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
7
|
Adams VM, Dimitrova N, Possingham HP, Allan JR, Kuempel CD, Peterson N, Kaiye A, Keako M, Tulloch VJ. Scheduling incremental actions to build a comprehensive national protected area network for Papua New Guinea. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M. Adams
- Discipline of Geography and Spatial Sciences University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde New South Wales Australia
| | - Nadya Dimitrova
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde New South Wales Australia
| | - Hugh P. Possingham
- The Nature Conservancy South Brisbane Queensland Australia
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - James R. Allan
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Caitlin D. Kuempel
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Nate Peterson
- The Nature Conservancy South Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Alu Kaiye
- Conservation and Environment Protection Authority Port Moresby Papua New Guinea
| | - Malcolm Keako
- Conservation and Environment Protection Authority Port Moresby Papua New Guinea
| | - Vivitskaia J.D. Tulloch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Science University of British Columbia British Columbia Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tittensor DP, Beger M, Boerder K, Boyce DG, Cavanagh RD, Cosandey-Godin A, Crespo GO, Dunn DC, Ghiffary W, Grant SM, Hannah L, Halpin PN, Harfoot M, Heaslip SG, Jeffery NW, Kingston N, Lotze HK, McGowan J, McLeod E, McOwen CJ, O’Leary BC, Schiller L, Stanley RRE, Westhead M, Wilson KL, Worm B. Integrating climate adaptation and biodiversity conservation in the global ocean. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaay9969. [PMID: 31807711 PMCID: PMC6881166 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay9969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of climate change and the socioecological challenges they present are ubiquitous and increasingly severe. Practical efforts to operationalize climate-responsive design and management in the global network of marine protected areas (MPAs) are required to ensure long-term effectiveness for safeguarding marine biodiversity and ecosystem services. Here, we review progress in integrating climate change adaptation into MPA design and management and provide eight recommendations to expedite this process. Climate-smart management objectives should become the default for all protected areas, and made into an explicit international policy target. Furthermore, incentives to use more dynamic management tools would increase the climate change responsiveness of the MPA network as a whole. Given ongoing negotiations on international conservation targets, now is the ideal time to proactively reform management of the global seascape for the dynamic climate-biodiversity reality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek P. Tittensor
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | - Maria Beger
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kristina Boerder
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Daniel G. Boyce
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | | | - Guillermo Ortuño Crespo
- Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel C. Dunn
- Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Lee Hannah
- The Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Patrick N. Halpin
- Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mike Harfoot
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan G. Heaslip
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | - Nicholas W. Jeffery
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | - Naomi Kingston
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heike K. Lotze
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | | | - Chris J. McOwen
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bethan C. O’Leary
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
| | - Laurenne Schiller
- Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Ocean Wise, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan R. E. Stanley
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | - Maxine Westhead
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | | | - Boris Worm
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tsang YP, Tingley RW, Hsiao J, Infante DM. Identifying high value areas for conservation: Accounting for connections among terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitats in a tropical island system. J Nat Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2019.125711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
10
|
Murphy GE, Wong MC, Lotze HK. A human impact metric for coastal ecosystems with application to seagrass beds in Atlantic Canada. Facets (Ott) 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2018-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coastal biogenic habitats are vulnerable to human impacts from both terrestrial and marine realms. Yet the broad spatial scale used in current approaches of quantifying anthropogenic stressors is not relevant to the finer scales affecting most coastal habitats. We developed a standardized human impact metric that includes five bay-scale and four local-scale (0–1 km) terrestrial and marine-based impacts to quantify the magnitude of anthropogenic impacts to coastal bays and nearshore biogenic habitats. We applied this metric to 180 seagrass beds ( Zostera marina), an important biogenic habitat prioritized for marine protection, in 52 bays across Atlantic Canada. The results show that seagrass beds and coastal bays exist across a wide human impact gradient and provide insight into which are the most and least affected by human threats. Generally, land alteration, nutrient loading, and shellfish aquaculture were higher in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, whereas invasive species and fishing activities were higher along the Atlantic coast. Sixty-four percent of bays were at risk of seagrass decline from nitrogen loading. We also found high within-bay variation in impact intensity, emphasizing the necessity of quantifying impacts at multiple spatial scales. We discuss implications for management and conservation planning, and application to other coastal habitats in Canada and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace E.P. Murphy
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Melisa C. Wong
