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Iaccarino L, Llibre-Guerra JJ, McDade E, Edwards L, Gordon B, Benzinger T, Hassenstab J, Kramer JH, Li Y, Miller BL, Miller Z, Morris JC, Mundada N, Perrin RJ, Rosen HJ, Soleimani-Meigooni D, Strom A, Tsoy E, Wang G, Xiong C, Allegri R, Chrem P, Vazquez S, Berman SB, Chhatwal J, Masters CL, Farlow MR, Jucker M, Levin J, Salloway S, Fox NC, Day GS, Gorno-Tempini ML, Boxer AL, La Joie R, Bateman R, Rabinovici GD. Molecular neuroimaging in dominantly inherited versus sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae159. [PMID: 38784820 PMCID: PMC11114609 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Approximately 5% of Alzheimer's disease patients develop symptoms before age 65 (early-onset Alzheimer's disease), with either sporadic (sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease) or dominantly inherited (dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease) presentations. Both sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease and dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease are characterized by brain amyloid-β accumulation, tau tangles, hypometabolism and neurodegeneration, but differences in topography and magnitude of these pathological changes are not fully elucidated. In this study, we directly compared patterns of amyloid-β plaque deposition and glucose hypometabolism in sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease and dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease individuals. Our analysis included 134 symptomatic sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease amyloid-Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-positive cases from the University of California, San Francisco, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (mean ± SD age 59.7 ± 5.6 years), 89 symptomatic dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease cases (age 45.8 ± 9.3 years) and 102 cognitively unimpaired non-mutation carriers from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network study (age 44.9 ± 9.2). Each group underwent clinical and cognitive examinations, 11C-labelled Pittsburgh Compound B-PET and structural MRI. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-PET was also available for most participants. Positron Emission Tomography scans from both studies were uniformly processed to obtain a standardized uptake value ratio (PIB50-70 cerebellar grey reference and FDG30-60 pons reference) images. Statistical analyses included pairwise global and voxelwise group comparisons and group-independent component analyses. Analyses were performed also adjusting for covariates including age, sex, Mini-Mental State Examination, apolipoprotein ε4 status and average composite cortical of standardized uptake value ratio. Compared with dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease, sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease participants were older at age of onset (mean ± SD, 54.8 ± 8.2 versus 41.9 ± 8.2, Cohen's d = 1.91), with more years of education (16.4 ± 2.8 versus 13.5 ± 3.2, d = 1) and more likely to be apolipoprotein ε4 carriers (54.6% ε4 versus 28.1%, Cramer's V = 0.26), but similar Mini-Mental State Examination (20.6 ± 6.1 versus 21.2 ± 7.4, d = 0.08). Sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease had higher global cortical Pittsburgh Compound B-PET binding (mean ± SD standardized uptake value ratio, 1.92 ± 0.29 versus 1.58 ± 0.44, d = 0.96) and greater global cortical 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET hypometabolism (mean ± SD standardized uptake value ratio, 1.32 ± 0.1 versus 1.39 ± 0.19, d = 0.48) compared with dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease. Fully adjusted comparisons demonstrated relatively higher Pittsburgh Compound B-PET standardized uptake value ratio in the medial occipital, thalami, basal ganglia and medial/dorsal frontal regions in dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease versus sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Sporadic early-onset Alzheimer's disease showed relatively greater 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET hypometabolism in Alzheimer's disease signature temporoparietal regions and caudate nuclei, whereas dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease showed relatively greater hypometabolism in frontal white matter and pericentral regions. Independent component analyses largely replicated these findings by highlighting common and unique Pittsburgh Compound B-PET and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET binding patterns. In summary, our findings suggest both common and distinct patterns of amyloid and glucose hypometabolism in sporadic and dominantly inherited early-onset Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Iaccarino
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jorge J Llibre-Guerra
- The Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN), St Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Eric McDade
- The Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN), St Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Lauren Edwards
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Brian Gordon
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tammie Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason Hassenstab
- The Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN), St Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zachary Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - John C Morris
- The Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN), St Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Nidhi Mundada
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Richard J Perrin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David Soleimani-Meigooni
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Amelia Strom
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Elena Tsoy
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Guoqiao Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ricardo Allegri
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Fleni, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Patricio Chrem
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Fleni, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Silvia Vazquez
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute for Neurological Research Fleni, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Sarah B Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jasmeer Chhatwal
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Colin L Masters
- Department of Neuroscience, Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Martin R Farlow
- Neuroscience Center, Indiana University School of Medicine at Indianapolis, Indiana, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mathias Jucker
- DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 80539, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich 81377, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Stephen Salloway
- Memory & Aging Program, Butler Hospital, Brown University in Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Gregory S Day
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 33224, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Renaud La Joie
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Randall Bateman
- The Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN), St Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Gil D Rabinovici
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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2
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Shirzadi Z, Schultz SA, Yau WYW, Joseph-Mathurin N, Fitzpatrick CD, Levin R, Kantarci K, Preboske GM, Jack CR, Farlow MR, Hassenstab J, Jucker M, Morris JC, Xiong C, Karch CM, Levey AI, Gordon BA, Schofield PR, Salloway SP, Perrin RJ, McDade E, Levin J, Cruchaga C, Allegri RF, Fox NC, Goate A, Day GS, Koeppe R, Chui HC, Berman S, Mori H, Sanchez-Valle R, Lee JH, Rosa-Neto P, Ruthirakuhan M, Wu CY, Swardfager W, Benzinger TLS, Sohrabi HR, Martins RN, Bateman RJ, Johnson KA, Sperling RA, Greenberg SM, Schultz AP, Chhatwal JP. Etiology of White Matter Hyperintensities in Autosomal Dominant and Sporadic Alzheimer Disease. JAMA Neurol 2023; 80:1353-1363. [PMID: 37843849 PMCID: PMC10580156 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Importance Increased white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume is a common magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) finding in both autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease (ADAD) and late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD), but it remains unclear whether increased WMH along the AD continuum is reflective of AD-intrinsic processes or secondary to elevated systemic vascular risk factors. Objective To estimate the associations of neurodegeneration and parenchymal and vessel amyloidosis with WMH accumulation and investigate whether systemic vascular risk is associated with WMH beyond these AD-intrinsic processes. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used data from 3 longitudinal cohort studies conducted in tertiary and community-based medical centers-the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN; February 2010 to March 2020), the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI; July 2007 to September 2021), and the Harvard Aging Brain Study (HABS; September 2010 to December 2019). Main Outcome and Measures The main outcomes were the independent associations of neurodegeneration (decreases in gray matter volume), parenchymal amyloidosis (assessed by amyloid positron emission tomography), and vessel amyloidosis (evidenced by cerebral microbleeds [CMBs]) with cross-sectional and longitudinal WMH. Results Data from 3960 MRI sessions among 1141 participants were included: 252 pathogenic variant carriers from DIAN (mean [SD] age, 38.4 [11.2] years; 137 [54%] female), 571 older adults from ADNI (mean [SD] age, 72.8 [7.3] years; 274 [48%] female), and 318 older adults from HABS (mean [SD] age, 72.4 [7.6] years; 194 [61%] female). Longitudinal increases in WMH volume were greater in individuals with CMBs compared with those without (DIAN: t = 3.2 [P = .001]; ADNI: t = 2.7 [P = .008]), associated with longitudinal decreases in gray matter volume (DIAN: t = -3.1 [P = .002]; ADNI: t = -5.6 [P < .001]; HABS: t = -2.2 [P = .03]), greater in older individuals (DIAN: t = 6.8 [P < .001]; ADNI: t = 9.1 [P < .001]; HABS: t = 5.4 [P < .001]), and not associated with systemic vascular risk (DIAN: t = 0.7 [P = .40]; ADNI: t = 0.6 [P = .50]; HABS: t = 1.8 [P = .06]) in individuals with ADAD and LOAD after accounting for age, gray matter volume, CMB presence, and amyloid burden. In older adults without CMBs at baseline, greater WMH volume was associated with CMB development during longitudinal follow-up (Cox proportional hazards regression model hazard ratio, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.72-4.03; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance The findings suggest that increased WMH volume in AD is associated with neurodegeneration and parenchymal and vessel amyloidosis but not with elevated systemic vascular risk. Additionally, increased WMH volume may represent an early sign of vessel amyloidosis preceding the emergence of CMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shirzadi
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Stephanie A. Schultz
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Wai-Ying W. Yau
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | | | - Colleen D. Fitzpatrick
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Raina Levin
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Kejal Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | - Jason Hassenstab
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Mathias Jucker
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - John C. Morris
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Celeste M. Karch
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Brian A. Gordon
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Richard J. Perrin
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Eric McDade
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, site Munich, Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Nick C. Fox
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Goate
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Gregory S. Day
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Robert Koeppe
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Helena C. Chui
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Sarah Berman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hiroshi Mori
- Osaka Metropolitan University Medical School, Osaka, Nagaoka Sutoku University, Osaka City, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Jae-Hong Lee
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Myuri Ruthirakuhan
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Che-Yuan Wu
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Walter Swardfager
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Hamid R. Sohrabi
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, School of Psychology, Health Future Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Randall J. Bateman
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Keith A. Johnson
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Reisa A. Sperling
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Steven M. Greenberg
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Aaron P. Schultz
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Jasmeer P. Chhatwal
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
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3
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McKay NS, Gordon BA, Hornbeck RC, Dincer A, Flores S, Keefe SJ, Joseph-Mathurin N, Jack CR, Koeppe R, Millar PR, Ances BM, Chen CD, Daniels A, Hobbs DA, Jackson K, Koudelis D, Massoumzadeh P, McCullough A, Nickels ML, Rahmani F, Swisher L, Wang Q, Allegri RF, Berman SB, Brickman AM, Brooks WS, Cash DM, Chhatwal JP, Day GS, Farlow MR, la Fougère C, Fox NC, Fulham M, Ghetti B, Graff-Radford N, Ikeuchi T, Klunk W, Lee JH, Levin J, Martins R, Masters CL, McConathy J, Mori H, Noble JM, Reischl G, Rowe C, Salloway S, Sanchez-Valle R, Schofield PR, Shimada H, Shoji M, Su Y, Suzuki K, Vöglein J, Yakushev I, Cruchaga C, Hassenstab J, Karch C, McDade E, Perrin RJ, Xiong C, Morris JC, Bateman RJ, Benzinger TLS. Positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging methods and datasets within the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN). Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1449-1460. [PMID: 37429916 PMCID: PMC10400428 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN) is an international collaboration studying autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease (ADAD). ADAD arises from mutations occurring in three genes. Offspring from ADAD families have a 50% chance of inheriting their familial mutation, so non-carrier siblings can be recruited for comparisons in case-control studies. The age of onset in ADAD is highly predictable within families, allowing researchers to estimate an individual's point in the disease trajectory. These characteristics allow candidate AD biomarker measurements to be reliably mapped during the preclinical phase. Although ADAD represents a small proportion of AD cases, understanding neuroimaging-based changes that occur during the preclinical period may provide insight into early disease stages of 'sporadic' AD also. Additionally, this study provides rich data for research in healthy aging through inclusion of the non-carrier controls. Here we introduce the neuroimaging dataset collected and describe how this resource can be used by a range of researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aylin Dincer
