1
|
Shao Y, Li Y, Wang N, Xue Y, Wang T, Qiu F, Lu Y, Lan D, Wu H. Effect of daily light exposure on sleep in polar regions: A meta-analysis. J Sleep Res 2024:e14144. [PMID: 38253963 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Although studies have shown that light affects sleep in polar populations, the sample size of most studies is small. This meta-analysis provides the first systematic review of the effects of summer glare, spring and fall moderate daylight, and artificial lighting on general sleep problems (sleep duration, efficiency, and delay). This analysis included 18 studies involving 986 participants. We calculated the random effect size via an evidence-based meta-analysis that analysed the effect of bright/auxiliary light on sleep and the effect of three different types of light on sleep compared with conventional light. There was no significant correlation between specific light types and sleep duration. Intense summer light has a negative effect on sleep time and efficiency. Moderate, natural light in spring and autumn effectively delayed sleep but could not improve sleep efficiency. For artificial fill light, neither blue light nor enhanced white light has been found to have a significant effect. In summary, summer light has a detrimental effect on sleep in polar populations, and moderate natural light may be superior to conventional light. However, specific strategies to improve sleep and artificial lighting in polar populations must be explored further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Shao
- Clinical Center for Intelligent Rehabilitation Research, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Li
- Clinical Center for Intelligent Rehabilitation Research, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Clinical Center for Intelligent Rehabilitation Research, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongyue Wang
- Clinical Center for Intelligent Rehabilitation Research, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengxi Qiu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danmei Lan
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengjing Wu
- Clinical Center for Intelligent Rehabilitation Research, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Le Roy B, Martin-Krumm C, Pinol N, Dutheil F, Trousselard M. Human challenges to adaptation to extreme professional environments: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 146:105054. [PMID: 36682426 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
NASA is planning human exploration of the Moon, while preparations are underway for human missions to Mars, and deeper into the solar system. These missions will expose space travelers to unusual conditions, which they will have to adapt to. Similar conditions are found in several analogous environments on Earth, and studies can provide an initial understanding of the challenges for human adaptation. Such environments can be marked by an extreme climate, danger, limited facilities and supplies, isolation from loved ones, or mandatory interaction with others. They are rarely encountered by most human beings, and mainly concern certain professions in limited missions. This systematic review focuses on professional extreme environments and captures data from papers published since 2005. Our findings provide an insight into their physiological, biological, cognitive, and behavioral impacts for better understand how humans adapt or not to them. This study provides a framework for studying adaptation, which is particularly important in light of upcoming longer space expeditions to more distant destinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Le Roy
- Stress Neurophysiology Unit, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex, France; CNES, Paris, France; APEMAC/EPSAM, EA 4360 Metz Cedex, France.
| | - Charles Martin-Krumm
- Stress Neurophysiology Unit, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex, France; APEMAC/EPSAM, EA 4360 Metz Cedex, France; École de Psychologues Praticiens, Catholic Institute of Paris, EA Religion, Culture et société, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Pinol
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Health Library, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, WittyFit, F 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, 34 Avenue Carnot, 63 037 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marion Trousselard
- Stress Neurophysiology Unit, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Brétigny-sur-Orge Cedex, France; APEMAC/EPSAM, EA 4360 Metz Cedex, France; French Military Health Service Academy, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
van den Berg NH, Michaud X, Pattyn N, Simonelli G. How Sleep Research in Extreme Environments Can Inform the Military: Advocating for a Transactional Model of Sleep Adaptation. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2023; 25:73-91. [PMID: 36790725 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-022-01407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review the literature on sleep in extreme environments. Accordingly, we present a model that identifies the need for mitigating interventions to preserve sleep quality for military deployments. RECENT FINDINGS Situational factors that affect sleep in extreme environments include cold temperatures, isolated and confined areas, fluctuating seasonality, photoperiodicity, and extreme latitudes and altitudes. Results vary across studies, but general effects include decreased total sleep time, poor sleep efficiency, and non-specific phase delays or phase advances in sleep onset and sleep architecture. Considering habitability measures (e.g., light or temperature control) and individual differences such as variable stress responses or sleep need can mitigate these effects to improve mood, cognition, and operational performance. Although the situational demands during military missions inevitably reduce total sleep time and sleep efficiency, mitigating factors can attenuate sleep-related impairments, hence allowing for optimal mission success and personnel safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N H van den Berg
- Centre d'études avancées en médecine du sommeil, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, CIUSSS du Nord de l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - X Michaud
- Centre d'études avancées en médecine du sommeil, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, CIUSSS du Nord de l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - N Pattyn
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Human Physiology Department (MFYS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,VIPER Research Unit, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Simonelli
- Centre d'études avancées en médecine du sommeil, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, CIUSSS du Nord de l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Van Puyvelde M, Gijbels D, Van Caelenberg T, Smith N, Bessone L, Buckle-Charlesworth S, Pattyn N. Living on the edge: How to prepare for it? FRONTIERS IN NEUROERGONOMICS 2022; 3:1007774. [PMID: 38235444 PMCID: PMC10790891 DOI: 10.3389/fnrgo.2022.1007774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Isolated, confined, and extreme (ICE) environments such as found at Antarctic, Arctic, and other remote research stations are considered space-analogs to study the long duration isolation aspects of operational space mission conditions. Methods We interviewed 24 sojourners that participated in different short/long duration missions in an Antarctic (Concordia, Halley VI, Rothera, Neumayer II) or non-Antarctic (e.g., MDRS, HI-SEAS) station or in polar treks, offering a unique insight based on first-hand information on the nature of demands by ICE-personnel at multiple levels of functioning. We conducted a qualitative thematic analysis to explore how sojourners were trained, prepared, how they experienced the ICE-impact