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Zhang Y, Guo Z, Chen X, Li X, Shi Y, Xu L, Yu C, Jing B, Li W, Xu A, Shi X, Li K, Huang Z. Identification candidate genes for salt resistance through quantitative trait loci-sequencing in Brassica napus L. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 294:154187. [PMID: 38422630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oil crops worldwide. However, its yield is greatly limited by salt stress, one of the primary abiotic stresses. Identification of salt-tolerance genes and breeding salt-tolerant varieties is an effective approach to address this issue. Unfortunately, little is known about the salt-tolerance quantitative trait locus (QTL) and the identification of salt tolerance genes in rapeseed. In this study, high-throughput quantitative trait locus sequencing (QTL-seq) was applied to identifying salt-tolerant major QTLs based on two DNA pools from an F2:3 population of a cross between rapeseed line 2205 (salt tolerant) and 1423 (salt sensitive). A total of twelve major QTLs related to the salt tolerance rating (STR) were detected on chromosomes A03, A08, C02, C03, C04, C06, C07 and C09. To further enhance our understanding, we integrated QTL-seq data with transcriptome analysis of the two parental rapeseed plants subjected to salt stress, through which ten candidate genes for salt tolerance were identified within the major QTLs by gene differential expression, variation and annotated functions analysis. The marker SNP820 linked to salt tolerance was successfully validated and would be useful as a diagnostic marker in marker-assisted breeding. These findings provide valuable insights for future breeding programs aimed at developing rapeseed cultivars resistant to salt stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhiting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaoqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xinru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yiji Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Key Laboratory of Spring Rape Genetic Improvement of Qinghai Province, Rapeseed Research and Development Center of Qinghai Province, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Chengyu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bing Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Aixia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Keqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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2
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Kim YO, Safdar M, Kang H, Kim J. Glycine-Rich RNA-Binding Protein AtGRP7 Functions in Nickel and Lead Tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:187. [PMID: 38256744 PMCID: PMC10818801 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Plant glycine-rich RNA-binding proteins (GRPs) play crucial roles in the response to environmental stresses. However, the functions of AtGRP7 in plants under heavy metal stress remain unclear. In the present study, in Arabidopsis, the transcript level of AtGRP7 was markedly increased by Ni but was decreased by Pb. AtGRP7-overexpressing plants improved Ni tolerance, whereas the knockout mutant (grp7) was more susceptible than the wild type to Ni. In addition, grp7 showed greatly enhanced Pb tolerance, whereas overexpression lines showed high Pb sensitivity. Ni accumulation was reduced in overexpression lines but increased in grp7, whereas Pb accumulation in grp7 was lower than that in overexpression lines. Ni induced glutathione synthase genes GS1 and GS2 in overexpression lines, whereas Pb increased metallothionein genes MT4a and MT4b and phytochelatin synthase genes PCS1 and PCS2 in grp7. Furthermore, Ni increased CuSOD1 and GR1 in grp7, whereas Pb significantly induced FeSOD1 and FeSOD2 in overexpression lines. The mRNA stability of GS2 and PCS1 was directly regulated by AtGRP7 under Ni and Pb, respectively. Collectively, these results indicate that AtGRP7 plays a crucial role in Ni and Pb tolerance by reducing Ni and Pb accumulation and the direct or indirect post-transcriptional regulation of genes related to heavy metal chelators and antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ok Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
| | - Mahpara Safdar
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hunseung Kang
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangho Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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Ren D, Liu H, Sun X, Zhang F, Jiang L, Wang Y, Jiang N, Yan P, Cui J, Yang J, Li Z, Lu P, Luo X. Post-transcriptional regulation of grain weight and shape by the RBP-A-J-K complex in rice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:66-85. [PMID: 37970747 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are components of the post-transcriptional regulatory system, but their regulatory effects on complex traits remain unknown. Using an integrated strategy involving map-based cloning, functional characterizations, and transcriptomic and population genomic analyses, we revealed that RBP-K (LOC_Os08g23120), RBP-A (LOC_Os11g41890), and RBP-J (LOC_Os10g33230) encode proteins that form an RBP-A-J-K complex that negatively regulates rice yield-related traits. Examinations of the RBP-A-J-K complex indicated RBP-K functions as a relatively non-specific RBP chaperone that enables RBP-A and RBP-J to function normally. Additionally, RBP-J most likely affects GA pathways, resulting in considerable increases in grain and panicle lengths, but decreases in grain width and thickness. In contrast, RBP-A negatively regulates the expression of genes most likely involved in auxin-regulated pathways controlling cell wall elongation and carbohydrate transport, with substantial effects on the rice grain filling process as well as grain length and weight. Evolutionarily, RBP-K is relatively ancient and highly conserved, whereas RBP-J and RBP-A are more diverse. Thus, the RBP-A-J-K complex may represent a typical functional model for many RBPs and protein complexes that function at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in plants and animals for increased functional consistency, efficiency, and versatility, as well as increased evolutionary potential. Our results clearly demonstrate the importance of RBP-mediated post-transcriptional regulation for the diversity of complex traits. Furthermore, rice grain yield and quality may be enhanced by introducing various complete or partial loss-of-function mutations to specific RBP genes using clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 technology and by exploiting desirable natural tri-genic allelic combinations at the loci encoding the components of the RBP-A-J-K complex through marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xuejun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Peiwen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jinhao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jinshui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhikang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Pingli Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xiaojin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