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, 1 Challenger Drive, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada
| | - Heike K. Lotze
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Brown CJ, Jupiter SD, Albert S, Anthony KRN, Hamilton RJ, Fredston‐Hermann A, Halpern BS, Lin H, Maina J, Mangubhai S, Mumby PJ, Possingham HP, Saunders MI, Tulloch VJD, Wenger A, Klein CJ. A guide to modelling priorities for managing land‐based impacts on coastal ecosystems. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon Albert
- School of Civil Engineering The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Kenneth R. N. Anthony
- Australian Institute of Marine Science Townsville Qld Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Qld Australia
| | - Richard J. Hamilton
- The Nature Conservancy Asia Pacific Resource Centre South Brisbane Qld Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | - Alexa Fredston‐Hermann
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
| | - Benjamin S. Halpern
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
- Imperial College London Ascot UK
- National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis University of California Santa Barbara California
| | - Hsien‐Yung Lin
- Quantitative Fisheries Center Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan
| | - Joseph Maina
- Department of Environmental Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | | | - Peter J. Mumby
- Marine Spatial Ecology Laboratory School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Qld Australia
| | - Hugh P. Possingham
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Qld Australia
- The Nature Conservancy Asia Pacific Resource Centre South Brisbane Qld Australia
- Imperial College London Ascot UK
| | - Megan I. Saunders
- School of Chemical Engineering University of Queensland St. Lucia Qld Australia
| | - Vivitskaia J. D. Tulloch
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Qld Australia
- Marine Predator Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Amelia Wenger
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Carissa J. Klein
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Oceanographic and Bathymetric Features as the Target for Pelagic MPA Design: A Case Study on the Cape of Gata. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Cape of Gata region (southeast Spain) allocates the thermo-haline Almeria–Oran front (AOF), which separates two biogeographical zones, with a very irregular bathymetry, consisting of two canyons and seamounts in an area of 100 × 100 km. An interdisciplinary oceanographic sampling strategy allowed us to solve mesoscale processes including current–bathymetry interactions. Subsurface fertilizing processes and elevated chlorophyll a concentrations were found at the front, seamount, and submarine canyons, turning an apparently oligotrophic area into a rich one. According to a horizontal tracking simulation, the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) at the front is located above the pycnocline and travels fast offshore, transporting productivity from the fertilization process quickly from the region. The DCM at the seamount, in contrast, develops below the pycnocline and remains for almost three weeks in this area. In spite of the coastal marine protected areas (MPAs), a high surface nitrate concentration plume with its origin in a small coastal area without any protection was detected. Local circulation patterns and bathymetry–current interactions provide elevated productivity in surface water which is vertically connected to deep-sea fauna via the daily vertical migration of zooplankton, suggesting elevated biodiversity on the seamount and canyons of the area studied. Based on these results, and considering the presence of coastal MPAs and a Coastal Area Management Program, future studies on benthic fauna, an enlargement of coastal MPAs, and a transboundary land–deep-sea management program are suggested.
Collapse
|
13
|
Giakoumi S, Hermoso V, Carvalho SB, Markantonatou V, Dagys M, Iwamura T, Probst WN, Smith RJ, Yates KL, Almpanidou V, Novak T, Ben-Moshe N, Katsanevakis S, Claudet J, Coll M, Deidun A, Essl F, García-Charton JA, Jimenez C, Kark S, Mandić M, Mazaris AD, Rabitsch W, Stelzenmüller V, Tricarico E, Vogiatzakis IN. Conserving European biodiversity across realms. Conserv Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvaine Giakoumi
- Université Côte d'Azur; CNRS; ECOMERS FRE 3729 Nice France
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Virgilio Hermoso
- Centre Tecnolὸgic Forestal de Catalunya (CEMFOR-CTFC); Solsona Lleida Spain
| | - Silvia B. Carvalho
- CIBIO/InBIO; Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto; Vairão Portugal
| | | | | | - Takuya Iwamura
- Faculty of Life Sciences; School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | | | - Robert J. Smith
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE); School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent; Canterbury Kent CT2 7NR United Kingdom
| | - Katherine L. Yates
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
- School of Environment and Life Sciences; University of Salford; Manchester M5 4WT United Kingdom
| | - Vasiliki Almpanidou
- Department of Ecology, School of Biology; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | | | - Noam Ben-Moshe
- Faculty of Life Sciences; School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | | | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris; CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison des Océans; Paris France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL; France
| | - Marta Coll
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC); Barcelona Spain
| | - Alan Deidun
- Department of Geosciences; University of Malta campus; Msida MSD Malta
| | - Franz Essl
- Division of Conservation, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology; University Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | | | - Carlos Jimenez
- Enalia Physis Environmental Research Centre (ENALIA); Nicosia Cyprus
- Energy; Environment and Water Research Center (EEWRC), Cyprus Institute; Aglanzia Nicosia Cyprus
| | - Salit Kark
- The Biodiversity Research Group, The School of Biological Sciences, ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions and NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub; Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science, The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Milica Mandić