in function of varieties in environment, provided trainings, station-culture, and type of mission. Results The ICE-environment shapes the impact of organizational, interpersonal, and individual working- and living systems, thus influencing the ICE-sojourners' functioning. Moreover, more specific training for operating in these settings would be beneficial. The identified pillars such as sensory deprivation, sleep, fatigue, group dynamics, displacement of negative emotions, gender-issues along with coping strategies such as positivity, salutogenic effects, job dedication and collectivistic thinking confirm previous literature. However, in this work, we applied a systemic perspective, assembling the multiple levels of functioning in ICE-environments. Discussion A systemic approach could serve as a guide to develop future preparatory ICE-training programs, including all the involved parties of the crew system (e.g., family, on-ground crew) with attention for the impact of organization- and station-related subcultures and the risk of unawareness about the impact of poor sleep, fatigue, and isolation on operational safety that may occur on location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Van Puyvelde
- Vital Signs and PERformance Monitoring (VIPER) Research Unit, Life Sciences (LIFE) Department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium
- Brain, Body and Cognition (BBC), Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Clinical and Lifespan Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daisy Gijbels
- Vital Signs and PERformance Monitoring (VIPER) Research Unit, Life Sciences (LIFE) Department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Caelenberg
- Vital Signs and PERformance Monitoring (VIPER) Research Unit, Life Sciences (LIFE) Department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium
- Human Behavior and Performance Training, European Astronaut Centre, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nathan Smith
- Protective Security and Resilience Centre, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Loredana Bessone
- Human Behavior and Performance Training, European Astronaut Centre, Cologne, Germany
| | - Susan Buckle-Charlesworth
- Human Behavior and Performance Training, European Astronaut Centre, Cologne, Germany
- Oxford Human Performance, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Pattyn
- Vital Signs and PERformance Monitoring (VIPER) Research Unit, Life Sciences (LIFE) Department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium
- Human Physiology and Human Performance Lab (MFYS-BLITS), Human Physiology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shved D, Kuznetsova P, Rozanov IA, Lebedeva SA, Vinokhodova A, Savinkina A, Shishenina K, Rey ND, Gushin V. Effects of isolation, crowding, and different psychological countermeasures on crew behavior and performance. Front Physiol 2022; 13:963301. [DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.963301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies conducted by I. Altman in the 1960–70s revealed the increase in the individual stress level under isolation and confinement. Altman introduced the term “privacy” as a desired level of personal space that humans need to feel psychologically comfortable. The author also mentioned the dynamic process of boundary regulation that can be accompanied by the increase in conflict tension in the confined groups. In our study with short-term chamber isolation ESKIS, we analyzed behavior, crew interactions, and psychological state of a mixed-gender crew with none or minimal previous isolation experience (4 males and 2 females) who spent 14 days in a small chamber of 50 m3. The study confirmed that the pre-isolation period was particularly stressful for the subjects who felt also significant anxiety during the first days of isolation. Also, some mood and sleep disturbances were detected under isolation and crowding. Psychological stress made the crew more cohesive; they demonstrated the increase in common values. Extraverted subjects who could obtain social support from their partners and Mission Control’s duty teams were less interested in psychological support via VR.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sletten TL, Sullivan JP, Arendt J, Palinkas LA, Barger LK, Fletcher L, Arnold M, Wallace J, Strauss C, Baker RJS, Kloza K, Kennaway DJ, Rajaratnam SMW, Ayton J, Lockley SW. The role of circadian phase in sleep and performance during Antarctic winter expeditions. J Pineal Res 2022; 73:e12817. [PMID: 35833316 PMCID: PMC9541096 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Antarctic environment presents an extreme variation in the natural light-dark cycle which can cause variability in the alignment of the circadian pacemaker with the timing of sleep, causing sleep disruption, and impaired mood and performance. This study assessed the incidence of circadian misalignment and the consequences for sleep, cognition, and psychological health in 51 over-wintering Antarctic expeditioners (45.6 ± 11.9 years) who completed daily sleep diaries, and monthly performance tests and psychological health questionnaires for 6 months. Circadian phase was assessed via monthly 48-h urine collections to assess the 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) rhythm. Although the average individual sleep duration was 7.2 ± 0.8 h, there was substantial sleep deficiency with 41.4% of sleep episodes <7 h and 19.1% <6 h. Circadian phase was highly variable and 34/50 expeditioners had sleep episodes that occurred at an abnormal circadian phase (acrophase outside of the sleep episode), accounting for 18.8% (295/1565) of sleep episodes. Expeditioners slept significantly less when misaligned (6.1 ± 1.3 h), compared with when aligned (7.3 ± 1.0 h; p < .0001). Performance and mood were worse when awake closer to the aMT6s peak and with increased time awake (all p < .0005). This research highlights the high incidence of circadian misalignment in Antarctic over-wintering expeditioners. Similar incidence has been observed in long-duration space flight, reinforcing the fidelity of Antarctica as a space analog. Circadian misalignment has considerable safety implications, and potentially longer term health risks for other circadian-controlled physiological systems. This increased risk highlights the need for preventative interventions, such as proactively planned lighting solutions, to ensure circadian alignment during long-duration Antarctic and space missions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey L. Sletten
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological SciencesMonash UniversityVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jason P. Sullivan
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and NeurologyBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Josephine Arendt
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
| | - Lawrence A. Palinkas
- Suzanne Dworak‐Peck School of Social WorkUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Laura K. Barger
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological SciencesMonash UniversityVictoriaAustralia
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and NeurologyBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lloyd Fletcher
- Polar Medicine Unit, Australian Antarctic DivisionKingstonTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Malcolm Arnold
- Polar Medicine Unit, Australian Antarctic DivisionKingstonTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Jan Wallace
- Polar Medicine Unit, Australian Antarctic DivisionKingstonTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Clive Strauss
- Polar Medicine Unit, Australian Antarctic DivisionKingstonTasmaniaAustralia
| | | | - Kate Kloza
- Polar Medicine Unit, Australian Antarctic DivisionKingstonTasmaniaAustralia
| | - David J. Kennaway
- Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, Discipline of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Shantha M. W. Rajaratnam
