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Nagata Y, Quynh NT, Aono H, Harada K, Miyamoto H, Fujimoto N. Melatonin Inhibits Chemical Carcinogen-mediated Malignant Transformation of Urothelial Cells: In Vitro Evidence. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2024; 21:388-394. [PMID: 38944424 PMCID: PMC11215424 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The efficacy of melatonin and its biological significance in human bladder cancer remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the functional role of melatonin in urothelial carcinogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In human normal urothelial SVHUC cells with exposure to the chemical carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene, we assessed the effects of melatonin on the neoplastic/malignant transformation. RESULTS In the in vitro system with carcinogen challenge, melatonin significantly prevented the neoplastic transformation of SV-HUC-1 cells. In addition, melatonin treatment resulted in increased expression of SIRT1, Rb1, and E-cadherin, and decreased expression of N-cadherin and FGFR3 in SV-HUC-1 cells. Furthermore, publicly available datasets from GSE3167 revealed that the expression of melatonin receptor 1 and melatonin receptor 2 was significantly down-regulated in bladder urothelial carcinoma tissues, compared with adjacent normal urothelial tissues. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that melatonin serves as a suppressor for urothelial tumorigenesis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first preclinical study demonstrating the impact of melatonin on the development of urothelial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Nagata
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, Kitakyushu, Japan;
| | - Nguyen Thu Quynh
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hisami Aono
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, U.S.A
| | - Naohiro Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Mehus AA, Jones M, Trahan M, Kinnunen K, Berwald K, Lindner B, Al-Marsoummi S, Zhou XD, Garrett SH, Sens DA, Sens MA, Somji S. Pevonedistat Inhibits SOX2 Expression and Sphere Formation but Also Drives the Induction of Terminal Differentiation Markers and Apoptosis within Arsenite-Transformed Urothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9149. [PMID: 37298099 PMCID: PMC10252886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelial cancer (UC) is a common malignancy and its development is associated with arsenic exposure. Around 25% of diagnosed UC cases are muscle invasive (MIUC) and are frequently associated with squamous differentiation. These patients commonly develop cisplatin (CIS) resistance and have poor prognosis. SOX2 expression is correlated to reduced overall and disease-free survival in UC. SOX2 drives malignant stemness and proliferation in UC cells and is associated with development of CIS resistance. Using quantitative proteomics, we identified that SOX2 was overexpressed in three arsenite (As3+)-transformed UROtsa cell lines. We hypothesized that inhibition of SOX2 would reduce stemness and increase sensitivity to CIS in the As3+-transformed cells. Pevonedistat (PVD) is a neddylation inhibitor and is a potent inhibitor of SOX2. We treated non-transformed parent and As3+-transformed cells with PVD, CIS, or in combination and monitored cell growth, sphere forming abilities, apoptosis, and gene/protein expression. PVD treatment alone caused morphological changes, reduced cell growth, attenuated sphere formation, induced apoptosis, and elevated the expression of terminal differentiation markers. However, the combined treatment of PVD with CIS significantly elevated the expression of terminal differentiation markers and eventually led to more cell death than either solo treatment. Aside from a reduced proliferation rate, these effects were not seen in the parent. Further research is needed to explore the potential use of PVD with CIS as a differentiation therapy or alternative treatment for MIUC tumors that may have become resistant to CIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A. Mehus
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; (M.J.); (M.T.); (K.K.); (K.B.); (B.L.); (S.A.-M.); (X.D.Z.); (S.H.G.); (D.A.S.); (M.A.S.); (S.S.)