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shaney Flores
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah J Keefe
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Beau M Ances
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Diana A Hobbs
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura Swisher
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Adam M Brickman
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - William S Brooks
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David M Cash
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
- University College London, London, UK
| | - Jasmeer P Chhatwal
- Massachusetts General and Brigham & Women's Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Christian la Fougère
- Department of Radiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nick C Fox
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
- University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Fulham
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Johannes Levin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Ralph Martins
- Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | - James M Noble
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gerald Reischl
- Department of Radiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Yi Su
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Vöglein
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Igor Yakushev
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Celeste Karch
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric McDade
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - John C Morris
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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4
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Schultz SA, Shirzadi Z, Schultz AP, Liu L, Fitzpatrick CD, McDade E, Barthelemy NR, Renton A, Esposito B, Joseph‐Mathurin N, Cruchaga C, Chen CD, Goate A, Allegri RF, Benzinger TLS, Berman S, Chui HC, Fagan AM, Farlow MR, Fox NC, Gordon BA, Day GS, Graff‐Radford NR, Hassenstab JJ, Hanseeuw BJ, Hofmann A, Jack CR, Jucker M, Karch CM, Koeppe RA, Lee J, Levey AI, Levin J, Martins RN, Mori H, Morris JC, Noble J, Perrin RJ, Rosa‐Neto P, Salloway SP, Sanchez‐Valle R, Schofield PR, Xiong C, Johnson KA, Bateman RJ, Sperling RA, Chhatwal JP. Location of pathogenic variants in PSEN1 impacts progression of cognitive, clinical, and neurodegenerative measures in autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13871. [PMID: 37291760 PMCID: PMC10410059 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although pathogenic variants in PSEN1 leading to autosomal-dominant Alzheimer disease (ADAD) are highly penetrant, substantial interindividual variability in the rates of cognitive decline and biomarker change are observed in ADAD. We hypothesized that this interindividual variability may be associated with the location of the pathogenic variant within PSEN1. PSEN1 pathogenic variant carriers participating in the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN) observational study were grouped based on whether the underlying variant affects a transmembrane (TM) or cytoplasmic (CY) protein domain within PSEN1. CY and TM carriers and variant non-carriers (NC) who completed clinical evaluation, multimodal neuroimaging, and lumbar puncture for collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as part of their participation in DIAN were included in this study. Linear mixed effects models were used to determine differences in clinical, cognitive, and biomarker measures between the NC, TM, and CY groups. While both the CY and TM groups were found to have similarly elevated Aβ compared to NC, TM carriers had greater cognitive impairment, smaller hippocampal volume, and elevated phosphorylated tau levels across the spectrum of pre-symptomatic and symptomatic phases of disease as compared to CY, using both cross-sectional and longitudinal data. As distinct portions of PSEN1 are differentially involved in APP processing by γ-secretase and the generation of toxic β-amyloid species, these results have important implications for understanding the pathobiology of ADAD and accounting for a substantial portion of the interindividual heterogeneity in ongoing ADAD clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Shirzadi
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Aaron P. Schultz
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lei Liu
- Brigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic DiseasesBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Eric McDade
- Washington University in St. Louis School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | - Alan Renton
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Bianca Esposito
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Washington University in St. Louis School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Charles D. Chen
- Washington University in St. Louis School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | | | - Sarah Berman
- University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Helena C. Chui
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Anne M. Fagan
- Washington University in St. Louis School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Martin R. Farlow
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Nick C. Fox
- Dementia Research Centre & UK Dementia Research InstituteUCL Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Brian A. Gordon
- Washington University in St. Louis School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | | | | | - Bernard J. Hanseeuw
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvainBrusselsBelgium
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging in the Radiology Department of MGHBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Anna Hofmann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TuebingenGermany
| | | | - Mathias Jucker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TuebingenGermany
| | - Celeste M. Karch
- Washington University in St. Louis School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | - Jae‐Hong Lee
- Asan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Allan I. Levey
- Emory Goizueta Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Johannes Levin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)MunichGermany
- Department of NeurologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
| | | | | | - John C. Morris
- Washington University in St. Louis School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | - Richard J. Perrin
- Washington University in St. Louis School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Pedro Rosa‐Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest‐de‐l'Île‐de‐Montréal; Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | | | - Raquel Sanchez‐Valle
- Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaInstitut d'Investigacions BiomediquesBarcelonaSpain
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Washington University in St. Louis School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Keith A. Johnson
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Brigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Randall J. Bateman
- Washington University in St. Louis School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Reisa A. Sperling
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Brigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jasmeer P. Chhatwal
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Brigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
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Keleman AA, Nicosia J, Bollinger RM, Wisch JK, Hassenstab J, Morris JC, Ances BM, Balota DA, Stark SL. Precipitating Mechanisms of Falls in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:739-750. [PMID: 37483329 PMCID: PMC10357117 DOI: 10.3233/adr-230002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are more than twice as likely to incur a serious fall as the general population of older adults. Although AD is commonly associated with cognitive changes, impairments in other clinical measures such as strength or functional mobility (i.e., gait and balance) may precede symptomatic cognitive impairment in preclinical AD and lead to increased fall risk. Objective To examine mechanisms (i.e., functional mobility, cognition, AD biomarkers) associated with increased falls in cognitively normal older adults. Methods This 1-year study was part of an ongoing longitudinal cohort study. We examined the relationships among falls, clinical measures of functional mobility and cognition, and neuroimaging AD biomarkers in cognitively normal older adults. We also investigated which domain(s) best predicted fall propensity and severity through multiple regression models. Results A total of 182 older adults were included (mean age 75 years, 53% female). A total of 227 falls were reported over the year; falls per person ranged from 0-16 with a median of 1. Measures of functional mobility were the best predictors of fall propensity and severity. Cognition and AD biomarkers were associated with each other but not with the fall outcome measures. Conclusion These results suggest that, although subtle changes in cognition may be more closely associated with AD neuropathology, functional mobility indicators better predict falls in cognitively normal older adults. This study adds to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying falls in older adults and could lead to the development of targeted fall prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey A. Keleman
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jessica Nicosia
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Bollinger
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julie K. Wisch
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jason Hassenstab
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C. Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Beau M. Ances
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A. Balota
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan L. Stark
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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6
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Wisch JK, Butt OH, Gordon BA, Schindler SE, Fagan AM, Henson RL, Yang C, Boerwinkle AH, Benzinger TLS, Holtzman DM, Morris JC, Cruchaga C, Ances BM. Proteomic clusters underlie heterogeneity in preclinical Alzheimer's disease progression. Brain 2023; 146:2944-2956. [PMID: 36542469 PMCID: PMC10316757 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity in progression to Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses challenges for both clinical prognosis and clinical trial implementation. Multiple AD-related subtypes have previously been identified, suggesting differences in receptivity to drug interventions. We identified early differences in preclinical AD biomarkers, assessed patterns for developing preclinical AD across the amyloid-tau-(neurodegeneration) [AT(N)] framework, and considered potential sources of difference by analysing the CSF proteome. Participants (n = 10) enrolled in longitudinal studies at the Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center completed four or more lumbar punctures. These individuals were cognitively normal at baseline. Cerebrospinal fluid measures of amyloid-β (Aβ)42, phosphorylated tau (pTau181), and neurofilament light chain (NfL) as well as proteomics values were evaluated. Imaging biomarkers, including PET amyloid and tau, and structural MRI, were repeatedly obtained when available. Individuals were staged according to the amyloid-tau-(neurodegeneration) framework. Growth mixture modelling, an unsupervised clustering technique, identified three patterns of biomarker progression as measured by CSF pTau181 and Aβ42. Two groups (AD Biomarker Positive and Intermediate AD Biomarker) showed distinct progression from normal biomarker status to having biomarkers consistent with preclinical AD. A third group (AD Biomarker Negative) did not develop abnormal AD biomarkers over time. Participants grouped by CSF trajectories were re-classified using only proteomic profiles (AUCAD Biomarker Positive versus AD Biomarker Negative = 0.857, AUCAD Biomarker Positive versus Intermediate AD Biomarkers = 0.525, AUCIntermediate AD Biomarkers versus AD Biomarker Negative = 0.952). We highlight heterogeneity in the development of AD biomarkers in cognitively normal individuals. We identified some individuals who became amyloid positive before the age of 50 years. A second group, Intermediate AD Biomarkers, developed elevated CSF ptau181 significantly before becoming amyloid positive. A third group were AD Biomarker Negative over repeated testing. Our results could influence the selection of participants for specific treatments (e.g. amyloid-reducing versus other agents) in clinical trials. CSF proteome analysis highlighted additional non-AT(N) biomarkers for potential therapies, including blood-brain barrier-, vascular-, immune-, and neuroinflammatory-related targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Wisch
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Omar H Butt
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian A Gordon
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Suzanne E Schindler
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rachel L Henson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chengran Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anna H Boerwinkle
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Hope Center, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Beau M Ances
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Hope Center, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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7