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Chen X, Chen H, Shen T, Luo Q, Xu M, Yang Z. The miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Modules of Pinus massoniana Lamb. in Response to Drought Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14655. [PMID: 37834103 PMCID: PMC10572226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) is a major fast-growing woody tree species and pioneer species for afforestation in barren sites in southern China. However, the regulatory mechanism of gene expression in P. massoniana under drought remains unclear. To uncover candidate microRNAs, their expression profiles, and microRNA-mRNA interactions, small RNA-seq was used to investigate the transcriptome from seedling roots under drought and rewatering in P. massoniana. A total of 421 plant microRNAs were identified. Pairwise differential expression analysis between treatment and control groups unveiled 134, 156, and 96 differential expressed microRNAs at three stages. These constitute 248 unique microRNAs, which were subsequently categorized into six clusters based on their expression profiles. Degradome sequencing revealed that these 248 differentially expressed microRNAs targeted 2069 genes. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis suggested that these target genes were related to translational and posttranslational regulation, cell wall modification, and reactive oxygen species scavenging. miRNAs such as miR482, miR398, miR11571, miR396, miR166, miRN88, and miRN74, along with their target genes annotated as F-box/kelch-repeat protein, 60S ribosomal protein, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, luminal-binding protein, S-adenosylmethionine synthase, and Early Responsive to Dehydration Stress may play critical roles in drought response. This study provides insights into microRNA responsive to drought and rewatering in Masson pine and advances the understanding of drought tolerance mechanisms in Pinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Chen
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 682 Guangshan Road 1, Guangzhou 510520, China;
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China;
- Engineering Research Center of Masson Pine of State Forestry Administration, Engineering Research Center of Masson Pine of Guangxi, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Superior Timber Trees Resource Cultivation, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, 23 Yongwu Road, Nanning 530002, China; (H.C.); (Q.L.)
| | - Hu Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Masson Pine of State Forestry Administration, Engineering Research Center of Masson Pine of Guangxi, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Superior Timber Trees Resource Cultivation, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, 23 Yongwu Road, Nanning 530002, China; (H.C.); (Q.L.)
| | - Tengfei Shen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Qunfeng Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Masson Pine of State Forestry Administration, Engineering Research Center of Masson Pine of Guangxi, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Superior Timber Trees Resource Cultivation, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, 23 Yongwu Road, Nanning 530002, China; (H.C.); (Q.L.)
| | - Meng Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Zhangqi Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Masson Pine of State Forestry Administration, Engineering Research Center of Masson Pine of Guangxi, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Superior Timber Trees Resource Cultivation, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, 23 Yongwu Road, Nanning 530002, China; (H.C.); (Q.L.)
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5
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Belimov AA, Shaposhnikov AI, Azarova TS, Yuzikhin OS, Sekste EA, Safronova VI, Tikhonovich IA. Aluminum-Immobilizing Rhizobacteria Modulate Root Exudation and Nutrient Uptake and Increase Aluminum Tolerance of Pea Mutant E107 ( brz). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2334. [PMID: 37375958 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) increase the tolerance of plants to abiotic stresses; however, the counteraction of Al toxicity has received little attention. The effects of specially selected Al-tolerant and Al-immobilizing microorganisms were investigated using pea cultivar Sparkle and its Al-sensitive mutant E107 (brz). The strain Cupriavidus sp. D39 was the most-efficient in the growth promotion of hydroponically grown peas treated with 80 µM AlCl3, increasing the plant biomass of Sparkle by 20% and of E107 (brz) by two-times. This strain immobilized Al in the nutrient solution and decreased its concentration in E107 (brz) roots. The mutant showed upregulated exudation of organic acids, amino acids, and sugars in the absence or presence of Al as compared with Sparkle, and in most cases, the Al treatment stimulated exudation. Bacteria utilized root exudates and more actively colonized the root surface of E107 (brz). The exudation of tryptophan and the production of IAA by Cupriavidus sp. D39 in the root zone of the Al-treated mutant were observed. Aluminum disturbed the concentrations of nutrients in plants, but inoculation with Cupriavidus sp. D39 partially restored such negative effects. Thus, the E107 (brz) mutant is a useful tool for studying the mechanisms of plant-microbe interactions, and PGPR plays an important role in protecting plants against Al toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Belimov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo sh. 3, Pushkin, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander I Shaposhnikov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo sh. 3, Pushkin, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana S Azarova
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo sh. 3, Pushkin, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg S Yuzikhin
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo sh. 3, Pushkin, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Edgar A Sekste
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo sh. 3, Pushkin, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vera I Safronova
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo sh. 3, Pushkin, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor A Tikhonovich