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological SciencesMonash UniversityVictoriaAustralia
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and NeurologyBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jeff Ayton
- Polar Medicine Unit, Australian Antarctic DivisionKingstonTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Steven W. Lockley
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and NeurologyBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tobita K, Mekjavic IB, McDonnell AC. Individual Variation Exists Within the Psychological Response to Hypoxic Bed Rest: A Retrospective Analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:810055. [PMID: 35222078 PMCID: PMC8870828 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.810055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual variation is of interest to Space Agency's, which cannot be explored with astronauts due to anonymity. We retrospectively analysed data collected throughout three projects (LunHab: 10-day male, PlanHab: 21-day male, and FemHab: 10-day female) to elucidate the potentially masked individual variation in the psychological responses to bed rest. The Profile of Mood State (POMS) and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - instruments used to asses psychological state - and Lake Louise Mountain Sickness (LLMS) scores were collected prior to, following and throughout three interventions: 1: normoxic bed rest 2: hypoxic bed rest and 3: hypoxic ambulatory confinement. Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) was calculated from the POMS results, positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA) from PANAS. The three instruments were included in a latent class mixed model. TMD, NA, and LLMS were included in a four-class model, with each class representing a specific type of response (Class 1: descending, Class 2: flat, Class 3: somewhat flat, Class 4: ascending). Responses for PA were assigned to only two classes (Classes 1 and 2). 54.55% or 24 participants were included in Class 2 (TMD, NA, and LLMS), where the responses did not change and neither hypoxia or activity level had a significant effect on emotional state. The remaining participants were allotted to Class 1, 3, or 4, where hypoxia was a significant covariate, while activity (bed rest) was significant only for class 3. For PA, 84.09% or 37 participants were assigned to class 2 indicating a significant effect of hypoxia on the participants responses with no effect of physical activity. Class 1 participants (n = 7) were not affected by hypoxia, however, physical activity improved their PA. Participants undergoing confinement, hypoxia and bed rest do not exhibit a uniform emotional response and may be categorised into 2-4 distinct classes. These results indicate significant individual emotional responses, that may be masked and underreported by traditional statistical approaches like means ± SD. The emotional state of our participants is a complex construct likely influenced by past experiences and different coping mechanisms which allowed some to adapt to the experimental environment more readily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunihito Tobita
- Department of Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Igor B. Mekjavic
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Adam C. McDonnell
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Van Puyvelde M, Rietjens G, Helmhout P, Mairesse O, Van Cutsem J, Pattyn N. The submariners' sleep study. A field investigation of sleep and circadian hormones during a 67-days submarine mission with a strict 6h-on/6h-off watch routine. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:1069-1079. [PMID: 35142558 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00130.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The submarine working and living environment is an isolated, confined, and extreme (ICE) environment where a continuous on-watch is required to fulfill the tactical objectives. The current study examined whether a physiological and behavioral adjustment to an operational watch standing scheme occurred in terms of hormonal secretion (i.e., melatonin and cortisol) and sleep during a 67-days undersea mission. The crew followed a strict scheme of watch-on blocks at 0:00-06:00 h and at 12:00-18:00 h (group 1, diurnal sleep group) or watch-on blocks at 06:00-12:00 h and 18:00-24:00 h (group 2, nocturnal sleep group). We sampled saliva during the operational blocks over a 24h period at day 55 of the mission and collected sleep actigraphy data during the entire mission in 10 participants. Sleep showed a biphasic split pattern with significantly unequal distributions of total sleep time (TST) and sleep efficiency (SE) between the two sleeping blocks, i.e., one long and one short sleep bout. Melatonin secretion showed no adjustment at the end of the mission to the watch standing blocks, following an endogenous circadian rhythm independent from the social zeitgebers with indications of a phase shift. Cortisol secretion however matched the biphasic work-sleep shift routine. Human physiology does not fully obey operational needs and there are differences in adjustment between melatonin and cortisol. A watch standing schedule that provides a balance between physiology and operationality still needs to be established. The potential adaptation effects of bright light therapy and melatonin supplementation should be investigated in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Van Puyvelde
- VIPER Research Unit, LIFE department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium.,Brain, Body and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Clinical and Lifespan Psychology, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gerard Rietjens
- MFYS-BLITS, Human Physiology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Training Medicine and Training Physiology, Army Command, Directory of Personnel, Royal Netherlands Army, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Helmhout
- Training Medicine and Training Physiology, Army Command, Directory of Personnel, Royal Netherlands Army, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Mairesse
- VIPER Research Unit, LIFE department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium.,Brain, Body and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Sleep Laboratory and Unit for Clinical Chronobiology, CHU Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Van Cutsem
- VIPER Research Unit, LIFE department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium.,MFYS-BLITS, Human Physiology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Pattyn
- VIPER Research Unit, LIFE department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium.,MFYS-BLITS, Human Physiology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nie J, Zhou T, Chen Z, Dang W, Jiao F, Zhan J, Chen Y, Chen Y, Pan Z, Kang X, Wang Y, Wang Q, Tang Y, Dong W, Zhou S, Ma Y, Yu X, Zhang G, Shen B. The effects of dynamic daylight-like light on the rhythm, cognition, and mood of irregular shift workers in closed environment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13059. [PMID: 34158564 PMCID: PMC8219698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92438-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Shift workers are mostly suffered from the disruption of circadian rhythm and health problems. In this study, we designed proper light environment to maintain stable circadian rhythm, cognitive performance, and mood status of shift workers. We used five-channel light-emitting diodes to build up the dynamic daylight-like light environment. The illuminance, correlated color temperature, and circadian action factor of light were tunable in the ranges of 226 to 678 lx, 2680 to 7314 K, and 0.32 to 0.96 throughout the day (5:30 to 19:40). During the nighttime, these parameters maintained about 200 lx, 2700 K, and 0.32, respectively. In this light environment, three subjects had engaged in shift work for 38 consecutive days. We measured plasma melatonin, activity counts, continuous performance tests, and visual analogue scale on mood to assess the rhythm, cognitive performance, and mood of subjects. After 38-day shift work, the subjects' peak melatonin concentration increased significantly. Their physiological and behavioral rhythms maintained stable. Their cognitive performance improved significantly after night work, compared with that before night work. Their mood status had no significant change during the 38-day shift work. These results indicated that the light environment was beneficial to maintain circadian rhythm, cognitive performance and mood status during long-term shift work in closed environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 209, Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Tianhang Zhou