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Tarawneh R, Kasper RS, Sanford J, Phuah C, Hassenstab J, Cruchaga C. Vascular endothelial-cadherin as a marker of endothelial injury in preclinical Alzheimer disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 9:1926-1940. [PMID: 36342663 PMCID: PMC9735377 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial dysfunction is an early and prevalent pathology in Alzheimer disease (AD). We here investigate the value of vascular endothelial-cadherin (VEC) as a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) marker of endothelial injury in preclinical AD. METHODS Cognitively normal participants (Clinical Dementia Rating [CDR] 0) from the Knight Washington University-ADRC were included in this study (n = 700). Preclinical Alzheimer's Cognitive Composite (PACC) scores, CSF VEC, tau, p-tau181, Aβ42/Aβ40, neurofilament light-chain (NFL) levels, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments of white matter injury (WMI) were obtained from all participants. A subset of participants underwent brain amyloid imaging using positron emission tomography (amyloid-PET) (n = 534). Linear regression examined associations of CSF VEC with PACC and individual cognitive scores in preclinical AD. Mediation analyses examined whether CSF VEC mediated effects of CSF amyloid and tau markers on cognition in preclinical AD. RESULTS CSF VEC levels significantly correlated with PACC and individual cognitive scores in participants with amyloid (A+T±N±; n = 558) or those with amyloid and tau pathologies (A+T+N±; n = 259), after adjusting for covariates. CSF VEC also correlated with CSF measures of amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration and global amyloid burden on amyloid-PET scans in our cohort. Importantly, our findings suggest that CSF VEC mediates associations of CSF Aβ42/Aβ40, p-tau181, and global amyloid burden with cognitive outcomes in preclinical AD. INTERPRETATION Our results support the utility of CSF VEC as a marker of endothelial injury in AD and highlight the importance of endothelial injury as an early pathology that contributes to cognitive impairment in even the earliest preclinical stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Tarawneh
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA,Center for Memory and AgingUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - Rachel S. Kasper
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - Jessie Sanford
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University in St LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA,NeuroGenomics and Informatics CenterWashington University in St LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Chia‐Ling Phuah
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics CenterWashington University in St LouisMissouriUSA,Department of NeurologyWashington University in St LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Jason Hassenstab
- Department of PsychologyWashington University in St LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University in St LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA,NeuroGenomics and Informatics CenterWashington University in St LouisMissouriUSA
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8
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Keleman AA, Bollinger RM, Wisch JK, Grant EA, Benzinger TL, Ances BM, Stark SL. Assessment of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Preclinical Alzheimer Disease. OTJR-OCCUPATION PARTICIPATION AND HEALTH 2022; 42:277-285. [PMID: 35708011 PMCID: PMC9665117 DOI: 10.1177/15394492221100701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Questionnaires are used to assess instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) among individuals with preclinical Alzheimer disease (AD). They have indicated no functional impairment among this population. We aim to determine among cognitively normal (CN) older adults with and without preclinical AD whether: (a) performance-based IADL assessment measures a wider range of function than an IADL questionnaire and (b) biomarkers of AD are associated with IADL performance. In this cross-sectional analysis of 161 older adults, participants in studies of AD completed an IADL questionnaire, performance-based IADL assessment, cognitive assessments, and had biomarkers of AD (amyloid, hippocampal volume, brain network strength) assessed within 2 to 3 years. Performance-based IADL scores were more widely distributed compared with the IADL questionnaire. Smaller hippocampal volumes and reduced brain network connections were associated with worse IADL performance. A performance-based IADL assessment demonstrates functional impairment associated with neurodegeneration among CN older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey A. Keleman
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, PhD Student, Program in Occupational Therapy, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Bollinger
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, Study Coordinator and Occupational Therapist, Program in Occupational Therapy, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julie K. Wisch
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, Senior Neuroimaging Engineer, Department of Neurology, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Grant
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, Research Statistician, Division of Biostatistics, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tammie L. Benzinger
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, Professor of Radiology and Neurological Surgery, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Beau M. Ances
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, Daniel J Brennan MD Professor of Medicine, Department of Neurology, St. Louis, MO, USA, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, St. Louis, MO, USA, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan L. Stark
- Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, Professor of Occupational Therapy, Neurology and Social Work, Program in Occupational Therapy, St. Louis, MO, USA, Department of Neurology, St. Louis, MO, USA
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9
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Levitis E, Vogel JW, Funck T, Hachinski V, Gauthier S, Vöglein J, Levin J, Gordon BA, Benzinger T, Iturria-Medina Y, Evans AC. Differentiating amyloid beta spread in autosomal dominant and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac085. [PMID: 35602652 PMCID: PMC9116976 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-beta deposition is one of the hallmark pathologies in both sporadic Alzheimer's disease and autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease, the latter of which is caused by mutations in genes involved in amyloid-beta processing. Despite amyloid-beta deposition being a centrepiece to both sporadic Alzheimer's disease and autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease, some differences between these Alzheimer's disease subtypes have been observed with respect to the spatial pattern of amyloid-beta. Previous work has shown that the spatial pattern of amyloid-beta in individuals spanning the sporadic Alzheimer's disease spectrum can be reproduced with high accuracy using an epidemic spreading model which simulates the diffusion of amyloid-beta across neuronal connections and is constrained by individual rates of amyloid-beta production and clearance. However, it has not been investigated whether amyloid-beta deposition in the rarer autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease can be modelled in the same way, and if so, how congruent the spreading patterns of amyloid-beta across sporadic Alzheimer's disease and autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease are. We leverage the epidemic spreading model as a data-driven approach to probe individual-level variation in the spreading patterns of amyloid-beta across three different large-scale imaging datasets (2 sporadic Alzheimer's disease, 1 autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease). We applied the epidemic spreading model separately to the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging initiative (n = 737), the Open Access Series of Imaging Studies (n = 510) and the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network (n = 249), the latter two of which were processed using an identical pipeline. We assessed inter- and intra-individual model performance in each dataset separately and further identified the most likely subject-specific epicentre of amyloid-beta spread. Using epicentres defined in previous work in sporadic Alzheimer's disease, the epidemic spreading model provided moderate prediction of the regional pattern of amyloid-beta deposition across all three datasets. We further find that, whilst the most likely epicentre for most amyloid-beta-positive subjects overlaps with the default mode network, 13% of autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease individuals were best characterized by a striatal origin of amyloid-beta spread. These subjects were also distinguished by being younger than autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease subjects with a default mode network amyloid-beta origin, despite having a similar estimated age of symptom onset. Together, our results suggest that most autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease patients express amyloid-beta spreading patterns similar to those of sporadic Alzheimer's disease, but that there may be a subset of autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease patients with a separate, striatal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Levitis
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Correspondence to: Elizabeth Levitis Magnuson Clinical Center Room 4N244, MSC 1367 Bethesda, MD 20814, USA E-mail:
| | - Jacob W Vogel
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas Funck
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Serge Gauthier
- McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Vöglein
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany,Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Brian A Gordon
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tammie Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yasser Iturria-Medina
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Correspondence may also be addressed to: Alan C. Evans Montreal Neurological Institute Montreal, H3A 2B4, Quebec Canada E-mail:
| | - Alan C Evans
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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10
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Ge X, Zhang D, Qiao Y, Zhang J, Xu J, Zheng Y. Association of Tau Pathology With Clinical Symptoms in the Subfields of Hippocampal Formation. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:672077. [PMID: 34335226 PMCID: PMC8317580 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.672077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To delineate the relationship between clinical symptoms and tauopathy of the hippocampal subfields under different amyloid statuses. Methods: One hundred and forty-three subjects were obtained from the ADNI project, including 87 individuals with normal cognition, 46 with mild cognitive impairment, and 10 with Alzheimer's disease (AD). All subjects underwent the tau PET, amyloid PET, T1W, and high-resolution T2W scans. Clinical symptoms were assessed by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) total score and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale cognition 13 (ADAS-cog-13) total score, comprising memory and executive function scores. The hippocampal subfields including Cornu Ammonis (CA1-3), subiculum (Sub), and dentate gyrus (DG), as well as the adjacent para-hippocampus (PHC) and entorhinal cortex (ERC), were segmented automatically using the Automatic Segmentation of Hippocampal Subfields (ASHS) software. The relationship between tauopathy/volume of the hippocampal subfields and assessment scores was calculated using partial correlation analysis under different amyloid status, by controlling age, gender, education, apolipoprotein E (APOE) allele ɛ4 carrier status, and, time interval between the acquisition time of tau PET and amyloid PET scans. Results: Compared with amyloid negative (A-) group, individuals from amyloid positive (A+) group are more impaired based on the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE; p = 3.82e-05), memory (p = 6.30e-04), executive function (p = 0.0016), and ADAS-cog-13 scores (p = 5.11e-04). Significant decrease of volume (CA1, DG, and Sub) and increase of tau deposition (CA1, Sub, ERC, and PHC) of the hippocampal subfields of both hemispheres were observed for the A+ group compared to the A- group. Tauopathy of ERC is significantly associated with memory score for the A- group, and the associated regions spread into Sub and PHC for the A+ group. The relationship between the impairment of behavior or executive function and tauopathy of the hippocampal subfield was discovered within the A+ group. Leftward asymmetry was observed with the association between assessment scores and tauopathy of the hippocampal subfield, which is more prominent for the NPI score for the A+ group. Conclusion: The associations of tauopathy/volume of the hippocampal subfields with clinical symptoms provide additional insight into the understanding of local changes of the human HF during the AD continuum and can be used as a reference for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinting Ge
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yuchuan Qiao
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jiong Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Junhai Xu
- College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin Key Lab of Cognitive Computing and Application, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanjie Zheng
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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11
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Ghisays V, Lopera F, Goradia DD, Protas HD, Malek-Ahmadi MH, Chen Y, Devadas V, Luo J, Lee W, Baena A, Bocanegra Y, Guzmán-Vélez E, Pardilla-Delgado E, Vila-Castelar C, Fox-Fuller JT, Hu N, Clayton D, Thomas RG, Alvarez S, Espinosa A, Acosta-Baena N, Giraldo MM, Rios-Romenets S, Langbaum JB, Chen K, Su Y, Tariot PN, Quiroz YT, Reiman EM. PET evidence of preclinical cerebellar amyloid plaque deposition in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease-causing Presenilin-1 E280A mutation carriers. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 31:102749. [PMID: 34252876 PMCID: PMC8278433 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PET evidence of cerebellar Aβ deposition in unimpaired (CU) PSEN1 E280A kindred. Cerebellar Aβ PET SUVR began to distinguish CU carriers from non-carriers at age 34. Cortical and cerebellar Aβ PET SUVR are positively associated in CU carriers. Cerebellar florbetapir SUVR correlated with lower composite score in CU carriers.