- Institute of marine biology (UNIME-IBMK); University of Montenegro; Kotor Montenegro
| | - Antonios D. Mazaris
- Department of Ecology, School of Biology; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | | | | | - Elena Tricarico
- Department of Biology; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dale AP, Vella K, Gooch M, Potts R, Pressey RL, Brodie J, Eberhard R. Avoiding Implementation Failure in Catchment Landscapes: A Case Study in Governance of the Great Barrier Reef. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 62:70-81. [PMID: 28980059 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-017-0932-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Water quality outcomes affecting Australia's Great Barrier Reef (GBR) are governed by multi-level and multi-party decision-making that influences forested and agricultural landscapes. With international concern about the GBR's declining ecological health, this paper identifies and focuses on implementation failure (primarily at catchment scale) as a systemic risk within the overall GBR governance system. There has been limited integrated analysis of the full suite of governance subdomains that often envelop defined policies, programs and delivery activities that influence water quality in the GBR. We consider how the implementation of separate purpose-specific policies and programs at catchment scale operate against well-known, robust design concepts for integrated catchment governance. We find design concerns within ten important governance subdomains that operate within GBR catchments. At a whole-of-GBR scale, we find a weak policy focus on strengthening these delivery-oriented subdomains and on effort integration across these subdomains within catchments. These governance problems when combined may contribute to failure in the implementation of major national, state and local government policies focused on improving water quality in the GBR, a lesson relevant to landscapes globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan P Dale
- The Cairns Institute, James Cook University (JCU), PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia.
| | - Karen Vella
- School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Science and Engineering Faculty, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Margaret Gooch
- The Cairns Institute, James Cook University (JCU), PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia
| | - Ruth Potts
- School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Science and Engineering Faculty, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Robert L Pressey
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, JCU, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Jon Brodie
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, JCU, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Rachel Eberhard
- School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Science and Engineering Faculty, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Petus C, Devlin M, Teixera da Silva E, Lewis S, Waterhouse J, Wenger A, Bainbridge Z, Tracey D. Defining wet season water quality target concentrations for ecosystem conservation using empirical light attenuation models: A case study in the Great Barrier Reef (Australia). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 213:451-466. [PMID: 29510367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Optically active water quality components (OAC) transported by flood plumes to nearshore marine environments affect light levels. The definition of minimum OAC concentrations that must be maintained to sustain sufficient light levels for conservation of light-dependant coastal ecosystems exposed to flood waters is necessary to guide management actions in adjacent catchments. In this study, a framework for defining OAC target concentrations using empirical light attenuation models is proposed and applied to the Wet Tropics region of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) (Queensland, Australia). This framework comprises several steps: (i) light attenuation (Kd(PAR)) profiles and OAC measurements, including coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations collected in flood waters; (ii) empirical light attenuation models used to define the contribution of CDOM, Chl-a and SPM to the light attenuation, and; (iii) translation of empirical models into manageable OAC target concentrations specific for wet season conditions. Results showed that (i) Kd(PAR) variability in the Wet Tropics flood waters is driven primarily by SPM and CDOM, with a lower contribution from Chl-a (r2 = 0.5, p < 0.01), (ii) the relative contributions of each OAC varies across the different water bodies existing along flood waters and strongest Kd(PAR) predictions were achieved when the in-situ data were clustered into water bodies with similar satellite-derived colour characteristics ('brownish flood waters', r2 = 0.8, p < 0.01, 'greenish flood waters', r2 = 0.5, p < 0.01), and (iii) that Kd(PAR) simulations are sensitive to the angular distribution of the light field in the clearest flood water bodies. Empirical models developed were used to translate regional light guidelines (established for the GBR) into manageable OAC target concentrations. Preliminary results suggested that a 90th percentile SPM concentration of 11.4 mg L-1 should be maintained during the wet season to sustain favourable light levels for Wet Tropics coral reefs and seagrass ecosystems exposed to 'brownish' flood waters. Additional data will be collected to validate the light attenuation models and the wet season target concentration which in future will be incorporated into wider catchment modelling efforts to improve coastal water quality in the Wet Tropics and the GBR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Petus
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Catchment to Reef Research Group, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
| | - Michelle Devlin
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Catchment to Reef Research Group, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft Laboratory, Lowestoft, Suffolk, UK
| | - Eduardo Teixera da Silva
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Catchment to Reef Research Group, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Stephen Lewis