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Haidian District, 51, Huayuan North Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhizhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 209, Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Weimin Dang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Haidian District, 51, Huayuan North Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Fei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 209, Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jinglin Zhan
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 209, Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 209, Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yiyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 209, Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zuojian Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 209, Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiangning Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 209, Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yongzhi Wang
- Dongguan Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Dongguan Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Physical Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wentian Dong
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Haidian District, 51, Huayuan North Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shuzhe Zhou
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Haidian District, 51, Huayuan North Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yantao Ma
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Haidian District, 51, Huayuan North Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Haidian District, 51, Huayuan North Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guoyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 209, Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
- Dongguan Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, 209, Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Maggioni MA, Merati G, Castiglioni P, Mendt S, Gunga HC, Stahn AC. Reduced vagal modulations of heart rate during overwintering in Antarctica. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21810. [PMID: 33311648 PMCID: PMC7733485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78722-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-duration Antarctic expeditions are characterized by isolation, confinement, and extreme environments. Here we describe the time course of cardiac autonomic modulation assessed by heart rate variability (HRV) during 14-month expeditions at the German Neumayer III station in Antarctica. Heart rate recordings were acquired in supine position in the morning at rest once before the expedition (baseline) and monthly during the expedition from February to October. The total set comprised twenty-five healthy crewmembers (n = 15 men, 38 ± 6 yrs, n = 10 women, 32 ± 6 yrs, mean ± SD). High frequency (HF) power and the ratio of low to high frequency power (LF/HF) were used as indices of vagal modulation and sympathovagal balance. HF power adjusted for baseline differences decreased significantly during the expedition, indicating a gradual reduction in vagal tone. LF/HF powers ratio progressively shifted toward a sympathetic predominance reaching statistical significance in the final trimester (August to October) relative to the first trimester (February to April). This effect was particularly pronounced in women. The depression of cardio-vagal tone and the shift toward a sympathetic predominance observed throughout the overwintering suggest a long-term cardiac autonomic modulation in response to isolation and confinement during Antartic overwintering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina A Maggioni
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giampiero Merati
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Stefan Mendt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanns-Christian Gunga
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander C Stahn
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1016 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19004, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nie J, Zhou T, Chen Z, Dang W, Jiao F, Zhan J, Chen Y, Chen Y, Pan Z, Kang X, Wang Y, Wang Q, Dong W, Zhou S, Yu X, Zhang G, Shen B. Investigation on entraining and enhancing human circadian rhythm in closed environments using daylight-like LED mixed lighting. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 732:139334. [PMID: 32438188 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Humans can undergo circadian disruption and misalignment when living in closed environments without sufficient daylight. Therefore, it is of great significance to investigate the effects of artificial light on the circadian rhythm. In this work, the red, green, blue, warm white, and cool white (RGBWW) five-channel light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were fabricated as the only light sources in the closed environment. The LED mixed lighting showed a high color rendering index (CRI) all the time. During the day, the light simulated the daylight and increased the tunability of the circadian action factor (CAF) and correlated color temperature (CCT). At night, it maintained low CAF and CCT. Three subjects did irregular shift work in the closed environment for 38 days. Their plasma melatonin and daily activity were measured to assess the circadian rhythm. After 38 days, the subjects' peak melatonin times did not shift significantly (p = 0.676), while their peak melatonin concentrations increased apparently (p = 0.005). The start times of the least active 5-h period (L5) in one day fluctuated in a small range. The standard deviation (SD) was <15.11 min in most times. These results demonstrated that the subjects' rhythms maintained stable and were enhanced. The periods of circular cross-correlation between activity and CAF oscillated around 24 h (SD = 15.4 min), indicating the entrainment of light on the stable 24-h rhythm. It was concluded that the daylight-like LED lighting effectively entrained and enhanced the circadian rhythm in the closed environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianhang Zhou
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhizhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Weimin Dang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jinglin Zhan
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yiyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zuojian Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangning Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongzhi Wang
- Dongguan Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Dongguan Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Wentian Dong
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shuzhe Zhou