Background In contrast to sporadic Alzheimer’s disease, autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease (ADAD) is associated with greater neuropathological evidence of cerebellar amyloid plaque (Aβ) deposition. In this study, we used positron emission tomography (PET) measurements of fibrillar Aβ burden to characterize the presence and age at onset of cerebellar Aβ deposition in cognitively unimpaired (CU) Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) E280A mutation carriers from the world’s largest extended family with ADAD. Methods 18F florbetapir and 11C Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) PET data from two independent studies – API ADAD Colombia Trial (NCT01998841) and Colombia-Boston (COLBOS) longitudinal biomarker study were included. The tracers were selected independently by the respective sponsors prior to the start of each study and used exclusively throughout. Template-based cerebellar Aβ-SUVR (standard-uptake value ratios) using a known-to-be-spared pons reference region (cerebellar SUVR_pons), to a) compare 28–56-year-old CU carriers and non-carriers; b) estimate the age at which cerebellar SUVR_pons began to differ significantly in carrier and non-carrier groups; and c) characterize in carriers associations with age, cortical SUVR_pons, delayed recall memory, and API ADAD composite score. Results Florbetapir and PiB cerebellar SUVR_pons were significantly higher in carriers than non-carriers (p < 0.0001). Cerebellar SUVR_pons began to distinguish carriers from non-carriers at age 34, 10 years before the carriers’ estimated age at mild cognitive impairment onset. Florbetapir and PiB cerebellar SUVR_pons in carriers were positively correlated with age (r = 0.44 & 0.69, p < 0.001), cortical SUVR_pons (r = 0.55 & 0.69, p < 0.001), and negatively correlated with delayed recall memory (r = −0.21 & −0.50, p < 0.05, unadjusted for cortical SUVR_pons) and API ADAD composite (r = −0.25, p < 0.01, unadjusted for cortical SUVR_pons in florbetapir API ADAD cohort). Conclusion This PET study provides evidence of cerebellar Aβ plaque deposition in CU carriers starting about a decade before the clinical onset of ADAD. Additional studies are needed to clarify the impact of using a cerebellar versus pons reference region on the power to detect and track ADAD changes, even in preclinical stages of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ghisays
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Neurosciences Group of Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Dhruman D Goradia
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Hillary D Protas
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Michael H Malek-Ahmadi
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Yinghua Chen
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Vivek Devadas
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ji Luo
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Wendy Lee
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ana Baena
- Neurosciences Group of Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Yamile Bocanegra
- Neurosciences Group of Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Joshua T Fox-Fuller
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nan Hu
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Ronald G Thomas
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Alejandro Espinosa
- Neurosciences Group of Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Margarita M Giraldo
- Neurosciences Group of Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Jessica B Langbaum
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Kewei Chen
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yi Su
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Pierre N Tariot
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Yakeel T Quiroz
- Neurosciences Group of Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Eric M Reiman
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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12
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Cho SH, Choe YS, Kim YJ, Kim HJ, Jang H, Kim Y, Kim SE, Kim SJ, Kim JP, Jung YH, Kim BC, Lockhart SN, Farrar G, Na DL, Moon SH, Seo SW. Head-to-Head Comparison of 18F-Florbetaben and 18F-Flutemetamol in the Cortical and Striatal Regions. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 76:281-290. [PMID: 32474468 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 18F-florbetaben (FBB) and 18F-flutemetamol (FMM) amyloid PET have been developed and approved for clinical use. It is important to understand the distinct features of these ligands to compare and correctly interpret the results of different amyloid PET studies. OBJECTIVE We performed a head-to-head comparison of FBB and FMM to compare with regard to imaging characteristics, including dynamic range of retention, and differences in quantitative measurements between the two ligands in cortical, striatal, and white matter (WM) regions. METHODS Paired FBB and FMM PET images were acquired in 107 participants. Correlations of FBB and FMM amyloid deposition in the cortex, striatum, and WM were investigated and compared in different reference regions (cerebellar gray matter (CG), whole cerebellum (WC), WC with brainstem (WC + B), and pons). RESULTS The cortical SUVR (R2 = 0.97) and striatal SUVR (R2 = 0.95) demonstrated an excellent linear correlation between FBB and FMM using a WC as reference region. There was no difference in the cortical SUVR ratio between the two ligands (p = 0.90), but the striatal SUVR ratio was higher in FMM than in FBB (p < 0.001). Also, the effect size of differences in striatal SUVR seemed to be higher with FMM (2.61) than with FBB (2.34). These trends were similarly observed according to four different reference regions (CG, WC, WC + B, and pons). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that FMM might be better than FBB to detect amyloid burden in the striatum, although both ligands are comparable for imaging AD pathology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyun Cho
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yeong Sim Choe
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ju Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyemin Jang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeshin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Si Eun Kim
- Departments of Neurology, Inje University College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Seung Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Jun Pyo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hee Jung
- Department of Neurology, Myoungji Hospital, Hanyang University, Goyangsi, Korea
| | - Byeong C Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Samuel N Lockhart
- Internal Medicine - Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Gill Farrar
- Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, GE Healthcare, Chalfont St Giles, UK
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Miederer I, Grothe MJ, Schreckenberger M, Muthuraman M, Groppa S. Metabolic and amyloid PET network reorganization in Alzheimer's disease: differential patterns and partial volume effects. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:190-204. [PMID: 32125613 PMCID: PMC7835313 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, considered a disconnection syndrome with regional molecular pattern abnormalities quantifiable by the aid of PET imaging. Solutions for accurate quantification of network dysfunction are scarce. We evaluate the extent to which PET molecular markers reflect quantifiable network metrics derived through the graph theory framework and how partial volume effects (PVE)-correction (PVEc) affects these PET-derived metrics 75 AD patients and 126 cognitively normal older subjects (CN). Therefore our goal is twofold: 1) to evaluate the differential patterns of [18F]FDG- and [18F]AV45-PET data to depict AD pathology; and ii) to analyse the effects of PVEc on global uptake measures of [18F]FDG- and [18F]AV45-PET data and their derived covariance network reconstructions for differentiating between patients and normal older subjects. Network organization patterns were assessed using graph theory in terms of “degree”, “modularity”, and “efficiency”. PVEc evidenced effects on global uptake measures that are specific to either [18F]FDG- or [18F]AV45-PET, leading to increased statistical differences between the groups. PVEc was further shown to influence the topological characterization of PET-derived covariance brain networks, leading to an optimised characterization of network efficiency and modularisation. Partial-volume effects correction improves the interpretability of PET data in AD and leads to optimised characterization of network properties for organisation or disconnection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gonzalez-Escamilla
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Isabelle Miederer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michel J Grothe
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) - Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
| | - Mathias Schreckenberger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Muthuraman Muthuraman
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sergiu Groppa
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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14
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Meeker KL, Wisch JK, Hudson D, Coble D, Xiong C, Babulal GM, Gordon BA, Schindler SE, Cruchaga C, Flores S, Dincer A, Benzinger TL, Morris JC, Ances BM. Socioeconomic Status Mediates Racial Differences Seen Using the AT(N) Framework. Ann Neurol 2021; 89:254-265. [PMID: 33111990 PMCID: PMC7903892 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES African Americans are at greater risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia than non-Hispanic whites. In addition to biological considerations (eg, genetic influences and comorbid disorders), social and environmental factors may increase the risk of AD dementia. This paper (1) assesses neuroimaging biomarkers of amyloid (A), tau (T), and neurodegeneration (N) for potential racial differences and (2) considers mediating effects of socioeconomic status (SES) and measures of small vessel and cardiovascular disease on observed race differences. METHODS Imaging measures of AT(N) (amyloid and tau positron emission tomography [PET]) structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and resting state functional connectivity (rs-fc) were collected from African American (n = 131) and white (n = 685) cognitively normal participants age 45 years and older. Measures of small vessel and cardiovascular disease (white matter hyperintensities [WMHs] on MRI, blood pressure, and body mass index [BMI]) and area-based SES were included in mediation analyses. RESULTS Compared to white participants, African American participants had greater neurodegeneration, as measured by decreased cortical volumes (Cohen's f2 = 0.05, p < 0.001). SES mediated the relationship between race and cortical volumes. There were no significant race effects for amyloid, tau, or rs-fc signature. INTERPRETATION Modifiable factors, such as differences in social contexts and resources, particularly area-level SES, may contribute to observed racial differences in AD. Future studies should emphasize collection of relevant psychosocial factors in addition to the development of intentional diversity and inclusion efforts to improve the racial/ethnic and socioeconomic representativeness of AD studies. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:254-265.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin L Meeker
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julie K Wisch
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Darrell Hudson
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dean Coble
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ganesh M Babulal
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian A Gordon
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Suzanne E Schindler
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shaney Flores
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aylin Dincer
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tammie L Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Beau M Ances
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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15
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Schultz SA, Gordon BA, Mishra S, Su Y, Morris JC, Ances BM, Duchek JM, Balota DA, Benzinger TL. Association between personality and tau-PET binding in cognitively normal older adults. Brain Imaging Behav 2020; 14:2122-2131. [PMID: 31486975 PMCID: PMC7056533 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00163-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Personality traits such as Neuroticism and Conscientiousness are associated with Alzheimer disease (AD) pathophysiology in cognitively normal (CN) and impaired individuals, and may represent potential risk or resilience factors, respectively. This study examined the cross-sectional relationship between personality traits and regional tau deposition using positron emission tomography (PET) in cognitively normal older adults. A cohort of CN (Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) 0, n = 128) older adults completed the NEO Five-Factor Inventory to assess traits of Neuroticism, Extroversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness and underwent tau-PET and β-amyloid (Aβ)-PET imaging. We utilized linear regression models, adjusting for age, sex, geriatric depression score, and Aβ to evaluate the association between each of the personality traits and regional tau-PET accumulation. Elevated Neuroticism scores were associated with higher tau-PET accumulation in the amygdala (p = .002), entorhinal cortex (p = .012), and inferior temporal cortex (p = .016), as well as with a composite tau-PET measure (p = .002). In contrast, Extroversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness were not associated with tau deposition in any of these regions (p's > 0.160). Our results indicate that increased Neuroticism is associated with higher tau pathophysiology in regions known to be vulnerable to AD pathophysiology in CN participants. High Neuroticism scores may therefore serve as a potential risk factor for tau accumulation. Alternatively, personality can change with the onset of AD, thus increased tau levels may affect Neuroticism scores. While future longitudinal studies are needed to determine directionality, our findings suggest early associations between Neuroticism and tau accumulation in CN adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Schultz