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo sh. 3, Pushkin, 196608 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, University Embankment, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Oelmüller R, Tseng YH, Gandhi A. Signals and Their Perception for Remodelling, Adjustment and Repair of the Plant Cell Wall. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087417. [PMID: 37108585 PMCID: PMC10139151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the cell wall is important for plant cells. Mechanical or chemical distortions, tension, pH changes in the apoplast, disturbance of the ion homeostasis, leakage of cell compounds into the apoplastic space or breakdown of cell wall polysaccharides activate cellular responses which often occur via plasma membrane-localized receptors. Breakdown products of the cell wall polysaccharides function as damage-associated molecular patterns and derive from cellulose (cello-oligomers), hemicelluloses (mainly xyloglucans and mixed-linkage glucans as well as glucuronoarabinoglucans in Poaceae) and pectins (oligogalacturonides). In addition, several types of channels participate in mechanosensing and convert physical into chemical signals. To establish a proper response, the cell has to integrate information about apoplastic alterations and disturbance of its wall with cell-internal programs which require modifications in the wall architecture due to growth, differentiation or cell division. We summarize recent progress in pattern recognition receptors for plant-derived oligosaccharides, with a focus on malectin domain-containing receptor kinases and their crosstalk with other perception systems and intracellular signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Oelmüller
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Yu-Heng Tseng
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Akanksha Gandhi
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Xu P, Li H, Xu K, Cui X, Liu Z, Wang X. Genetic variation in BnGRP1 contributes to low phosphorus tolerance in Brassica napus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad114. [PMID: 36964902 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lack of phosphorus (P) is a major environmental factor affecting rapeseed (Brassica napus. L) root growth and development. For breeding purposes, it is crucial to identify the molecular mechanisms of root system architecture (RSA) traits underlying low P tolerance in rapeseed. The natural variations in the glycine-rich protein gene, BnGRP1, were analyzed in the natural population of 400 rapeseed cultivars under low P stress through genome-wide association study (GWAS) and transcriptome analyses. Based on 11 SNP mutations in BnGRP1 sequence, ten types of haplotypes (Hap) were formed. Compared with the other types, the cultivar of BnGRP1Hap1 type in the panel demonstrated the longest root length and heaviest root weight. BnGRP1Hap1 overexpression in rapeseed depicted the ability to enhance its resistance in response to low P tolerance. CRISPR/Cas9-derived BnGRP1Hap4 knockout mutations in rapeseed can lead to sensitivity to low P stress. Furthermore, BnGRP1Hap1 influences the expression of phosphate transporter 1 (PHT1) genes associated with P absorption. Overall, the findings of this study highlight new mechanisms of GRP1 genes in enhancing low P tolerance in rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Middle of Shuangling Road, Lanshan District, Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Haiyuan Li
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Middle of Shuangling Road, Lanshan District, Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Ke Xu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Middle of Shuangling Road, Lanshan District, Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cui
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Middle of Shuangling Road, Lanshan District, Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Zhenning Liu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Middle of Shuangling Road, Lanshan District, Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Middle of Shuangling Road, Lanshan District, Linyi, 276000, China
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Kim J, Bordiya Y, Xi Y, Zhao B, Kim DH, Pyo Y, Zong W, Ricci WA, Sung S. Warm temperature-triggered developmental reprogramming requires VIL1-mediated, genome-wide H3K27me3 accumulation in Arabidopsis. Development 2023; 150:dev201343. [PMID: 36762655 PMCID: PMC10110417 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Changes in ambient temperature immensely affect developmental programs in many species. Plants adapt to high ambient growth temperature in part by vegetative and reproductive developmental reprogramming, known as thermo-morphogenesis. Thermo-morphogenesis is accompanied by massive changes in the transcriptome upon temperature change. Here, we show that transcriptome changes induced by warm ambient temperature require VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3-LIKE 1 (VIL1), a facultative component of the Polycomb repressive complex PRC2, in Arabidopsis. Warm growth temperature elicits genome-wide accumulation of H3K27me3 and VIL1 is necessary for the warm temperature-mediated accumulation of H3K27me3. Consistent with its role as a mediator of thermo-morphogenesis, loss of function of VIL1 results in hypo-responsiveness to warm ambient temperature. Our results show that VIL1 is a major chromatin regulator in responses to high ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yogendra Bordiya
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yanpeng Xi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Dong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Youngjae Pyo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Wei Zong
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - William A. Ricci
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sibum Sung
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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9
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Liu H, Zhu R, Shu K, Lv W, Wang S, Wang C. Aluminum stress signaling, response, and adaptive mechanisms in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2057060. [PMID: 35467484 PMCID: PMC9045826 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2057060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over 40% of arable land in the world is acidic. Al stress has become a global agricultural problem affecting plant growth and limiting crop production in acidic soils. Plants have evolved different regulatory mechanisms of adaptation to exogenous environmental challenges, such as Al stress, by altering their growth patterns. In the past decades, several key genes involved in plant response to Al stress and the mechanism of Al detoxification have been revealed. However, the signaling pathways of plant response to Al stress and the regulatory mechanism of plant Al tolerance remain poorly understood. In this review, we summarized the findings of recent studies on the plant Al tolerance mechanism and the molecular regulation mechanism of phytohormones in response to Al stress. This review improves our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of plants in response to Al stress and provides a reference for the breeding of Al-tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Liu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Rong Zhu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Kai Shu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Weixiang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Song Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Chengliang Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Lab. of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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10