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guoyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Dongguan Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zivi P, De Gennaro L, Ferlazzo F. Sleep in Isolated, Confined, and Extreme (ICE): A Review on the Different Factors Affecting Human Sleep in ICE. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:851. [PMID: 32848590 PMCID: PMC7433404 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently renewed focus on the human exploration of outer space has boosted the interest toward a variety of questions regarding health of astronauts and cosmonauts. Among the others, sleep has traditionally been considered a central issue. To extend the research chances, human sleep alterations have been investigated in several analog environments, called ICEs (Isolated, Confined, and Extreme). ICEs share different features with the spaceflight itself and have been implemented in natural facilities and artificial simulations. The current paper presents a systematic review of research findings on sleep disturbances in ICEs. We looked for evidence from studies run in polar settings (mostly Antarctica) during space missions, Head-Down Bed-Rest protocols, simulations, and in a few ICE-resembling settings such as caves and submarines. Even though research has shown that sleep can be widely affected in ICEs, mostly evidencing general and non-specific changes in REM and SWS sleep, results show a very blurred picture, often with contradictory findings. The variable coexistence of the many factors characterizing the ICE environments (such as isolation and confinement, microgravity, circadian disentrainment, hypoxia, noise levels, and radiations) does not provide a clear indication of what role is played by each factor per se or in association one with each other in determining the pattern observed, and how. Most importantly, a number of methodological limitations contribute immensely to the unclear pattern of results reported in the literature. Among them, small sample sizes, small effect sizes, and large variability among experimental conditions, protocols, and measurements make it difficult to draw hints about whether sleep alterations in ICEs do exist due to the specific environmental characteristics, and which of them plays a major role. More systematic and cross-settings research is needed to address the mechanisms underlying the sleep alterations in ICE environments and possibly develop appropriate countermeasures to be used during long-term space missions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabio Ferlazzo
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
de Blasiis K, Mauvieux B, Elsworth-Edelsten C, Pezé T, Jouffroy R, Hurdiel R. Photoperiod Impact on a Sailor's Sleep-Wake Rhythm and Core Body Temperature in Polar Environment. Wilderness Environ Med 2019; 30:343-350. [PMID: 31515106 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies have reported circadian desynchronizations and sleep disruptions in onshore populations in the Arctic during the polar day. Although the Arctic region is becoming more accessible by sea and evidence is growing to implicate the importance of fatigue in sailing accidents, no study related to circadian disruptions has focused on sailors. The aim of this study was to observe, during a 155-d polar sailing trip between Greenland and Russia, the evolution of the sleep-wake rhythm and core body temperature (Tc) in a sailor. METHODS During the expedition, an electronic sleep diary was recorded daily and a continuous measurement of Tc using telemetric pills was performed every 10 d (recording depending on transit time, ≈24 h). Ephemerides were manually determined day by day using global positioning system position and revealed 3 phases (phase 1: decrease of night duration; phase 2: polar day; phase 3: increase of night duration). RESULTS A significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in daily sleep time between phase 2 (7.6±2.5 h) and phase 3 (8±2 h). The period of Tc rhythm changed during the expedition (phase 1: 24.2±0.5 h; phase 2: 25±0.3 h; phase 3: 24±0.6 h). Dissociation between Tc rhythm and sleep occurred during phase 2. CONCLUSIONS Our study observed that during a polar sailing expedition, many circadian disruptions appeared as free-running rhythms or dissociation between sleep and Tc rhythm. Future studies will evaluate effects of these disruptions and their probable association with accident risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kévin de Blasiis
- Sport, Health, Society Pluridisciplinary Research Unit (EA 7369), University Lille 2, Lille, France.
| | - Benoit Mauvieux
- French Institute of Health and Medical Research (U1075 COMETE), Normandy University, Caen, France; Chronobiology Unit, Adolphe de Rothschild Foundation, Paris, France
| | | | - Thierry Pezé
- Sport, Health, Society Pluridisciplinary Research Unit (EA 7369), University of the Littoral Opale Coast, Dunkerque, France
| | - Romain Jouffroy
- Resuscitation Service (SAMU 75), Necker Hospital-Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Rémy Hurdiel
- Sport, Health, Society Pluridisciplinary Research Unit (EA 7369), University of the Littoral Opale Coast, Dunkerque, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Folgueira A, Simonelli G, Plano S, Tortello C, Cuiuli JM, Blanchard A, Patagua A, Brager AJ, Capaldi VF, Aubert AE, Barbarito M, Golombek DA, Vigo DE. Sleep, napping and alertness during an overwintering mission at Belgrano II Argentine Antarctic station. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10875. [PMID: 31350440 PMCID: PMC6659627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46900-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During Antarctic isolation personnel are exposed to extreme photoperiods. A frequent observation is a sleep onset phase delay during winter. It is not known if, as a result, daytime sleeping in the form of naps increases. We sought to assess sleep patterns - with focus on daytime sleeping - and alertness in a Latin American crew overwintering in Argentine Antarctic station Belgrano II. Measurements were collected in 13 males during March, May, July, September and November, and included actigraphy and psychomotor vigilance tasks. Sleep duration significantly decreased during winter. A total of eight participants took at least one weekly nap across all measurement points. During winter, the nap onset was delayed, its duration increased and its efficiency improved. We observed a significant effect of seasonality in the association of evening alertness with sleep onset. Our results replicate previous findings regarding sleep during overwintering in Antarctica, adding the description of the role of napping and the report of a possible modulatory effect of seasonality in the relation between sleep and alertness. Napping should be considered as an important factor in the scheduling of activities of multicultural crews that participate in Antarctica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Folgueira
- Neurology Department, Central Military Hospital, Argentine Army, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Chronophysiology Lab, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Catholic University of Argentina (UCA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guido Simonelli
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Santiago Plano
- Chronobiology Lab, National University of Quilmes (UNQ), Argentina and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Chronophysiology Lab, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Catholic University of Argentina (UCA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Tortello
- Chronobiology Lab, National University of Quilmes (UNQ), Argentina and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Chronophysiology Lab, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Catholic University of Argentina (UCA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Abel Blanchard
- Argentine Joint Antarctic Command, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Allison J Brager