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Brian A. Gordon
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Shruti Mishra
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Department of Radiology, Mass General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Yi Su
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - John C. Morris
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Beau M. Ances
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Janet M. Duchek
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - David A. Balota
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Tammie L.S. Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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16
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Heeman F, Hendriks J, Lopes Alves I, Ossenkoppele R, Tolboom N, van Berckel BNM, Lammertsma AA, Yaqub M. [ 11C]PIB amyloid quantification: effect of reference region selection. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:123. [PMID: 33074395 PMCID: PMC7572969 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00714-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The standard reference region (RR) for amyloid-beta (Aβ) PET studies is the cerebellar grey matter (GMCB), while alternative RRs have mostly been utilized without prior validation against the gold standard. This study compared five commonly used RRs to gold standard plasma input-based quantification using the GMCB. Methods Thirteen subjects from a test–retest (TRT) study and 30 from a longitudinal study were retrospectively included (total: 17 Alzheimer’s disease, 13 mild cognitive impairment, 13 controls). Dynamic [11C]PiB PET (90 min) and T1-weighted MR scans were co-registered and time–activity curves were extracted for cortical target regions and the following RRs: GMCB, whole cerebellum (WCB), white matter brainstem/pons (WMBS), whole brainstem (WBS) and eroded subcortical white matter (WMES). A two-tissue reversible plasma input model (2T4k_Vb) with GMCB as RR, reference Logan and the simplified reference tissue model were used to derive distribution volume ratios (DVRs), and standardized uptake value (SUV) ratios were calculated for 40–60 min and 60–90 min intervals. Parameter variability was evaluated using TRT scans, and correlations and agreements with the gold standard (DVR from 2T4k_Vb with GMCB RR) were also assessed. Next, longitudinal changes in SUVs (both intervals) were assessed for each RR. Finally, the ability to discriminate between visually Aβ positive and Aβ negative scans was assessed. Results All RRs yielded stable TRT performance (max 5.1% variability), with WCB consistently showing lower variability. All approaches were able to discriminate between Aβ positive and Aβ negative scans, with highest effect sizes obtained for GMCB (range − 0.9 to − 0.7), followed by WCB (range − 0.8 to − 0.6). Furthermore, all approaches provided good correlations with the gold standard (r ≥ 0.78), while the highest bias (as assessed by the regression slope) was observed using WMES (range slope 0.52–0.67), followed by WBS (range slope 0.58–0.92) and WMBS (range slope 0.62–0.91). Finally, RR SUVs were stable across a period of 2.6 years for all except WBS and WMBS RRs (60–90 min interval). Conclusions GMCB and WCB are considered the best RRs for quantifying amyloid burden using [11C]PiB PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Heeman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Janine Hendriks
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isadora Lopes Alves
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik Ossenkoppele
- Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nelleke Tolboom
- Imaging Division, Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart N M van Berckel
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maqsood Yaqub
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Jelistratova I, Teipel SJ, Grothe MJ. Longitudinal validity of PET-based staging of regional amyloid deposition. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:4219-4231. [PMID: 32648624 PMCID: PMC7502828 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET)-based staging of regional amyloid deposition has recently emerged as a promising tool for sensitive detection and stratification of pathology progression in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Here we present an updated methodological framework for PET-based amyloid staging using region-specific amyloid-positivity thresholds and assess its longitudinal validity using serial PET acquisitions. We defined region-specific thresholds of amyloid-positivity based on Florbetapir-PET data of 13 young healthy individuals (age ≤ 45y), applied these thresholds to Florbetapir-PET data of 179 cognitively normal older individuals to estimate a regional amyloid staging model, and tested this model in a larger sample of patients with mild cognitive impairment (N = 403) and AD dementia (N = 85). 2-year follow-up Florbetapir-PET scans from a subset of this sample (N = 436) were used to assess the longitudinal validity of the cross-sectional model based on individual stage transitions and data-driven longitudinal trajectory modeling. Results show a remarkable congruence between cross-sectionally estimated and longitudinally modeled trajectories of amyloid accumulation, beginning in anterior temporal areas, followed by frontal and medial parietal areas, the remaining associative neocortex, and finally primary sensory-motor areas and subcortical regions. Over 98% of individual amyloid deposition profiles and longitudinal stage transitions adhered to this staging scheme of regional pathology progression, which was further supported by corresponding changes in cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. In conclusion, we provide a methodological refinement and longitudinal validation of PET-based staging of regional amyloid accumulation, which may help improving early detection and in-vivo stratification of pathologic disease progression in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan J. Teipel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)RostockGermany
- Department of Psychosomatic MedicineUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
| | - Michel J. Grothe
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)RostockGermany
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de SevillaHospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaSevilleSpain
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18
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Castillo-Barnes D, Su L, Ramírez J, Salas-Gonzalez D, Martinez-Murcia FJ, Illan IA, Segovia F, Ortiz A, Cruchaga C, Farlow MR, Xiong C, Graff-Radford NR, Schofield PR, Masters CL, Salloway S, Jucker M, Mori H, Levin J, Gorriz JM. Autosomal Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Disease: Analysis of genetic subgroups by Machine Learning. AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON INFORMATION FUSION 2020; 58:153-167. [PMID: 32284705 PMCID: PMC7153760 DOI: 10.1016/j.inffus.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite subjects with Dominantly-Inherited Alzheimer's Disease (DIAD) represent less than 1% of all Alzheimer's Disease (AD) cases, the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN) initiative constitutes a strong impact in the understanding of AD disease course with special emphasis on the presyptomatic disease phase. Until now, the 3 genes involved in DIAD pathogenesis (PSEN1, PSEN2 and APP) have been commonly merged into one group (Mutation Carriers, MC) and studied using conventional statistical analysis. Comparisons between groups using null-hypothesis testing or longitudinal regression procedures, such as the linear-mixed-effects models, have been assessed in the extant literature. Within this context, the work presented here performs a comparison between different groups of subjects by considering the 3 genes, either jointly or separately, and using tools based on Machine Learning (ML). This involves a feature selection step which makes use of ANOVA followed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to determine which features would be realiable for further comparison purposes. Then, the selected predictors are classified using a Support-Vector-Machine (SVM) in a nested k-Fold cross-validation resulting in maximum classification rates of 72-74% using PiB PET features, specially when comparing asymptomatic Non-Carriers (NC) subjects with asymptomatic PSEN1 Mutation-Carriers (PSEN1-MC). Results obtained from these experiments led to the idea that PSEN1-MC might be considered as a mixture of two different subgroups including: a first group whose patterns were very close to NC subjects, and a second group much more different in terms of imaging patterns. Thus, using a k-Means clustering algorithm it was determined both subgroups and a new classification scenario was conducted to validate this process. The comparison between each subgroup vs. NC subjects resulted in classification rates around 80% underscoring the importance of considering DIAN as an heterogeneous entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Castillo-Barnes
- Department of Signal Theory, Telematics and Communications, University of Granada, Granada (Spain)
| | - Li Su
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (UK)
| | - Javier Ramírez
- Department of Signal Theory, Telematics and Communications, University of Granada, Granada (Spain)
| | - Diego Salas-Gonzalez
- Department of Signal Theory, Telematics and Communications, University of Granada, Granada (Spain)
| | | | - Ignacio A. Illan
- Department of Signal Theory, Telematics and Communications, University of Granada, Granada (Spain)
| | - Fermin Segovia
- Department of Signal Theory, Telematics and Communications, University of Granada, Granada (Spain)
| | - Andres Ortiz
- Department of Communications Engineering, University of Malaga, Malaga (Spain)
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (USA)
| | - Martin R. Farlow
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (USA)
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (USA)
| | | | - Peter R. Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney (Australia)
| | - Colin L. Masters
- Florey Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria (Australia)
| | | | - Mathias Jucker
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen (Germany)
| | - Hiroshi Mori
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osaka City University Medical school, Osaka (Japan)
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich (Germany)
| | - Juan M. Gorriz
- Department of Signal Theory, Telematics and Communications, University of Granada, Granada (Spain)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (UK)
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20
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A kinetics-based approach to amyloid PET semi-quantification. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 47:2175-2185. [PMID: 31982991 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-04689-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and validate a semi-quantification method (time-delayed ratio, TDr) applied to amyloid PET scans, based on tracer kinetics information. METHODS The TDr method requires two static scans per subject: one early (~ 0-10 min after the injection) and one late (typically 50-70 min or 90-100 min after the injection, depending on the tracer). High perfusion regions are delineated on the early scan and applied onto the late scan. A SUVr-like ratio is calculated between the average intensities in the high perfusion regions and the late scan hotspot. TDr was applied to a naturalistic multicenter dataset of 143 subjects acquired with [18F]florbetapir. TDr values are compared to visual evaluation, cortical-cerebellar SUVr, and to the geometrical semi-quantification method ELBA. All three methods are gauged versus the heterogeneity of the dataset. RESULTS TDr shows excellent agreement with respect to the binary visual assessment (AUC = 0.99) and significantly correlates with both validated semi-quantification methods, reaching a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.86 with respect to ELBA. CONCLUSIONS TDr is an alternative approach to previously validated ones (SUVr and ELBA). It requires minimal image processing; it is independent on predefined regions of interest and does not require MR registration. Besides, it takes advantage on the availability of early scans which are becoming common practice while imposing a negligible added patient discomfort.