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Zhang S, Chen K, Anwar A, Wang Y, Yao S, Chen R, Song S, Su W. BcGRP23: A novel gene involved in the chlorophyll metabolic pathway that is activated by BES1 in flowering Chinese cabbage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1010470. [PMID: 36352860 PMCID: PMC9639331 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1010470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Glycine-rich proteins (GRPs) are a large family of proteins that play vital roles in cell wall remodeling, metabolism and development, and abiotic stress response. Although the functions of GRPs in cell wall remodeling have been extensively characterized, only a few studies have explored their effects on chlorophyll metabolism and hormone response. Accordingly, we aimed to determine the molecular mechanism of BcGRP23 and its role in chlorophyll metabolism and the BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1) signaling pathway in flowering Chinese cabbage. The expression levels of BcGRP23 in the leaves and stems gradually decreased with increasing growth and development of flowering Chinese cabbage, while BcGRP23 was barely expressed after flowering. As plant growth continued, the GUS (β-glucuronidase) stain gradually became lighter in hypocotyls and was largely free of growth points. The petioles and stems of BcGRP23-silenced plants lost their green color, and the contents of chlorophyll a (Chl a) and Chl b were significantly reduced. Further research revealed that the expression levels of chlorophyll degradation-related genes were significantly increased in silenced plants compared with the control; however, the opposite was noted for the BcGRP23-overexpressing lines. The BcGRP23 promoter sequence contains numerous hormone-responsive elements. In fact, the expression of BcGRP23 was upregulated in flowering Chinese cabbage following treatment with the hormones indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA), 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and brassinosteroid (BR). Treatment with BR led to the most significant upregulation. BES1, in response to BRs, directly activated the BcGRP23 promoter. Overall, BcGRP23 regulated the expression of chlorophyll degradation-related genes, thereby affecting the chlorophyll content. Furthermore, the expression of BcGRP23 was significantly regulated by exogenous BR application and was directly activated by BES1. These findings preliminarily suggest the molecular mechanism and regulatory pathway of BcGRP23 in the growth and development of flowering Chinese cabbage plants and their response to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kemin Chen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ali Anwar
- Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yudan Wang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengyi Yao
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Riyuan Chen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiwei Song
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Su
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Chen W, Tang L, Wang J, Zhu H, Jin J, Yang J, Fan W. Research Advances in the Mutual Mechanisms Regulating Response of Plant Roots to Phosphate Deficiency and Aluminum Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031137. [PMID: 35163057 PMCID: PMC8835462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Low phosphate (Pi) availability and high aluminum (Al) toxicity constitute two major plant mineral nutritional stressors that limit plant productivity on acidic soils. Advances toward the identification of genes and signaling networks that are involved in both stresses in model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa), and in other plants as well have revealed that some factors such as organic acids (OAs), cell wall properties, phytohormones, and iron (Fe) homeostasis are interconnected with each other. Moreover, OAs are involved in recruiting of many plant-growth-promoting bacteria that are able to secrete both OAs and phosphatases to increase Pi availability and decrease Al toxicity. In this review paper, we summarize these mutual mechanisms by which plants deal with both Al toxicity and P starvation, with emphasis on OA secretion regulation, plant-growth-promoting bacteria, transcription factors, transporters, hormones, and cell wall-related kinases in the context of root development and root system architecture remodeling that plays a determinant role in improving P use efficiency and Al resistance on acidic soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Li Tang
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Jiayi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Huihui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Jianfeng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Jianli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (W.F.); Tel.: +86-871-6522-7681 (W.F.); Fax: +86-571-8820-6438 (J.Y.)
| | - Wei Fan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (W.F.); Tel.: +86-871-6522-7681 (W.F.); Fax: +86-571-8820-6438 (J.Y.)
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12
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Arabidopsis LSH8 Positively Regulates ABA Signaling by Changing the Expression Pattern of ABA-Responsive Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910314. [PMID: 34638657 PMCID: PMC8508927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytohormone ABA regulates the expression of numerous genes to significantly affect seed dormancy, seed germination and early seedling responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the function of many ABA-responsive genes remains largely unknown. In order to improve the ABA-related signaling network, we conducted a large-scale ABA phenotype screening. LSH, an important transcription factor family, extensively participates in seedling development and floral organogenesis in plants, but whether its family genes are involved in the ABA signaling pathway has not been reported. Here we describe a new function of the transcription factor LSH8 in an ABA signaling pathway. In this study, we found that LSH8 was localized in the nucleus, and the expression level of LSH8 was significantly induced by exogenous ABA at the transcription level and protein level. Meanwhile, seed germination and root length measurements revealed that lsh8 mutant lines were ABA insensitive, whereas LSH8 overexpression lines showed an ABA-hypersensitive phenotype. With further TMT labeling quantitative proteomic analysis, we found that under ABA treatment, ABA-responsive proteins (ARPs) in the lsh8 mutant presented different changing patterns with those in wild-type Col4. Additionally, the number of ARPs contained in the lsh8 mutant was 397, six times the number in wild-type Col4. In addition, qPCR analysis found that under ABA treatment, LSH8 positively mediated the expression of downstream ABA-related genes of ABI3, ABI5, RD29B and RAB18. These results indicate that in Arabidopsis, LSH8 is a novel ABA regulator that could specifically change the expression pattern of APRs to positively mediate ABA responses.