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Kadeh H, Parsamanesh N, Miri‐Moghaddam E. Effect of CDH1 and CDH2 genes polymorphisms in oral squamous cell carcinoma susceptibility in a sample of Iranian population: A case-control study. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1221. [PMID: 37091359 PMCID: PMC10116194 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a global malignant epithelial neoplasm affecting the oral cavity. Cadherins, as an adhesion molecule, are involved in cell-cell interaction. We aim to study the effect of two cadherin polymorphisms on OSCC risk in southeast of Iran. Methods In this case-control study, 94 individuals (47 OSCC cases and 47 controls), that referred to the Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Iran were included. Cadherin single nucleotide polymorphisms CDH1 (rs16260) and CDH2 (rs11564299) were genotyped by the tetra-Amplification Refractory Mutation System-PCR technique. Results N-cadherin genotyping showed that the AA, AG, and AG + GG were presented 78.7%, 17%, 21.3% versus 66%, 29.7%, 34% in the cases and the control group, respectively. AG genotype was more common in control than case (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.17-1.29, p = 0.14). G allele was more prevalent in control (19.1%) than the case group (12.8%) (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.27-1.36, p = 0.23). In E-cadherin, AC, AA, and AC + AA genotypes frequency were 17%, 12.8%, and 29.8% in case versus 8.5%, 8.5%, and 17% in the control group. Allele A was more common in the case than the control group (OR = 1.84, 95% CI: 0.84-4.03, p = 0.12). Also, AA and CC, the codominant genotypes were common in CDH2 and CDH1 respectively in all histopathological grades, and no statically significant association was observed between OSCC different histopathological grades and cadherin genotypes (p = 0.39 in N-cadherin, p = 0.74 in E-cadherin). Conclusion Our results showed a lack of association between CDH1 and CDH2 gene polymorphisms with OSCC risk in a population of Southeastern of Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Kadeh
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of DentistryZahedan University of Medical SciencesZahedanIran
| | - Negin Parsamanesh
- Department Of Molecular MedicineZanjan University of Medical SciencesZanjanIran
| | - Ebrahim Miri‐Moghaddam
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, School of MedicineBirjand University of Medical SciencesBirjandIran
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Nagata Y, Matsukawa T, Goto T, Teramoto Y, Jiang G, Fujimoto N, Miyamoto H. Protective role of mineralocorticoid receptor signaling in urothelial tumorigenesis. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:408-418. [PMID: 36895984 PMCID: PMC9989624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression status of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and its biological significance in human urothelial carcinoma remain unknown. The present study aimed to determine the functional role of MR in the development of urothelial cancer. In human normal urothelial SVHUC cells with exposure to a chemical carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), we assessed the effects of a natural MR ligand, aldosterone, and 3 MR antagonists, including spironolactone, eplerenone, and esaxerenone, as well as knockdown of MR via shRNA virus infection, on their neoplastic/malignant transformation. The in vitro system with carcinogen challenge showed that aldosterone and anti-mineralocorticoids significantly prevented and promoted, respectively, the neoplastic transformation of SVHUC cells. Similarly, MR knockdown in SVHUC cells considerably induced MCA-mediated neoplastic transformation, compared with a control subline. In addition, MR knockdown or antagonist treatment resulted in increases in the expression of β-catenin, c-Fos, and N-cadherin, and a decrease in that of E-cadherin. Meanwhile, spironolactone, which is known to possess anti-androgenic activity, rather suppressed the neoplastic transformation of a SVHUC subline stably expressing wild-type androgen receptor, indicating its dominant effect via the androgen receptor pathway. Immunohistochemistry in surgical specimens detected MR signals in 77 (98.7%; 23.1% weak/1+, 42.3% moderate/2+, and 33.3% strong/3+) of 78 non-invasive bladder tumors, which was significantly (P<0.001) lower than in adjacent non-neoplastic urothelial tissues (100%; 20.5% 2+ and 79.5% 3+). Moreover, the risks for disease recurrence after transurethral surgery were marginally lower in female patients with MR-high (2+/3+) tumor (P=0.068) and significantly lower in all patients with MR-high/glucocorticoid receptor-high tumor (P=0.025), compared with respective controls. These findings suggest that MR signaling functions as a suppressor for urothelial tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Nagata
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takuo Matsukawa
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takuro Goto
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Yuki Teramoto