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Vincent F Capaldi
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - André E Aubert
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Diego A Golombek
- Chronobiology Lab, National University of Quilmes (UNQ), Argentina and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel E Vigo
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Chronophysiology Lab, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Catholic University of Argentina (UCA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Strewe C, Moser D, Buchheim JI, Gunga HC, Stahn A, Crucian BE, Fiedel B, Bauer H, Gössmann-Lang P, Thieme D, Kohlberg E, Choukèr A, Feuerecker M. Sex differences in stress and immune responses during confinement in Antarctica. Biol Sex Differ 2019; 10:20. [PMID: 30992051 PMCID: PMC6469129 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-019-0231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antarctica challenges human explorers by its extreme environment. The effects of these unique conditions on the human physiology need to be understood to best mitigate health problems in Antarctic expedition crews. Moreover, Antarctica is an adequate Earth-bound analogue for long-term space missions. To date, its effects on human physiology have been studied mainly in male cohorts though more female expeditioners and applicants in astronaut training programs are selected. Therefore, the identification of sex differences in stress and immune reactions are becoming an even more essential aim to provide a more individualized risk management. Methods Ten female and 16 male subjects participated in three 1-year expeditions to the German Antarctic Research Station Neumayer III. Blood, saliva, and urine samples were taken 1–2 months prior to departure, subsequently every month during their expedition, and 3–4 months after return from Antarctica. Analyses included cortisol, catecholamine and endocannabinoid measurements; psychological evaluation; differential blood count; and recall antigen- and mitogen-stimulated cytokine profiles. Results Cortisol showed significantly higher concentrations in females than males during winter whereas no enhanced psychological stress was detected in both sexes. Catecholamine excretion was higher in males than females but never showed significant increases compared to baseline. Endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamides increased significantly in both sexes and stayed consistently elevated during the confinement. Cytokine profiles after in vitro stimulation revealed no sex differences but resulted in significant time-dependent changes. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly higher in males than females, and hemoglobin increased significantly in both sexes compared to baseline. Platelet counts were significantly higher in females than males. Leukocytes and granulocyte concentrations increased during confinement with a dip for both sexes in winter whereas lymphocytes were significantly elevated in both sexes during the confinement. Conclusions The extreme environment of Antarctica seems to trigger some distinct stress and immune responses but—with the exception of cortisol and blood cell counts—without any major relevant sex-specific differences. Stated sex differences were shown to be independent of enhanced psychological stress and seem to be related to the environmental conditions. However, sources and consequences of these sex differences have to be further elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Strewe
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - D Moser
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - J-I Buchheim
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - H-C Gunga
- Institut für Physiologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Stahn
- Institut für Physiologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - B E Crucian
- NASA - Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B Fiedel
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - H Bauer
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - P Gössmann-Lang
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - D Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis und Sports Biochemistry, Kreischa, Germany
| | - E Kohlberg
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - A Choukèr
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - M Feuerecker
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Balakrishnan R, Nanjundaiah RM, Nirwan M, Sharma MK, Ganju L, Saha M, Singh SB, Ramarao NH. Design and validation of Integrated Yoga Therapy module for Antarctic expeditioners. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2019; 11:97-100. [PMID: 30704833 PMCID: PMC7329722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extreme environments are inherently stressful and are characterized by a variety of physical and psychosocial stressors, including, but not limited to, isolation, confinement, social tensions, minimal possibility of medical evacuation, boredom, monotony, and danger. Previous research studies recommend adaptation to the environment to maintain optimal function and remain healthy. Different interventions have been tried in the past for effective management of stress. Yoga practices have been shown to be beneficial for coping with stress and enhance quality of life, sleep and immune status. Objective The current article describes preparation of a Yoga module for better management of stressors in extreme environmental condition of Antarctica. Materials and methods A Yoga module was designed based on the traditional and contemporary yoga literature as well as published studies. The Yoga module was sent for validation to forty experts of which thirty responded. Results Experts (n = 30) gave their opinion on the usefulness of the yoga module. In total 29 out of 30 practices were retained. The average content validity ratio and intra class correlation of the entire module was 0.89 & 0.78 respectively. Conclusion A specific yoga module for coping and facilitating adaptation in Antarctica was designed and validated. This module was used in the 35th Indian Scientific expedition to Antarctica, and experiments are underway to understand the efficacy and utility of Yoga on psychological stress, sleep, serum biomarkers and gene expression. Further outcomes shall provide the efficacy and utility of this module in Antarctic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohit Nirwan
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Lilly Ganju
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mantu Saha
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Life Sciences Research Board, Defence Research and Development Organisation, New Delhi, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sandal GM, van deVijver FJR, Smith N. Psychological Hibernation in Antarctica. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2235. [PMID: 30524340 PMCID: PMC6256132 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activity in Antarctica has increased sharply in recent years. In particular during the winter months, people are exposed to long periods of isolation and confinement and an extreme physical environment that poses risks to health, well-being and performance. The present study aimed to gain a better understanding of processes contributing to psychological resilience in this context. Specifically, the study examined how the use of coping strategies changed over time, and the extent to which changes coincided with alterations in mood and sleep. Two crews (N = 27) spending approximately 10 months at the Concordia station completed the Utrecht Coping List, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and a structured sleep diary at regular intervals (x 9). The results showed that several variables reached a minimum value during the midwinter period, which corresponded to the third quarter of the expedition. The effect was particularly noticeable for coping strategies (i.e., active problem solving, palliative reactions, avoidance, and comforting cognitions). The pattern of results could indicate that participants during Antarctic over-wintering enter a state of psychological hibernation as a stress coping mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fons J R van deVijver