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Lin C, Pan Y, Ye N, Shih Y, Liu F, Chen C. LsGRP1, a class II glycine-rich protein of Lilium, confers plant resistance via mediating innate immune activation and inducing fungal programmed cell death. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1149-1166. [PMID: 32662583 PMCID: PMC7411634 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Defence-related LsGRP1 is a leaf-specific plant class II glycine-rich protein (GRP) involved in salicylic acid-induced systemic resistance against grey mould caused by necrotrophic Botrytis elliptica in lily (Lilium) cultivar Stargazer. The C-terminal region of LsGRP1 (LsGRP1C ) can inhibit fungal growth in vitro via a mechanism of inducing fungal apoptosis programmed cell death (PCD). In this study, the role of LsGRP1 in induced defence mechanism was investigated using LsGRP1-silenced Stargazer lily and LsGRP1-transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. LsGRP1 silencing in lily was found to slightly inhibit plant growth and greatly increase the susceptibility to B. elliptica by suppressing callose deposition and early reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. In contrast, LsGRP1-transgenic Arabidopsis showed higher resistance to Botrytis cinerea and also to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 as compared to the wild type, accompanied with the enhancement of callose deposition and ROS accumulation. Additionally, LsGRP1 silencing increased plant cell death caused by B. elliptica secretion and reduced pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered defence activation in Stargazer lily. Consistently, LsGRP1 expression boosted PAMP-triggered defence responses and effector recognition-induced hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis. Moreover, fungal apoptosis PCD triggered by LsGRP1 in an LsGRP1C -dependent manner was demonstrated by leaf infiltration with LsGRP1C -containing recombinant proteins in Stargazer lily. Based on these results, we presume that LsGRP1 plays roles in plant defence via functioning as a pathogen-inducible switch for plant innate immune activation and acting as a fungal apoptosis PCD inducer to combat pathogen attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia‐Hua Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Ying‐Chieh Pan
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Nai‐Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Ting Shih
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Fan‐Wei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chao‐Ying Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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14
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Rui Y, Dinneny JR. A wall with integrity: surveillance and maintenance of the plant cell wall under stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1428-1439. [PMID: 31486535 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The structural and functional integrity of the cell wall needs to be constantly monitored and fine-tuned to allow for growth while preventing mechanical failure. Many studies have advanced our understanding of the pathways that contribute to cell wall biosynthesis and how these pathways are regulated by external and internal cues. Recent evidence also supports a model in which certain aspects of the wall itself may act as growth-regulating signals. Molecular components of the signaling pathways that sense and maintain cell wall integrity have begun to be revealed, including signals arising in the wall, sensors that detect changes at the cell surface, and downstream signal transduction modules. Abiotic and biotic stress conditions provide new contexts for the study of cell wall integrity, but the nature and consequences of wall disruptions due to various stressors require further investigation. A deeper understanding of cell wall signaling will provide insights into the growth regulatory mechanisms that allow plants to survive in changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Rui
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - José R Dinneny
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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15
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Lou HQ, Fan W, Jin JF, Xu JM, Chen WW, Yang JL, Zheng SJ. A NAC-type transcription factor confers aluminium resistance by regulating cell wall-associated receptor kinase 1 and cell wall pectin. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:463-478. [PMID: 31713247 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation is important for plants to respond to toxic effects of aluminium (Al). However, our current knowledge to these events is confined to a few transcription factors. Here, we functionally characterized a rice bean (Vigna umbellata) NAC-type transcription factor, VuNAR1, in terms of Al stress response. We demonstrated that rice bean VuNAR1 is a nuclear-localized transcriptional activator, whose expression was specifically upregulated by Al in roots but not in shoot. VuNAR1 overexpressing Arabidopsis plants exhibit improved Al resistance via Al exclusion. However, VuNAR1-mediated Al exclusion is independent of the function of known Al-resistant genes. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed that VuNAR1 specifically regulates the expression of genes associated with protein phosphorylation and cell wall modification in Arabidopsis. Transient expression assay demonstrated the direct transcriptional activation of cell wall-associated receptor kinase 1 (WAK1) by VuNAR1. Moreover, yeast one-hybrid assays and MEME motif searches identified a new VuNAR1-specific binding motif in the promoter of WAK1. Compared with wild-type Arabidopsis plants, VuNAR1 overexpressing plants have higher WAK1 expression and less pectin content. Taken together, our results suggest that VuNAR1 regulates Al resistance by regulating cell wall pectin metabolism via directly binding to the promoter of WAK1 and induce its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Qiang Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jian Feng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Meng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Arora D, Nanda S. Quality by design driven development of resveratrol loaded ethosomal hydrogel for improved dermatological benefits via enhanced skin permeation and retention. Int J Pharm 2019; 567:118448. [PMID: 31226472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a potent anti-oxidant agent and can be used for the effective management of different skin conditions like extrinsic skin ageing, psoriasis, etc. The objective of this research was to develop a dermal delivery system of resveratrol for its improved dermatological benefits for achieving its enhanced skin deposition profile with limited systemic exposure. Resveratrol loaded ethosomal hydrogel was developed and optimized using systematic Quality by Design approach. Firstly, the quality target product profile (QTPP) of ethosomal formulation was defined and critical quality attributes (CQAs) and critical material attributes (CMAs) were screened through risk assessment studies based on fish bone diagram. 32 full factorial design using Design Expert software was employed to optimize the selected CMAs. Concentration of phospholipid (X1) and concentration of ethanol (X2) were selected as independent CMAs. Vesicle size (Y1), entrapment efficiency (Y2), permeation flux (Y3) and drug deposition in dermal layer (Y4) were evaluated as dependant CQAs. Optimized formulation was then evaluated for physicochemical and skin permeation properties. Ethosomal hydrogel was able to significantly enhance the skin permeation parameters and skin deposition of resveratrol in comparison to the conventional cream. The results were highly ratified by CLSM studies in which ethosomal hydrogel was found to be vastly scattered in the deeper skin layers. Thus, there is evidence that systemically developed ethosomal gel can deliver enhanced amounts of bioactives into the skin and it is expected that a number of products for dermal/transdermal applications will be developed in the future based on it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India; Department of Pharmaceutics, I.S.F. College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India.