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Grimmer T, Shi K, Diehl-Schmid J, Natale B, Drzezga A, Förster S, Förstl H, Schwaiger M, Yakushev I, Wester HJ, Kurz A, Yousefi BH. 18F-FIBT may expand PET for β-amyloid imaging in neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2608-2619. [PMID: 30120417 PMCID: PMC7515824 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
18F-FIBT, 2-(p-Methylaminophenyl)-7-(2-[18F]fluoroethoxy)imidazo-[2,1-b]benzothiazole, is a new selective PET tracer under clinical investigation to specifically image β-amyloid depositions (Aβ) in humans in-vivo that binds to Aβ with excellent affinity (Kd 0.7 ± 0.2) and high selectivity over tau and α-synuclein aggregates (Ki > 1000 nM). We aimed to characterize 18F-FIBT in a series of patients with different clinical-pathophysiological phenotypes and to compare its binding characteristics to the reference compound PiB. Six patients (mild late-onset and moderate early-onset AD dementia, mild cognitive impairment due to AD, intermediate likelihood, mild behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia, subjective memory impairment without evidence of neurodegeneration, and mild dementia due to Posterior Cortical Atrophy) underwent PET imaging with 18F-FIBT on PET/MR. With the guidance of MRI, PET images were corrected for partial volume effect, time-activity curves (TACs) of regions of interest (ROIs) were extracted, and non-displaceable binding potentials (BPnd), standardized uptake value ratios (SUVR), and distribution volume ratio (DVR) were compared. Specific binding was detected in the cases with evidence of the AD pathophysiological process visualized in images of BPnd, DVR and SUVR, consistently with patterns of different tracers in previous studies. SUVR showed the highest correlation with clinical severity. The previous preclinical characterization and the results of this case series suggest the clinical usefulness of FIBT as a selective and highly affine next-generation 18F-labeled tracer for amyloid-imaging with excellent pharmacokinetics in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. The results compare well to the gold standard PiB and hence support further investigation in larger human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Grimmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Kuangyu Shi
- grid.15474.330000 0004 0477 2438Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany ,grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstr. 10, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Janine Diehl-Schmid
- grid.15474.330000 0004 0477 2438Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Bianca Natale
- grid.15474.330000 0004 0477 2438Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- grid.411097.a0000 0000 8852 305XDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Förster
- grid.15474.330000 0004 0477 2438Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Förstl
- grid.15474.330000 0004 0477 2438Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- grid.15474.330000 0004 0477 2438Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Igor Yakushev
- grid.15474.330000 0004 0477 2438Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meißner-Str. 3, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander Kurz
- grid.15474.330000 0004 0477 2438Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Behrooz Hooshyar Yousefi
- grid.15474.330000 0004 0477 2438Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Ortner M, Drost R, Hedderich D, Goldhardt O, Müller-Sarnowski F, Diehl-Schmid J, Förstl H, Yakushev I, Grimmer T. Amyloid PET, FDG-PET or MRI? - the power of different imaging biomarkers to detect progression of early Alzheimer's disease. BMC Neurol 2019; 19:264. [PMID: 31672138 PMCID: PMC6822351 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As investigations of disease modifying drugs aim to slow down progression of Alzheimer’ disease (AD) biomarkers to reliably track disease progression gain more importance. This is especially important as clinical symptoms, including psychometric measures, are only modestly associated with the underlying disease pathology, in particular at the pre-dementia stages. The decision which biomarkers to choose in clinical trials is crucial and depends on effect size. However, longitudinal studies of multiple biomarkers in parallel that allow direct comparison on effect size are scarce. Methods We calculated effect size and minimal sample size for three common imaging biomarkers of AD, namely amyloid deposition measured with PiB-PET, neuronal dysfunction measured with FDG-PET and cortical thickness measured with MRI in a prospective 24-month follow-up study in a monocentric cohort of early AD. Results Post hoc power calculation revealed large effect sizes of Cohen’s d for PiB-PET and cortical thickness and a small effect size for FDG-PET (1.315, 0.914, and 0.341, respectively). Accordingly, sample sizes for PiB-PET and cortical thickness required significantly smaller sample sizes than FDG-PET to reliably detect statistically significant changes after 24 months in early AD (n = 7, n = 12, and n = 70, respectively). Conclusion Amyloid imaging with PET and measuring cortical thickness with MRI are suitable biomarkers to detect disease progression in early AD within a small sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Ortner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - René Drost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Dennis Hedderich
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Goldhardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Müller-Sarnowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Janine Diehl-Schmid
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Förstl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Igor Yakushev
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Grimmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
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Sala-Llonch R, Falgàs N, Bosch B, Fernández-Villullas G, Balasa M, Antonell A, Perissinotti A, Pavía J, Campos F, Lladó A, Lomeña F, Sánchez-Valle R. Regional patterns of 18F-florbetaben uptake in presenilin 1 mutation carriers. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 81:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kameyama M, Ishibash K, Wagatsuma K, Toyohara J, Ishii K. A pitfall of white matter reference regions used in [18F] florbetapir PET: a consideration of kinetics. Ann Nucl Med 2019; 33:848-854. [DOI: 10.1007/s12149-019-01397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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La Joie R, Ayakta N, Seeley WW, Borys E, Boxer AL, DeCarli C, Doré V, Grinberg LT, Huang E, Hwang JH, Ikonomovic MD, Jack C, Jagust WJ, Jin LW, Klunk WE, Kofler J, Lesman-Segev OH, Lockhart SN, Lowe VJ, Masters CL, Mathis CA, McLean CL, Miller BL, Mungas D, O'Neil JP, Olichney JM, Parisi JE, Petersen RC, Rosen HJ, Rowe CC, Spina S, Vemuri P, Villemagne VL, Murray ME, Rabinovici GD. Multisite study of the relationships between antemortem [ 11C]PIB-PET Centiloid values and postmortem measures of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. Alzheimers Dement 2019; 15:205-216. [PMID: 30347188 PMCID: PMC6368897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We sought to establish the relationships between standard postmortem measures of AD neuropathology and antemortem [11C]PIB-positron emission tomography ([11C]PIB-PET) analyzed with the Centiloid (CL) method, a standardized scale for Aβ-PET quantification. METHODS Four centers contributed 179 participants encompassing a broad range of clinical diagnoses, PET data, and autopsy findings. RESULTS CL values increased with each CERAD neuritic plaque score increment (median -3 CL for no plaques and 92 CL for frequent plaques) and nonlinearly with Thal Aβ phases (increases were detected starting at phase 2) with overlap between scores/phases. PET-pathology associations were comparable across sites and unchanged when restricting the analyses to the 56 patients who died within 2 years of PET. A threshold of 12.2 CL detected CERAD moderate-to-frequent neuritic plaques (area under the curve = 0.910, sensitivity = 89.2%, specificity = 86.4%), whereas 24.4 CL identified intermediate-to-high AD neuropathological changes (area under the curve = 0.894, sensitivity = 84.1%, specificity = 87.9%). DISCUSSION Our study demonstrated the robustness of a multisite Centiloid [11C]PIB-PET study and established a range of pathology-based CL thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud La Joie
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Nagehan Ayakta
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ewa Borys
- Department of Pathology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Doré
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric Huang
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ji-Hye Hwang
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Clifford Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - William J Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Pathology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - William E Klunk
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Julia Kofler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Orit H Lesman-Segev
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Samuel N Lockhart
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Val J Lowe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Catriona L McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Mungas
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - James P O'Neil
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA; Biomedical Isotope Facility, MBIB Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA, USA
| | - John M Olichney
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joseph E Parisi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Howard J Rosen
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher C Rowe
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Salvatore Spina
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Gil D Rabinovici
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
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Twohig D, Rodriguez-Vieitez E, Sando SB, Berge G, Lauridsen C, Møller I, Grøntvedt GR, Bråthen G, Patra K, Bu G, Benzinger TLS, Karch CM, Fagan A, Morris JC, Bateman RJ, Nordberg A, White LR, Nielsen HM. The relevance of cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein levels to sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:130. [PMID: 30477568 PMCID: PMC6260771 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0624-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrating higher cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) α-synuclein (αSyn) levels and αSyn pathology in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients suggests that αSyn is involved in the pathophysiology of AD. To investigate whether αSyn could be related to specific aspects of the pathophysiology present in both sporadic and familial disease, we quantified CSF levels of αSyn and assessed links to various disease parameters in a longitudinally followed cohort (n = 136) including patients with sporadic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD, and in a cross-sectional sample from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network (n = 142) including participants carrying autosomal dominant AD (ADAD) gene mutations and their non-mutation carrying family members.Our results show that sporadic MCI patients that developed AD over a period of two years exhibited higher baseline αSyn levels (p = 0.03), which inversely correlated to their Mini-Mental State Examination scores, compared to cognitively normal controls (p = 0.02). In the same patients, there was a dose-dependent positive association between CSF αSyn and the APOEε4 allele. Further, CSF αSyn levels were higher in symptomatic ADAD mutation carriers versus non-mutation carriers (p = 0.03), and positively correlated to the estimated years from symptom onset (p = 0.05) across all mutation carriers. In asymptomatic (Clinical Dementia Rating < 0.5) PET amyloid-positive ADAD mutation carriers CSF αSyn was positively correlated to 11C-Pittsburgh Compound-B (PiB) retention in several brain regions including the posterior cingulate, superior temporal and frontal cortical areas. Importantly, APOEε4-positive ADAD mutation carriers exhibited an association between CSF αSyn levels and mean cortical PiB retention (p = 0.032). In both the sporadic AD and ADAD cohorts we found several associations predominantly between CSF levels of αSyn, tau and amyloid-β1-40.Our results suggest that higher CSF αSyn levels are linked to AD pathophysiology at the early stages of disease development and to the onset of cognitive symptoms in both sporadic and autosomal dominant AD. We conclude that APOEε4 may promote the processes driven by αSyn, which in turn may reflect on molecular mechanisms linked to the asymptomatic build-up of amyloid plaque burden in brain regions involved in the early stages of AD development.