- Department of Culture Studies, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Nathan Smith
- Department of Politics, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kawasaki A, Wisniewski S, Healey B, Pattyn N, Kunz D, Basner M, Münch M. Impact of long-term daylight deprivation on retinal light sensitivity, circadian rhythms and sleep during the Antarctic winter. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16185. [PMID: 30385850 PMCID: PMC6212492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term daylight deprivation such as during the Antarctic winter has been shown to lead to delayed sleep timing and sleep fragmentation. We aimed at testing whether retinal sensitivity, sleep and circadian rest-activity will change during long-term daylight deprivation on two Antarctic bases (Concordia and Halley VI) in a total of 25 healthy crew members (mean age: 34 ± 11y; 7f). The pupil responses to different light stimuli were used to assess retinal sensitivity changes. Rest-activity cycles were continuously monitored by activity watches. Overall, our data showed increased pupil responses under scotopic (mainly rod-dependent), photopic (mainly L-/M-cone dependent) as well as bright-blue light (mainly melanopsin-dependent) conditions during the time without direct sunlight. Circadian rhythm analysis revealed a significant decay of intra-daily stability, indicating more fragmented rest-activity rhythms during the dark period. Sleep and wake times (as assessed from rest-activity recordings) were significantly delayed after the first month without sunlight (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that during long-term daylight deprivation, retinal sensitivity to blue light increases, whereas circadian rhythm stability decreases and sleep-wake timing is delayed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Kawasaki
- University of Lausanne, Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules-Gonin, Fondation Asile des aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Wisniewski
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Physiology, Berlin, Germany.,St. Hedwig-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Germany
| | - B Healey
- Centre Hospitalier Alps Léman, 74130, Contamine-sur-arve, France
| | - N Pattyn
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Human Physiology & Royal Military Academy, VIPER Research Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Kunz
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Physiology, Berlin, Germany.,St. Hedwig-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Germany.,Intellux GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Basner
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - M Münch
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Physiology, Berlin, Germany. .,St. Hedwig-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Germany. .,Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mogilever NB, Zuccarelli L, Burles F, Iaria G, Strapazzon G, Bessone L, Coffey EBJ. Expedition Cognition: A Review and Prospective of Subterranean Neuroscience With Spaceflight Applications. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:407. [PMID: 30425628 PMCID: PMC6218582 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Renewed interest in human space exploration has highlighted the gaps in knowledge needed for successful long-duration missions outside low-Earth orbit. Although the technical challenges of such missions are being systematically overcome, many of the unknowns in predicting mission success depend on human behavior and performance, knowledge of which must be either obtained through space research or extrapolated from human experience on Earth. Particularly in human neuroscience, laboratory-based research efforts are not closely connected to real environments such as human space exploration. As caves share several of the physical and psychological challenges of spaceflight, underground expeditions have recently been developed as a spaceflight analog for astronaut training purposes, suggesting that they might also be suitable for studying aspects of behavior and cognition that cannot be fully examined under laboratory conditions. Our objective is to foster a bi-directional exchange between cognitive neuroscientists and expedition experts by (1) describing the cave environment as a worthy space analog for human research, (2) reviewing work conducted on human neuroscience and cognition within caves, (3) exploring the range of topics for which the unique environment may prove valuable as well as obstacles and limitations, (4) outlining technologies and methods appropriate for cave use, and (5) suggesting how researchers might establish contact with potential expedition collaborators. We believe that cave expeditions, as well as other sorts of expeditions, offer unique possibilities for cognitive neuroscience that will complement laboratory work and help to improve human performance and safety in operational environments, both on Earth and in space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ford Burles
- Department of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Iaria
- Department of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Giacomo Strapazzon
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research - Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Loredana Bessone
- Directorate of Human and Robotics, Exploration, European Space Agency, Köln, Germany
| | - Emily B J Coffey
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pattyn N, Van Puyvelde M, Fernandez-Tellez H, Roelands B, Mairesse O. From the midnight sun to the longest night: Sleep in Antarctica. Sleep Med Rev 2017; 37:159-172. [PMID: 28460798 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are the main health complaints from personnel deployed in Antarctica. The current paper presents a systematic review of research findings on sleep disturbances in Antarctica. The available sources were divided in three categories: results based on questionnaire surveys or sleep logs, studies using actigraphy, and data from polysomnography results. Other areas relevant to the issue were also examined. These included chronobiology, since the changes in photoperiod have been known to affect circadian rhythms, mood disturbances, exercise, sleep and hypoxia, countermeasure investigations in Antarctica, and other locations lacking a normal photoperiod. Based on the combination of our reviewed sources and data outside the field of sleep studies, or from other geographical locations, we defined hypotheses to be confirmed or infirmed, which allowed to summarize a research agenda. Despite the scarcity of sleep research on the Antarctic continent, the present review pinpointed some consistent changes in sleep during the Antarctic winter, the common denominators being a circadian phase delay, poor subjective sleep quality, an increased sleep fragmentation, as well as a decrease in slow wave sleep. Similar changes, albeit less pronounced, were observed during summer. Additional multidisciplinary research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind these changes in sleep architecture, and to investigate interventions to improve the sleep quality of the men and women deployed in the Antarctic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Pattyn
- Vital Signs and Performance Research Unit, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium; Human Physiology Dept, School for Exercise Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; British Antarctic Survey Medical Unit, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK.