| | - Sanju Nanda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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17
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Krasnov GS, Dmitriev AA, Zyablitsin AV, Rozhmina TA, Zhuchenko AA, Kezimana P, Snezhkina AV, Fedorova MS, Novakovskiy RO, Pushkova EN, Povkhova LV, Bolsheva NL, Kudryavtseva AV, Melnikova NV. Aluminum Responsive Genes in Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5023125. [PMID: 30941364 PMCID: PMC6421055 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5023125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a multipurpose crop which is used for the production of textile, oils, composite materials, pharmaceuticals, etc. Soil acidity results in a loss of seed and fiber production of flax, and aluminum toxicity is a major factor that depresses plant growth and development in acid conditions. In the present work, we evaluated gene expression alterations in four flax genotypes with diverse tolerance to aluminum exposure. Using RNA-Seq approach, we revealed genes that are differentially expressed under aluminum stress in resistant (Hermes, TMP1919) and sensitive (Lira, Orshanskiy) cultivars and selectively confirmed the identified alterations using qPCR. To search for differences in response to aluminum between resistant and sensitive genotypes, we developed the scoring that allowed us to suggest the involvement of MADS-box and NAC transcription factors regulating plant growth and development and enzymes participating in cell wall modifications in aluminum tolerance in flax. Using Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, we revealed that glutathione metabolism, oxidoreductase, and transmembrane transporter activities are the most affected by the studied stress in flax. Thus, we identified genes that are involved in aluminum response in resistant and sensitive genotypes and suggested genes that contribute to flax tolerance to the aluminum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S. Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Zyablitsin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Rozhmina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, Torzhok 172002, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Zhuchenko
- Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, Torzhok 172002, Russia
- All-Russian Horticultural Institute for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery, Moscow 115598, Russia
| | - Parfait Kezimana
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Anastasiya V. Snezhkina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Maria S. Fedorova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Roman O. Novakovskiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena N. Pushkova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Liubov V. Povkhova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Nadezhda L. Bolsheva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anna V. Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nataliya V. Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Magalhaes JV, Piñeros MA, Maciel LS, Kochian LV. Emerging Pleiotropic Mechanisms Underlying Aluminum Resistance and Phosphorus Acquisition on Acidic Soils. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1420. [PMID: 30319678 PMCID: PMC6168647 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity on acidic soils significantly damages plant roots and inhibits root growth. Hence, crops intoxicated by Al become more sensitive to drought stress and mineral nutrient deficiencies, particularly phosphorus (P) deficiency, which is highly unavailable on tropical soils. Advances in our understanding of the physiological and genetic mechanisms that govern plant Al resistance have led to the identification of Al resistance genes, both in model systems and in crop species. It has long been known that Al resistance has a beneficial effect on crop adaptation to acidic soils. This positive effect happens because the root systems of Al resistant plants show better development in the presence of soil ionic Al3+ and are, consequently, more efficient in absorbing sub-soil water and mineral nutrients. This effect of Al resistance on crop production, by itself, warrants intensified efforts to develop and implement, on a breeding scale, modern selection strategies to profit from the knowledge of the molecular determinants of plant Al resistance. Recent studies now suggest that Al resistance can exert pleiotropic effects on P acquisition, potentially expanding the role of Al resistance on crop adaptation to acidic soils. This appears to occur via both organic acid (OA)- and non-OA transporters governing a joint, iron-dependent interplay between Al resistance and enhanced P uptake, via changes in root system architecture. Current research suggests this interplay to be part of a P stress response, suggesting that this mechanism could have evolved in crop species to improve adaptation to acidic soils. Should this pleiotropism prove functional in crop species grown on acidic soils, molecular breeding based on Al resistance genes may have a much broader impact on crop performance than previously anticipated. To explore this possibility, here we review the components of this putative effect of Al resistance genes on P stress responses and P nutrition to provide the foundation necessary to discuss the recent evidence suggesting pleiotropy as a genetic linkage between Al resistance and P efficiency. We conclude by exploring what may be needed to enhance the utilization of Al resistance genes to improve crop production on acidic soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurandir V. Magalhaes
- Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, Sete Lagoas, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Miguel A. Piñeros
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Laiane S. Maciel
- Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, Sete Lagoas, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leon V. Kochian
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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19