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Guiyang Jiang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Naohiro Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Department of Pathology and Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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McMichael BD, Perego MC, Darling CL, Perry RL, Coleman SC, Bain LJ. Long-term arsenic exposure impairs differentiation in mouse embryonal stem cells. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:1089-1102. [PMID: 33124703 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a contaminant found in many foods and drinking water. Exposure to arsenic during development can cause improper neuronal progenitor cell development, differentiation, and function, while in vitro studies have determined that acute arsenic exposure to stem and progenitor cells reduced their ability to differentiate. In the current study, P19 mouse embryonal stem cells were exposed continuously to 0.1-μM (7.5 ppb) arsenic for 32 weeks. A cell lineage array examining messenger RNA (mRNA) changes after 8 and 32 weeks of exposure showed that genes involved in pluripotency were increased, whereas those involved in differentiation were reduced. Therefore, temporal changes of select pluripotency and neuronal differentiation markers throughout the 32-week chronic arsenic exposure were investigated. Sox2 and Oct4 mRNA expression were increased by 1.9- to 2.5-fold in the arsenic-exposed cells, beginning at Week 12. Sox2 protein expression was similarly increased starting at Week 16 and remained elevated by 1.5-fold to sixfold. One target of Sox2 is N-cadherin, whose expression is a hallmark of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs). Exposure to arsenic significantly increased N-cadherin protein levels beginning at Week 20, concurrent with increased grouping of N-cadherin positive cells at the perimeter of the embryoid body. Expression of Zeb1, which helps increase the expression of Sox2, was also increased started at Week 16. In contrast, Gdf3 mRNA expression was reduced by 3.4- to 7.2-fold beginning at Week 16, and expression of its target protein, phospho-Smad2/3, was also reduced. These results suggest that chronic, low-level arsenic exposure may delay neuronal differentiation and maintain pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D McMichael
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.,US Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Chiara Perego
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Caitlin L Darling
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Rebekah L Perry
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah C Coleman
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lisa J Bain
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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Mehus AA, Bergum N, Knutson P, Shrestha S, Zhou XD, Garrett SH, Sens DA, Sens MA, Somji S. Activation of PPARγ and inhibition of cell proliferation reduces key proteins associated with the basal subtype of bladder cancer in As3+-transformed UROtsa cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237976. [PMID: 32822399 PMCID: PMC7444546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental exposure to arsenite (As3+) has a strong association with the development of human urothelial cancer (UC) and is the 5th most common cancer in men and the 12th most common cancer in women. Muscle invasive urothelial cancer (MIUC) are grouped into basal or luminal molecular subtypes based on their gene expression profile. The basal subtype is more aggressive and can be associated with squamous differentiation, characterized by high expression of keratins (KRT1, 5, 6, 14, and 16) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) within the tumors. The luminal subtype is less aggressive and is predominately characterized by elevated gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- gamma (PPARγ) and forkhead box protein A1 (FOXA1). We have previously shown that As3+-transformed urothelial cells (As-T) exhibit a basal subtype of UC expressing genes associated with squamous differentiation. We hypothesized that the molecular subtype of the As-T cells could be altered by inducing the expression of PPARγ and/or inhibiting the proliferation of the cells. Non-transformed and As-T cells were treated with Troglitazone (TG, PPARG agonist, 10 μM), PD153035 (PD, an EGFR inhibitor, 1 μM) or a combination of TG and PD for 3 days. The results obtained demonstrate that treatment of the As-T cells with TG upregulated the expression of PPARγ and FOXA1 whereas treatment with PD decreased the expression of some of the basal keratins. However, a combined treatment of TG and PD resulted in a consistent decrease of several proteins associated with the basal subtype of bladder cancers (KRT1, KRT14, KRT16, P63, and TFAP2A). Our data suggests that activation of PPARγ while inhibiting cell proliferation facilitates the regulation of genes involved in maintaining the luminal subtype of UC. In vivo animal studies are needed to address the efficacy of using PPARγ agonists and/or proliferation inhibitors to reduce tumor grade/stage of MIUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A. Mehus
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Bergum
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Peter Knutson
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Swojani Shrestha