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Catchment to Reef Research Group, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Jane Waterhouse
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Catchment to Reef Research Group, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Amelia Wenger
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Catchment to Reef Research Group, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; University of Queensland, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zoe Bainbridge
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Catchment to Reef Research Group, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Dieter Tracey
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Catchment to Reef Research Group, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Saunders MI, Atkinson S, Klein CJ, Weber T, Possingham HP. Increased sediment loads cause non-linear decreases in seagrass suitable habitat extent. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187284. [PMID: 29125843 PMCID: PMC5681285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Land-based activities, including deforestation, agriculture, and urbanisation, cause increased erosion, reduced inland and coastal water quality, and subsequent loss or degradation of downstream coastal marine ecosystems. Quantitative approaches to link sediment loads from catchments to metrics of downstream marine ecosystem state are required to calculate the cost effectiveness of taking conservation actions on land to benefits accrued in the ocean. Here we quantify the relationship between sediment loads derived from landscapes to habitat suitability of seagrass meadows in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. We use the following approach: (1) a catchment hydrological model generates sediment loads; (2) a statistical model links sediment loads to water clarity at monthly time-steps; (3) a species distribution model (SDM) factors in water clarity, bathymetry, wave height, and substrate suitability to predict seagrass habitat suitability at monthly time-steps; and (4) a statistical model quantifies the effect of sediment loads on area of seagrass suitable habitat in a given year. The relationship between sediment loads and seagrass suitable habitat is non-linear: large increases in sediment have a disproportionately large negative impact on availability of seagrass suitable habitat. Varying the temporal scale of analysis (monthly vs. yearly), or varying the threshold value used to delineate predicted seagrass presence vs. absence, both affect the magnitude, but not the overall shape, of the relationship between sediment loads and seagrass suitable habitat area. Quantifying the link between sediment produced from catchments and extent of downstream marine ecosystems allows assessment of the relative costs and benefits of taking conservation actions on land or in the ocean, respectively, to marine ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Irene Saunders
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Scott Atkinson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Carissa Joy Klein
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Tony Weber
- Alluvium Consulting Australia, Fortitude Valley, QLD, Australia
| | - Hugh P. Possingham
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Leonard PB, Baldwin RF, Hanks RD. Landscape-scale conservation design across biotic realms: sequential integration of aquatic and terrestrial landscapes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14556. [PMID: 29109425 PMCID: PMC5673968 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15304-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic conservation planning has been used extensively throughout the world to identify important areas for maintaining biodiversity and functional ecosystems, and is well suited to address large-scale biodiversity conservation challenges of the twenty-first century. Systematic planning is necessary to bridge implementation, scale, and data gaps in a collaborative effort that recognizes competing land uses. Here, we developed a conservation planning process to identify and unify conservation priorities around the central and southern Appalachian Mountains as part of the Appalachian Landscape Conservation Cooperative (App LCC). Through a participatory framework and sequential, cross-realm integration in spatial optimization modeling we highlight lands and waters that together achieve joint conservation goals from LCC partners for the least cost. This process was driven by a synthesis of 26 multi-scaled conservation targets and optimized for simultaneous representation inside the program Marxan to account for roughly 25% of the LCC geography. We identify five conservation design elements covering critical ecological processes and patterns including interconnected regions as well as the broad landscapes between them. Elements were then subjected to a cumulative threats index for possible prioritization. The evaluation of these elements supports multi-scaled decision making within the LCC planning community through a participatory, dynamic, and iterative process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Leonard
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
| | - Robert F Baldwin
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
| | - R Daniel Hanks
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kramer DB, Stevens K, Williams NE, Sistla SA, Roddy AB, Urquhart GR. Coastal livelihood transitions under globalization with implications for trans-ecosystem interactions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186683. [PMID: 29077748 PMCID: PMC5659644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic threats to natural systems can be exacerbated due to connectivity between marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems, complicating the already daunting task of governance across the land-sea interface. Globalization, including new access to markets, can change social-ecological, land-sea linkages via livelihood responses and adaptations by local people. As a first step in understanding these trans-ecosystem effects, we examined exit and entry decisions of artisanal fishers and smallholder farmers on the rapidly globalizing Caribbean coast of Nicaragua. We found that exit and entry decisions demonstrated clear temporal and spatial patterns and that these decisions differed by livelihood. In addition to household characteristics, livelihood exit and entry decisions were strongly affected by new access to regional and global markets. The natural resource implications of these livelihood decisions are potentially profound as they provide novel linkages and spatially-explicit feedbacks between terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Our findings support the need for more scientific inquiry in understanding trans-ecosystem tradeoffs due to linked-livelihood transitions as well as the need for a trans-ecosystem approach to natural resource management and development policy in rapidly changing coastal regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Kramer