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Chen L, Cai Y, Liu X, Guo C, Yao W, Sun S, Wu C, Jiang B, Han T, Hou W. GmGRP-like gene confers Al tolerance in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13601. [PMID: 30206281 PMCID: PMC6134052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31703-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) toxicity restrains water and nutrient uptake and is toxic to plant roots, ultimately inhibiting crop production. Here, we isolated and characterized a soybean glycine-rich protein-like gene (GmGRPL) that is mainly expressed in the root and that is regulated by Al treatment. Overexpression of GmGRPL can alleviate Al-induced root growth inhibition in Arabidopsis. The levels of IAA and ethylene in GmGRPL-overexpressing hairy roots were lower than those in control and RNA interference-exposed GmGRPL hairy roots with or without Al stress, which were mainly regulated by TAA1 and ACO, respectively. In transgenic soybean hairy roots, the MDA, H2O2 and O2-·content in GmGRPL-overexpressing hairy roots were less than that in control and RNA interference-exposed GmGRPL hairy roots under Al stress. In addition, IAA and ACC can enhance the expression level of the GmGRPL promoter with or without Al stress. These results indicated that GmGRPL can alleviate Al-induced root growth inhibition by regulating the level of IAA and ethylene and improving antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yupeng Cai
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiujie Liu
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chen Guo
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Weiwei Yao
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shi Sun
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Cunxiang Wu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bingjun Jiang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tianfu Han
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wensheng Hou
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Wang B, Wang G, Shen F, Zhu S. A Glycine-Rich RNA-Binding Protein, CsGR-RBP3, Is Involved in Defense Responses Against Cold Stress in Harvested Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) Fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:540. [PMID: 29740470 PMCID: PMC5925850 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant glycine-rich RNA-binding proteins (GR-RBPs) have been shown to play important roles in response to abiotic stresses in actively proliferating organs such as young plants, root tips, and flowers, but their roles in chilling responses of harvested fruit remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of CsGR-RBP3 in the chilling response of cucumber fruit. Pre-storage cold acclimation at 10°C (PsCA) for 3 days significantly enhanced chilling tolerance of cucumber fruit compared with the control fruit that were stored at 5°C. In the control fruit, only one of the six cucumber CsGR-RBP genes, CsGR-RBP2, was enhanced whereas the other five, i.e., CsGR-RBP3, CsGR-RBP4, CsGR-RBP5, CsGR-RBP-blt801, and CsGR-RBP-RZ1A were not. However, in the fruit exposed to PsCA before storage at 5°C, CsGR-RBP2 transcript levels were not obviously different from those in the controls, whereas the other five were highly upregulated, with CsGR-RBP3 the most significantly induced. Treatment with endogenous ABA and NO biosynthesis inhibitors, tungstate and L-nitro-arginine methyl ester, respectively, prior to PsCA treatment, clearly downregulated CsGR-RBP3 expression and significantly aggravated chilling injury. These results suggest a strong connection between CsGR-RBP3 expression and chilling tolerance in cucumber fruit. Transient expression in tobacco suggests CsGR-RBP3 was located in the mitochondria, implying a role for CsGR-RBP3 in maintaining mitochondria-related functions under low temperature. Arabidopsis lines overexpressing CsGR-RBP3 displayed faster growth at 23°C, lower electrolyte leakage and higher Fv/Fm ratio at 0°C, and higher survival rate at -20°C, than wild-type plants. Under cold stress conditions, Arabidopsis plants overexpressing CsGR-RBP3 displayed lower reactive oxygen species levels, and higher catalase and superoxide dismutase expression and activities, compared with the wild-type plants. In addition, overexpression of CsGR-RBP3 significantly upregulated nine Arabidopsis genes involved in defense responses to various stresses, including chilling. These results strongly suggest CsGR-RBP3 plays a positive role in defense against chilling stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shijiang Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Czolpinska M, Rurek M. Plant Glycine-Rich Proteins in Stress Response: An Emerging, Still Prospective Story. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:302. [PMID: 29568308 PMCID: PMC5852109 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Seed plants are sessile organisms that have developed a plethora of strategies for sensing, avoiding, and responding to stress. Several proteins, including the glycine-rich protein (GRP) superfamily, are involved in cellular stress responses and signaling. GRPs are characterized by high glycine content and the presence of conserved segments including glycine-containing structural motifs composed of repetitive amino acid residues. The general structure of this superfamily facilitates division of GRPs into five main subclasses. Although the participation of GRPs in plant stress response has been indicated in numerous model and non-model plant species, relatively little is known about the key physiological processes and molecular mechanisms in which those proteins are engaged. Class I, II, and IV members are known to be involved in hormone signaling, stress acclimation, and floral development, and are crucial for regulation of plant cells growth. GRPs of class IV [RNA-binding proteins (RBPs)] are involved in alternative splicing or regulation of transcription and stomatal movement, seed, pollen, and stamen development; their accumulation is regulated by the circadian clock. Owing to the fact that the overexpression of GRPs can confer tolerance to stress (e.g., some are involved in cold acclimation and may improve growth at low temperatures), these proteins could play a promising role in agriculture through plant genetic engineering. Consequently, isolation, cloning, characterization, and functional validation of novel GRPs expressed in response to the diverse stress conditions are expected to be growing areas of research in the coming years. According to our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review on participation of plant GRPs in the response to diverse stress stimuli.