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Xu Dong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Scott H. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Donald A. Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Mary Ann Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Hoggarth ZE, Osowski DB, Slusser-Nore A, Shrestha S, Pathak P, Solseng T, Garrett SH, Patel DH, Savage E, Sens DA, Somji S. Enrichment of genes associated with squamous differentiation in cancer initiating cells isolated from urothelial cells transformed by the environmental toxicant arsenite. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 374:41-52. [PMID: 31047981 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is an environmental toxicant with long-term exposure associated with the development of urothelial carcinomas. Our lab has developed an in-vitro model of urothelial carcinoma by exposing the immortal, but non-tumorigenic bladder cell line, the UROtsa, to arsenite (As3+). These transformed cells form tumors in immune-compromised mice, which resemble urothelial carcinomas with components of the tumor exhibiting squamous differentiation. The goal of the present study was to determine the differences in global gene expression patterns between the As3+-transformed UROtsa cells and the urospheres (spheroids containing putative cancer initiating cells) isolated from these cell lines and to determine if the genes involved in the development of squamous differentiation were enriched in the urospheres. The results obtained in this study show an enrichment of genes such as KRT1, KRT5, KRT6A, KRT6B, KRT6C, KRT14 and KRT16 associated with squamous differentiation, a characteristic feature seen in aggressive basal subtypes of urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) in the urospheres isolated from As3+-transformed UROtsa cells. In addition, there is increased expression of several of the small proline-rich proteins (SPRR) in the urospheres and overexpression of these genes occur in UCC's displaying squamous differentiation. In conclusion, the cancer initiating cells present in the urospheres are enriched with genes associated with squamous differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary E Hoggarth
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Danyelle B Osowski
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Andrea Slusser-Nore
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Swojani Shrestha
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Prakash Pathak
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Theoren Solseng
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Scott H Garrett
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Divyen H Patel
- Genome Explorations, 1910 Nonconnah Avenue, Suite 120, Memphis, TN 38132, United States.
| | - Evan Savage
- Genome Explorations, 1910 Nonconnah Avenue, Suite 120, Memphis, TN 38132, United States.
| | - Donald A Sens
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| | - Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
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Hoggarth ZE, Osowski DB, Freeberg BA, Garrett SH, Sens DA, Sens MA, Zhou XD, Zhang KK, Somji S. The urothelial cell line UROtsa transformed by arsenite and cadmium display basal characteristics associated with muscle invasive urothelial cancers. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207877. [PMID: 30550540 PMCID: PMC6294394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle invasive urothelial carcinomas are divided into various molecular subtypes with basal and luminal subtypes being the prominent ones. The basal muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas are generally more aggressive at presentation and significantly enriched with squamous features. Our laboratory has developed an in-vitro model of urothelial cancer by transforming the immortalized cell line UROtsa with arsenite (As3+) and cadmium (Cd2+). In this study, we characterized the tumors formed by these transformed cell lines as more basal-like based on their gene expression patterns with increased expression of KRT1, KRT5, KRT6, KRT14, KRT16, KRT17 and CD44. In addition, histological examination of these tumor transplants showed squamous features enriched in basal muscle invasive urothelial carcinomas. The expression of these genes increased in the transformed cell lines as well as in the urospheres, which are putative cancer initiating cells/stem cells derived from the cell lines. There was also increased expression of these genes in the urospheres derived from the parent UROtsa cell line. Thus, our data shows that the As3+ and Cd2+-transformed cell lines and their derived tumor transplants have gene expression profiles similar to the basal subtype of muscle invasive bladder carcinomas with tumors having enriched squamous features. The increased expression of basal markers in the urospheres suggests that stem cells may be involved in the development of squamous differentiation seen in some of the muscle invasive bladder carcinomas.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arsenites/toxicity
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cadmium/toxicity
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/chemically induced
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/genetics
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
- Transcriptome
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
- Urothelium/drug effects
- Urothelium/metabolism