- James Madison College and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Kara Stevens
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Nicholas E. Williams
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | | | - Adam B. Roddy
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Gerald R. Urquhart
- Lyman Briggs College and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Saunders MI, Bode M, Atkinson S, Klein CJ, Metaxas A, Beher J, Beger M, Mills M, Giakoumi S, Tulloch V, Possingham HP. Simple rules can guide whether land- or ocean-based conservation will best benefit marine ecosystems. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2001886. [PMID: 28877168 PMCID: PMC5587113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Coastal marine ecosystems can be managed by actions undertaken both on the land and in the ocean. Quantifying and comparing the costs and benefits of actions in both realms is therefore necessary for efficient management. Here, we quantify the link between terrestrial sediment runoff and a downstream coastal marine ecosystem and contrast the cost-effectiveness of marine- and land-based conservation actions. We use a dynamic land- and sea-scape model to determine whether limited funds should be directed to 1 of 4 alternative conservation actions—protection on land, protection in the ocean, restoration on land, or restoration in the ocean—to maximise the extent of light-dependent marine benthic habitats across decadal timescales. We apply the model to a case study for a seagrass meadow in Australia. We find that marine restoration is the most cost-effective action over decadal timescales in this system, based on a conservative estimate of the rate at which seagrass can expand into a new habitat. The optimal decision will vary in different social–ecological contexts, but some basic information can guide optimal investments to counteract land- and ocean-based stressors: (1) marine restoration should be prioritised if the rates of marine ecosystem decline and expansion are similar and low; (2) marine protection should take precedence if the rate of marine ecosystem decline is high or if the adjacent catchment is relatively intact and has a low rate of vegetation decline; (3) land-based actions are optimal when the ratio of marine ecosystem expansion to decline is greater than 1:1.4, with terrestrial restoration typically the most cost-effective action; and (4) land protection should be prioritised if the catchment is relatively intact but the rate of vegetation decline is high. These rules of thumb illustrate how cost-effective conservation outcomes for connected land–ocean systems can proceed without complex modelling. Many coastal marine ecosystems are threatened by anthropogenic activities, but often, the best way to restore and protect these important ecosystems is unclear. Conventional wisdom suggests that the 2 most effective conservation actions to benefit coastal marine ecosystems are implementation of marine protected areas or, alternatively, reduction of land-based threats. Active marine restoration is typically considered a low-priority option, in part due to high costs and low success rates. But does this conventional wisdom hold up to closer scrutiny? We developed a model to ask: should we restore or protect, on either the land or in the ocean, to maximise the extent of coastal marine ecosystems? We based the model on seagrass meadows and adjacent catchments in Queensland, Australia. Surprisingly, we found that direct, active marine restoration can be the most cost-effective approach to maximising extent of marine ecosystems over longer (decades-long) timescales. There is, however, substantial uncertainty in our understanding of the dynamics of complex linked land–sea ecosystems. Further, geomorphological and ecological conditions vary geographically. Therefore, we also used the model to investigate how uncertainty in key parameters affects decision-making outcomes. Our results can be used to guide investment into coastal marine conservation in the absence of complex, region-specific modelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan I. Saunders
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Environmental Decisions, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- The Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael Bode
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Environmental Decisions, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Scott Atkinson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Environmental Decisions, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Carissa J. Klein
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Environmental Decisions, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Anna Metaxas
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jutta Beher
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Environmental Decisions, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Maria Beger
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Environmental Decisions, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Morena Mills
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Environmental Decisions, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvaine Giakoumi
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Environmental Decisions, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Vivitskaia Tulloch
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Environmental Decisions, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Hugh P. Possingham
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Environmental Decisions, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|