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Guo T, Wang XW, Shan K, Sun W, Guo LY. The Loricrin-Like Protein (LLP) of Phytophthora infestans Is Required for Oospore Formation and Plant Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:142. [PMID: 28232841 PMCID: PMC5298957 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Loricrin-like protein (LLP) is characterized by a high content of glycine residues and is a major component of plant cell wall. Here, we identified a Phytophthora infestans ortholog of plant LLP, named PiLLP. In P. infestans, PiLLP is strongly expressed in asexual and sexual developmental stages, including in sporangia, zoospores and germinating cysts, and during oospore formation, as well as in the early stages of infection and during hydrogen peroxide stress. Compared with the wild type, the PiLLP-silenced transformants were defective in oospore formation, had slower colony expansion rates, produced less sporangia with lower germination and zoospore-release rates, and were more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, Nile red staining, and PiLLP-red fluorescent protein fusions indicated that PiLLP is involved in oogonia formation. The silenced transformants also had severely diminished virulence levels that could be partially restored with diphenyleneiodium treatments. The analysis of catalase activity showed a decrease of catalase activity in silenced transformants. Thus, PiLLP is important for sexual and asexual reproduction, and is required for oxidative stress tolerance and plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Li-Yun Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Key Laboratory for Plant Pathology MOA, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
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Mangeon A, Menezes-Salgueiro AD, Sachetto-Martins G. Start me up: Revision of evidences that AtGRP3 acts as a potential switch for AtWAK1. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1191733. [PMID: 28125320 PMCID: PMC5351722 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1191733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
AtGRP3 is a glycine-rich protein from Arabidopsis thaliana shown to interact with the extracellular domain of the receptor-like kinase (RLK) AtWAK1. Based on previous functional data for AtWAK1, a model was proposed that AtGRP3 when bound to this RLK would negatively regulate its kinase activity, inhibiting cell expansion. Here, we review recent functional studies on AtGRP3 that corroborate this model and suggest that AtGRP3/AtWAK1 complex regulates also defense signaling pathways. On the other hand, we show new data on AtGRP3-overexpressing plants indicating that its role in aluminum signaling pathways, as previously observed for elicitor signaling, seems to be more complex than a simple negative regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Mangeon
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Transdução de Sinal, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Dias Menezes-Salgueiro
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Transdução de Sinal, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Sachetto-Martins
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Transdução de Sinal, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- CONTACT Gilberto Sachetto-Martins or Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Transdução de Sinal, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS Bloco A – Sala A2-066, Cidade Universitária – Ilha do Fundão – Rio de Janeiro – RJ, CEP 21941-617, Brazil
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Dmitriev AA, Krasnov GS, Rozhmina TA, Kishlyan NV, Zyablitsin AV, Sadritdinova AF, Snezhkina AV, Fedorova MS, Yurkevich OY, Muravenko OV, Bolsheva NL, Kudryavtseva AV, Melnikova NV. Glutathione S-transferases and UDP-glycosyltransferases Are Involved in Response to Aluminum Stress in Flax. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1920. [PMID: 28066475 PMCID: PMC5174120 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
About 30% of the world's ice-free land area is occupied by acid soils. In soils with pH below 5, aluminum (Al) releases to the soil solution, and becomes highly toxic for plants. Therefore, breeding of varieties that are resistant to Al is needed. Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is grown worldwide for fiber and seed production. Al toxicity in acid soils is a serious problem for flax cultivation. However, very little is known about mechanisms of flax resistance to Al and the genetics of this resistance. In the present work, we sequenced 16 transcriptomes of flax cultivars resistant (Hermes and TMP1919) and sensitive (Lira and Orshanskiy) to Al, which were exposed to control conditions and aluminum treatment for 4, 12, and 24 h. In total, 44.9-63.3 million paired-end 100-nucleotide reads were generated for each sequencing library. Based on the obtained high-throughput sequencing data, genes with differential expression under aluminum exposure were revealed in flax. The majority of the top 50 up-regulated genes were involved in transmembrane transport and transporter activity in both the Al-resistant and Al-sensitive cultivars. However, genes encoding proteins with glutathione transferase and UDP-glycosyltransferase activity were in the top 50 up-regulated genes only in the flax cultivars resistant to aluminum. For qPCR analysis in extended sampling, two UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs), and three glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) were selected. The general trend of alterations in the expression of the examined genes was the up-regulation under Al stress, especially after 4 h of Al exposure. Moreover, in the flax cultivars resistant to aluminum, the increase in expression was more pronounced than that in the sensitive cultivars. We speculate that the defense against the Al toxicity via GST antioxidant activity is the probable mechanism of the response of flax plants to aluminum stress. We also suggest that UGTs could be involved in cell wall modification and protection from reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to Al stress in L. usitatissimum. Thus, GSTs and UGTs, probably, play an important role in the response of flax to Al via detoxification of ROS and cell wall modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
| | - George S. Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Rozhmina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
- All-Russian Research Institute for FlaxTorzhok, Russia
| | | | | | - Asiya F. Sadritdinova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
| | | | - Maria S. Fedorova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
| | - Olga Y. Yurkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
| | - Olga V. Muravenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda L. Bolsheva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
| | - Anna V. Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya V. Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
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