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McDade E, Wang G, Gordon BA, Hassenstab J, Benzinger TLS, Buckles V, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM, Cairns NJ, Goate AM, Marcus DS, Morris JC, Paumier K, Xiong C, Allegri R, Berman SB, Klunk W, Noble J, Ringman J, Ghetti B, Farlow M, Sperling RA, Chhatwal J, Salloway S, Graff-Radford NR, Schofield PR, Masters C, Rossor MN, Fox NC, Levin J, Jucker M, Bateman RJ. Longitudinal cognitive and biomarker changes in dominantly inherited Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2018; 91:e1295-e1306. [PMID: 30217935 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the onset, sequence, and rate of progression of comprehensive biomarker and clinical measures across the spectrum of Alzheimer disease (AD) using the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN) study and compare these to cross-sectional estimates. METHODS We conducted longitudinal clinical, cognitive, CSF, and neuroimaging assessments (mean of 2.7 [±1.1] visits) in 217 DIAN participants. Linear mixed effects models were used to assess changes in each measure relative to individuals' estimated years to symptom onset and to compare mutation carriers and noncarriers. RESULTS Longitudinal β-amyloid measures changed first (starting 25 years before estimated symptom onset), followed by declines in measures of cortical metabolism (approximately 7-10 years later), then cognition and hippocampal atrophy (approximately 20 years later). There were significant differences in the estimates of CSF p-tau181 and tau, with elevations from cross-sectional estimates preceding longitudinal estimates by over 10 years; further, longitudinal estimates identified a significant decline in CSF p-tau181 near symptom onset as opposed to continued elevations. CONCLUSION These longitudinal estimates clarify the sequence and temporal dynamics of presymptomatic pathologic changes in autosomal dominant AD, information critical to a better understanding of the disease. The pattern of biomarker changes identified here also suggests that once β-amyloidosis begins, additional pathologies may begin to develop less than 10 years later, but more than 15 years before symptom onset, an important consideration for interventions meant to alter the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric McDade
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Guoqiao Wang
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Brian A Gordon
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jason Hassenstab
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Virginia Buckles
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne M Fagan
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - David M Holtzman
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nigel J Cairns
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alison M Goate
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel S Marcus
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - John C Morris
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katrina Paumier
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ricardo Allegri
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sarah B Berman
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - William Klunk
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - James Noble
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - John Ringman
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Farlow
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reisa A Sperling
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jasmeer Chhatwal
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephen Salloway
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neill R Graff-Radford
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter R Schofield
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Colin Masters
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin N Rossor
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nick C Fox
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Jucker
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Randall J Bateman
- From the Department of Neurology (E.M., J.H., V.B., A.M.F., D.M.H., J.C.M., K.P., R.J.B.), Division of Biostatistics (G.W., C.X.), Department of Radiology (B.A.G., T.L.S.B., D.S.M.), and Department of Pathology (N.J.C.), Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Department of Neuroscience (A.M.J.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI) (R.A.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Correa, Buenos Aires, Argentina; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine (S.B.B., W.K.), PA; College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.N.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.R.), Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (B.G., M.F.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Massachusetts General Hospital (R.A.S., J.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Butler Hospital and Brown University (S.S.), Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL; Neuroscience Research Australia (P.R.S.); School of Medical Sciences (P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney; The Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne (C.M.), Parkville, Australia; Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology (M.N.R., N.C.F.), University College London, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich (J.L.); Department of Neurology (J.L.), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen (M.J.); and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research (M.J.), University of Tübingen, Germany.
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Widespread distribution of tauopathy in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 72:177-185. [PMID: 30292840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the distribution and severity of tau-PET binding in cognitively normal adults with preclinical Alzheimer's disease as determined by positive beta-amyloid PET. 18F-AV-1451 tau-PET data from 109 cognitively normal older adults were processed with 34 cortical and 9 subcortical FreeSurfer regions and averaged across both hemispheres. Individuals were classified as being beta-amyloid positive (N = 25, A+) or negative (N = 84, A-) based on a 18F-AV-45 beta-amyloid-PET standardized uptake value ratio of 1.22. We compared the tau-PET binding in the 2 groups using covariate-adjusted linear regressions. The A+ cohort had higher tau-PET binding within 8 regions: precuneus, amygdala, banks of the superior temporal sulcus, entorhinal cortex, fusiform gyrus, inferior parietal cortex, inferior temporal cortex, and middle temporal cortex. These findings, consistent with preclinical involvement of the medial temporal lobe and parietal lobe and association regions by tauopathy, emphasize that therapies targeting tauopathy in Alzheimer's disease could be considered before the onset of symptoms to prevent or ameliorate cognitive decline.
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Hsu S, Gordon BA, Hornbeck R, Norton JB, Levitch D, Louden A, Ziegemeier E, Laforce R, Chhatwal J, Day GS, McDade E, Morris JC, Fagan AM, Benzinger TLS, Goate AM, Cruchaga C, Bateman RJ, Karch CM. Discovery and validation of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease mutations. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2018; 10:67. [PMID: 30021643 PMCID: PMC6052673 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is clinically characterized by progressive cognitive decline. Mutations in amyloid-β precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2) are the pathogenic cause of autosomal dominant AD (ADAD). However, polymorphisms also exist within these genes. Methods In order to distinguish polymorphisms from pathogenic mutations, the DIAN Expanded Registry has implemented an algorithm for determining ADAD pathogenicity using available information from multiple domains, including genetic, bioinformatic, clinical, imaging, and biofluid measures and in vitro analyses. Results We propose that PSEN1 M84V, PSEN1 A396T, PSEN2 R284G, and APP T719N are likely pathogenic mutations, whereas PSEN1 c.379_382delXXXXinsG and PSEN2 L238F have uncertain pathogenicity. Conclusions In defining a subset of these variants as pathogenic, individuals from these families can now be enrolled in observational and clinical trials. This study outlines a critical approach for translating genetic data into meaningful clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Brian A Gordon
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Russ Hornbeck
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joanne B Norton
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Denise Levitch
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adia Louden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ellen Ziegemeier
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire du CHU de Québec, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Jasmeer Chhatwal
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, 149 13th Street, Gerontology Research Room 2669, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Gregory S Day
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric McDade
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Su Y, Flores S, Hornbeck RC, Speidel B, Vlassenko AG, Gordon BA, Koeppe RA, Klunk WE, Xiong C, Morris JC, Benzinger TLS. Utilizing the Centiloid scale in cross-sectional and longitudinal PiB PET studies. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 19:406-416. [PMID: 30035025 PMCID: PMC6051499 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid imaging is a valuable tool for research and diagnosis in dementing disorders. Successful use of this tool is limited by the lack of a common standard in the quantification of amyloid imaging data. The Centiloid approach was recently proposed to address this problem and in this work, we report our implementation of this approach and evaluate the impact of differences in underlying image analysis methodologies using both cross-sectional and longitudinal datasets. The Centiloid approach successfully converts quantitative amyloid burden measurements into a common Centiloid scale (CL) and comparable dynamic range. As expected, the Centiloid values derived from different analytical approaches inherit some of the inherent benefits and drawbacks of the underlying approaches, and these differences result in statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences in the variability and group mean values. Because of these differences, even after expression in CL, the 95% specificity amyloid positivity thresholds derived from different analytic approaches varied from 5.7 CL to 11.9 CL, and the reliable worsening threshold varied from −2.0 CL to 11.0 CL. Although this difference is in part due to the dependency of the threshold determination methodology on the statistical characteristics of the measurements. When amyloid measurements obtained from different centers are combined for analysis, one should not expect Centiloid conversion to eliminate all the differences in amyloid burden measurements due to variabilities in underlying acquisition protocols and analysis techniques. The Centiloid approach brings amyloid burden measurements into a common scale. The Centiloid value inherits the characteristics of the underlying method. The Centiloid value derived from different analysis techniques remains different. The amyloid positivity thresholds in Centiloid are sensitive to implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Su
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Shaney Flores
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Russ C Hornbeck
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Benjamin Speidel
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrei G Vlassenko
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian A Gordon
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert A Koeppe
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William E Klunk