- Urothelium/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary E. Hoggarth
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Danyelle B. Osowski
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Brooke A. Freeberg
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Scott H. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Donald A. Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Mary Ann Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Xu Dong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Ke K. Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Voels B, Wang L, Sens DA, Garrett SH, Zhang K, Somji S. The unique C- and N-terminal sequences of Metallothionein isoform 3 mediate growth inhibition and Vectorial active transport in MCF-7 cells. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:369. [PMID: 28545470 PMCID: PMC5445401 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The 3rd isoform of the metallothionein (MT3) gene family has been shown to be overexpressed in most ductal breast cancers. A previous study has shown that the stable transfection of MCF-7 cells with the MT3 gene inhibits cell growth. The goal of the present study was to determine the role of the unique C-terminal and N-terminal sequences of MT3 on phenotypic properties and gene expression profiles of MCF-7 cells. Methods MCF-7 cells were transfected with various metallothionein gene constructs which contain the insertion or the removal of the unique MT3 C- and N-terminal domains. Global gene expression analysis was performed on the MCF-7 cells containing the various constructs and the expression of the unique C- and N- terminal domains of MT3 was correlated to phenotypic properties of the cells. Results The results of the present study demonstrate that the C-terminal sequence of MT3, in the absence of the N-terminal sequence, induces dome formation in MCF-7 cells, which in cell cultures is the phenotypic manifestation of a cell’s ability to perform vectorial active transport. Global gene expression analysis demonstrated that the increased expression of the GAGE gene family correlated with dome formation. Expression of the C-terminal domain induced GAGE gene expression, whereas the N-terminal domain inhibited GAGE gene expression and that the effect of the N-terminal domain inhibition was dominant over the C-terminal domain of MT3. Transfection with the metallothionein 1E gene increased the expression of GAGE genes. In addition, both the C- and the N-terminal sequences of the MT3 gene had growth inhibitory properties, which correlated to an increased expression of the interferon alpha-inducible protein 6. Conclusions Our study shows that the C-terminal domain of MT3 confers dome formation in MCF-7 cells and the presence of this domain induces expression of the GAGE family of genes. The differential effects of MT3 and metallothionein 1E on the expression of GAGE genes suggests unique roles of these genes in the development and progression of breast cancer. The finding that interferon alpha-inducible protein 6 expression is associated with the ability of MT3 to inhibit growth needs further investigation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3355-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Voels
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.,Departments of Science, Cankdeska Cikana Community College, 214 1st Avenue, Fort Totten, ND, 58335, USA
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.,Present address: Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huangzhong University of Science and Techology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Donald A Sens
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Scott H Garrett
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N. Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.
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Qian Y, Chen DL, Ren HF, Wang SQ, Yu DD, Wang SY. Heavy metal pollutant cadmium enhances malignant biological behavior of human colorectal carcinoma HCT-116 cells via inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:4185-4192. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i30.4185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the influence of cadmium on the malignant biological behavior of HCT-116 cells and the mechanism involved.
METHODS After HCT-116 cells were treated with cadmium, the changes in cell malignant biological behavior were assessed by MTT assay, colony forming assay, cell adhesion assay, and transwell migration and invasion assays. Western blot was used to detect the expression of E-cadherin, Vimentin, Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox1, MMP-3, MMP-9 and other proteins in cadmium treated cells.
RESULTS Chronic exposure to cadmium enhanced the malignant biological behavior of HCT-116 cells, and the transformed cells formed mesenchymal-like intercellular junctions. The protein expression of vimentin, MMP3, and MMP9 was increased, while the expression of E-cadherin was decreased in a time-dependent manner. Overall, morphological and molecular changes suggested that HCT-116 cells underwent an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process after chronic cadmium exposure.
CONCLUSION Cadmium enhances the malignant biologic behavior of HCT-116 cells possibly by inducing EMT.
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