| | - Martine Van Puyvelde
- Vital Signs and Performance Research Unit, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Helio Fernandez-Tellez
- Vital Signs and Performance Research Unit, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium; Human Physiology Dept, School for Exercise Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Bart Roelands
- Human Physiology Dept, School for Exercise Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Olivier Mairesse
- Vital Signs and Performance Research Unit, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium; Human Physiology Dept, School for Exercise Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; Sleep Laboratory and Unit for Chronobiology, Brugmann University Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Circadian Rhythm and Sleep During Prolonged Antarctic Residence at Chinese Zhongshan Station. Wilderness Environ Med 2016; 27:458-467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
22
|
Moiseyenko YV, Sukhorukov VI, Pyshnov GY, Mankovska IM, Rozova KV, Miroshnychenko OA, Kovalevska OE, Madjar SAY, Bubnov RV, Gorbach AO, Danylenko KM, Moiseyenko OI. Antarctica challenges the new horizons in predictive, preventive, personalized medicine: preliminary results and attractive hypotheses for multi-disciplinary prospective studies in the Ukrainian "Akademik Vernadsky" station. EPMA J 2016; 7:11. [PMID: 27247701 PMCID: PMC4886406 DOI: 10.1186/s13167-016-0060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Antarctica is a unique place to study the health condition under the influence of environmental factors on the organism in pure form. Since the very beginning of the scientific presence of Ukraine in the Antarctic, biomedical research has been developed for the monitoring of individual biomarkers of winterers and medical accompaniment in Antarctic expeditions. The aim of the study was to analyze and discuss the retrospective data of long-term monitoring and observations in Ukrainian Antarctica station “Akademik Vernadsky,” providing multi-scale biomedical information with regard to conditions of a perfect isolation from technological and social influences and under extreme environmental factors. Methods Medical and biological studies have been performed with the participation of all 20 Ukrainian wintering expeditions. We surveyed 200 males aged 20–60 years (mean age 37 years). Extensive medical examinations were carried out before the expedition, during the selection of candidates, and after returning, and particular functions were monitored during the entire stay in Antarctica. The medical records were analyzed to study the reaction of the human organism on phenomena like “Antarctic syndrome,” dysadaptation, anxiety, desynchronosis, photoperiodism, influence of climatic and meteofactors like “Schumann resonance,” infrasound, “ozone hole,” and “sterile” environment; important aspects of its role on human health were precisely studied and discussed. Results The examinations showed the multi-level symptoms of the processes of dysregulation and dysadaptation, as functional tension in the sympathetic-adrenal system rights, especially during urgent adaptation to the Antarctic (1-month stay at the station) and, to a lesser extent, after returning from an expedition to Kyiv. At the initial, adaptation to the conditions of the Antarctic levels of urinary catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, DOPA) increased compared with the start of the expedition (23.2 ± 4.3 and 53.3 ± 5 2 mmol/l, p < 0.001; 67.1 ± 12.3 and 138.3 ± 16.9 mmol/l, p < 0.01; 1749.6 ± 476.5 vs 7094.6 ± 918.3 mmol/l, p < 0.001; 129.6 ± 12.3 and 349.9 ± 40.6 mmol/l, p < 0.001, respectively). In the blood serum of 100 % of the expedition, we found an increase of oxidative stress markers—the level of TBARS increased by 41.2 %, i.e., the activation of free radical peroxidation. Thus, in 80 % of the participants, we observed a reduction in the activity of the SOD antiradical enzyme vs 58 % in the controls. Changes in brain electrical activity after a long stay at the Antarctic stations showed increasing delta rhythms, signs of CNS protective inhibition, likely due to hypoxia. We found changes in the concentrations of microelements (iron, copper, zinc, etc.) in the blood of winterers after the expedition. The polychrome-adaptive method of correcting the changes of the psycho-emotional state in a monochrome Antarctic environment was successfully applied. Conclusions The preliminary results of the retrospective study and our own observations of the fundamental physiological mechanisms of the negative influence of extreme environmental factors on an organism in the absence of man-made origin factors allow the determination of many mechanisms of “pre-pathology” processes which promise to develop the pathogenetically based pro-active prevention methods for a number of common diseases to set prospective interdisciplinary research in predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yevhen V Moiseyenko
- National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ministry of Education of Ukraine, 16, Taras Shevchenko Boulevard, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine ; Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 4, Bogomoletz str., Kyiv, 01024 Ukraine
| | - Viktor I Sukhorukov
- Institute of Neurology, Psychiatry and Narcology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 46, Akademika Pavlova str., Kharkiv, 61068 Ukraine
| | - Georgiy Yu Pyshnov
- Institute for Occupational Health of National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Saksaganskogo str., 75, Kyiv, 01033 Ukraine
| | - Iryna M Mankovska
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 4, Bogomoletz str., Kyiv, 01024 Ukraine
| | - Kateryna V Rozova
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 4, Bogomoletz str., Kyiv, 01024 Ukraine
| | - Olena A Miroshnychenko
- Zhytomyr Ivan Franko State University, 40, Velyka Berdychivska Str., Zhytomyr, 10008 Ukraine
| | - Olena E Kovalevska
- G.S. Kostyuk Institute of Psychology of the National Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine, 2, Pankivska str., Kyiv, 01033 Ukraine
| | | | - Rostyslav V Bubnov
- Clinical Hospital 'Pheophania' of State Management of Affairs Department, 21, Zabolotny str., Kyiv, 03680 Ukraine ; Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 154, Zabolotny Str., Kyiv, 03680 Ukraine ; Ukrainian Academy of Informatics, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Anatoliy O Gorbach
- Clinical Hospital 'Pheophania' of State Management of Affairs Department, 21, Zabolotny str., Kyiv, 03680 Ukraine ; Ukrainian Academy of Informatics, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Kostiantyn M Danylenko
- National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ministry of Education of Ukraine, 16, Taras Shevchenko Boulevard, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Olga I Moiseyenko
- National Scientific Center 'Mykola Strazhesko Institute of Cardiology' of National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 5, Narodnoho Opolchennya str., Kyiv, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|