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Cecchin D, Barthel H, Poggiali D, Cagnin A, Tiepolt S, Zucchetta P, Turco P, Gallo P, Frigo AC, Sabri O, Bui F. A new integrated dual time-point amyloid PET/MRI data analysis method. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2017; 44:2060-2072. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-017-3750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Akamatsu G, Ohnishi A, Aita K, Ikari Y, Yamamoto Y, Senda M. Technical Considerations on Scanning and Image Analysis for Amyloid PET in Dementia. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi 2017; 73:298-308. [PMID: 28428473 DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.2017_jsrt_73.4.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET), can provide essential and objective information for the early and differential diagnosis of dementia. Amyloid PET is especially useful to evaluate the amyloid-β pathological process as a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. This article reviews critical points about technical considerations on the scanning and image analysis methods for amyloid PET. Each amyloid PET agent has its own proper administration instructions and recommended uptake time, scan duration, and the method of image display and interpretation. In addition, we have introduced general scanning information, including subject positioning, reconstruction parameters, and quantitative and statistical image analysis. We believe that this article could make amyloid PET a more reliable tool in clinical study and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Akamatsu
- Division of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation.,Division of Radiological Technology, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation
| | - Akihito Ohnishi
- Division of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation.,Department of Radiology, Kobe University Hospital
| | - Kazuki Aita
- Division of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation
| | - Yasuhiko Ikari
- Division of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation
| | - Yasuji Yamamoto
- Department of Biosignal Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University.,Medical Center for Student Health, Kobe University
| | - Michio Senda
- Division of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation
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Fleisher AS, Joshi AD, Sundell KL, Chen YF, Kollack-Walker S, Lu M, Chen S, Devous MD, Seibyl J, Marek K, Siemers ER, Mintun MA. Use of white matter reference regions for detection of change in florbetapir positron emission tomography from completed phase 3 solanezumab trials. Alzheimers Dement 2017; 13:1117-1124. [PMID: 28365320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We compared subject-specific white matter (SSWM) and whole cerebellum (CBL) reference regions for power to detect longitudinal change in amyloid positron emission tomography signal. METHODS Positive florbetapir positron emission tomography scans were analyzed from participants (66 placebo treated and 63 solanezumab treated) with mild dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease from the EXPEDITION and EXPEDITION2 studies. For comparison to CBL, a second normalization was performed on longitudinal data using an SSWM correction factor (SSWM normalization ratio [SSWMnr]). Analysis of covariance assessed baseline to 18-month change between treatment with solanezumab and placebo. Sample and effect size estimations provided magnitude of observed treatment changes. RESULTS Longitudinal percent change between placebo and solanezumab using CBL was not significant (P = .536) but was significant for SSWMnr (P = .042). Compared with CBL, SSWMnr technique increased the power to detect a treatment difference, more than tripling the effect size and reducing the sample size requirements by 85% to 90%. DISCUSSION Adjusting longitudinal standardized uptake value ratios with an SSWM reference region in these antiamyloid treatment trials increased mean change detection and decreased variance resulting in the substantial improvement in statistical power to detect change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ming Lu
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Mallik AK, Drzezga A, Minoshima S. Molecular Imaging and Precision Medicine in Dementia and Movement Disorders. PET Clin 2017; 12:119-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Lange C, Teipel S, Buchert R, Grothe MJ. PETPVE12: an SPM toolbox for Partial Volume Effects correction in brain PET - Application to amyloid imaging with AV45-PET. Neuroimage 2016; 147:669-677. [PMID: 28039094 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) allows detecting molecular brain changes in vivo. However, the accuracy of PET is limited by partial volume effects (PVE) that affects quantitative analysis and visual interpretation of the images. Although PVE-correction methods have been shown to effectively increase the correspondence of the measured signal with the true regional tracer uptake, these procedures are still not commonly applied, neither in clinical nor in research settings. Here, we present an implementation of well validated PVE-correction procedures as a SPM toolbox, PETPVE12, for automated processing. We demonstrate its utility by a comprehensive analysis of the effects of PVE-correction on amyloid-sensitive AV45-PET data from 85 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 179 cognitively normal (CN) elderly. Effects of PVE-correction on global cortical standard uptake value ratios (SUVR) and the power of diagnostic group separation were assessed for the region-wise geometric transfer matrix method (PVEc-GTM), as well as for the 3-compartmental voxel-wise "Müller-Gärtner" method (PVEc-MG). Both PVE-correction methods resulted in decreased global cortical SUVRs in the low to middle range of SUVR values, and in increased global cortical SUVRs at the high values. As a consequence, average SUVR of the CN group was reduced, whereas average SUVR of the AD group was increased by PVE-correction. These effects were also reflected in increased accuracies of group discrimination after PVEc-GTM (AUC=0.86) and PVEc-MG (AUC=0.89) compared to standard non-corrected SUVR (AUC=0.84). Voxel-wise analyses of PVEc-MG corrected data also demonstrated improved detection of regionally increased AV45 SUVR values in AD patients. These findings complement the growing evidence for a beneficial effect of PVE-correction in quantitative analysis of amyloid-sensitive PET data. The novel PETPVE12 toolbox significantly facilitates the application of PVE-correction, particularly within SPM-based processing pipelines. This is expected to foster the use of PVE-correction in brain PET for more widespread use. The toolbox is freely available at http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/ext/#PETPVE12.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catharina Lange
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Teipel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) - Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralph Buchert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michel J Grothe
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) - Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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Abstract
Amyloid plaques, along with neurofibrillary tangles, are a neuropathologic hallmark of Alzheimer disease (AD). Recently, amyloid PET radiotracers have been developed and approved for clinical use in the evaluation of suspected neurodegenerative disorders. In both research and clinical settings, amyloid PET imaging has provided important diagnostic and prognostic information for the management of patients with possible AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and other challenging diagnostic presentations. Although the overall impact of amyloid imaging is still being evaluated, the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging and Alzheimer's Association Amyloid Imaging Task Force have created appropriate use criteria for the standard clinical use of amyloid PET imaging. By the appropriate use criteria, amyloid imaging is appropriate for patients with (1) persistent or unexplained MCI, (2) AD as a possible but still uncertain diagnosis after expert evaluation and (3) atypically early-age-onset progressive dementia. To better understand the clinical and economic effect of amyloid imaging, the Imaging Dementia-Evidence for Amyloid Scanning (IDEAS) study is an ongoing large multicenter study in the United States, which is evaluating how amyloid imaging affects diagnosis, management, and outcomes for cognitively impaired patients who cannot be completely evaluated by clinical assessment alone. Multiple other large-scale studies are evaluating the prognostic role of amyloid PET imaging for predicting MCI progression to AD in general and high-risk populations. At the same time, amyloid imaging is an important tool for evaluating potential disease-modifying therapies for AD. Overall, the increased use of amyloid PET imaging has led to a better understanding of the strengths and limitations of this imaging modality and how it may best be used with other clinical, molecular, and imaging assessment techniques for the diagnosis and management of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Mallik
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.
| | - Alex Drzezga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Satoshi Minoshima
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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Su Y, Blazey TM, Owen CJ, Christensen JJ, Friedrichsen K, Joseph-Mathurin N, Wang Q, Hornbeck RC, Ances BM, Snyder AZ, Cash LA, Koeppe RA, Klunk WE, Galasko D, Brickman AM, McDade E, Ringman JM, Thompson PM, Saykin AJ, Ghetti B, Sperling RA, Johnson KA, Salloway SP, Schofield PR, Masters CL, Villemagne VL, Fox NC, Förster S, Chen K, Reiman EM, Xiong C, Marcus DS, Weiner MW, Morris JC, Bateman RJ, Benzinger TLS. Correction: Quantitative Amyloid Imaging in Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer's Disease: Results from the DIAN Study Group. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163669. [PMID: 27649320 PMCID: PMC5029931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Rowe CC, Jones G, Doré V, Pejoska S, Margison L, Mulligan RS, Chan JG, Young K, Villemagne VL. Standardized Expression of 18F-NAV4694 and 11C-PiB β-Amyloid PET Results with the Centiloid Scale. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:1233-7. [PMID: 26912446 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.171595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A common quantitative output value for PET measures of β-amyloid (Aβ) binding across tracers and methods would allow better comparison of data across sites and application of universal diagnostic and prognostic values. A method has recently been developed that generates a unit of measurement called the centiloid. We applied this method to 2-[2-(18)F-fluoro-6-(methylamino)-3-pyridinyl]-1-benzofuran-5-ol ((18)F-NAV4694) and (11)C-Pittsburgh compound B ((11)C-PiB) Aβ images to derive the scaling factor required to express tracer binding in centiloids. METHODS Fifty-five participants, including 10 young controls (33 ± 7 y old), underwent both (11)C-PiB and (18)F-NAV4694 imaging no more than 3 mo apart, with the images acquired 50-70 min after tracer injection. The images were spatially normalized and analyzed using the standard centiloid method and regions (cortex and whole-cerebellum reference) downloaded from the Global Alzheimer Association Interactive Network website. RESULTS SUV ratios (SUVRs) showed a strong correlation in tracer binding ((18)F-NAV4694 SUVR = 1.09 × (11)C-PiB SUVR - 0.08, R(2) = 0.99). The equation to convert (18)F-NAV4694 to centiloids [100 × ((18)F-NAV4694 SUVR - 1.028)/1.174] was similar to a published equation for (11)C-PiB [100 × ((11)C-PiB SUVR - 1.009)/1.067]. In the young controls, the variance ratio ((18)F-NAV4694 centiloid SD divided by (11)C-PiB centiloid SD) was 0.85. CONCLUSION The results for both (11)C-PiB and (18)F-NAV4694 can now be expressed in centiloids, an important step that should allow better clinical and research use of Aβ imaging. The standard centiloid method also showed that (18)F-NAV4694 has slightly higher Aβ binding and lower variance than (11)C-PiB, important properties for detecting early Aβ deposition and change over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Rowe
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gareth Jones
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vincent Doré
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Brisbane, Australia; and
| | - Svetlana Pejoska
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laura Margison
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rachel S Mulligan
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Gordon Chan
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kenneth Young
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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