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Yip L, Alkhataybeh R, Taylor C, Fuhlbrigge R, Fathman CG. Identification of Novel Disease-Relevant Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes: A Potential Defect in Pancreatic Iron Homeostasis. Diabetes 2022; 71:1490-1507. [PMID: 35499603 PMCID: PMC9233262 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple pathways contribute to the pathophysiological development of type 1 diabetes (T1D); however, the exact mechanisms involved are unclear. We performed differential gene expression analysis in pancreatic islets of NOD mice versus age-matched congenic NOD.B10 controls to identify genes that may contribute to disease pathogenesis. Novel genes related to extracellular matrix development and glucagon and insulin signaling/secretion were changed in NOD mice during early inflammation. During "respective" insulitis, the expression of genes encoding multiple chemosensory olfactory receptors were upregulated, and during "destructive" insulitis, the expression of genes involved in antimicrobial defense and iron homeostasis were downregulated. Islet inflammation reduced the expression of Hamp that encodes hepcidin. Hepcidin is expressed in β-cells and serves as the key regulator of iron homeostasis. We showed that Hamp and hepcidin levels were lower, while iron levels were higher in the pancreas of 12-week-old NOD versus NOD.B10 mice, suggesting that a loss of iron homeostasis may occur in the islets during the onset of "destructive" insulitis. Interestingly, we showed that the severity of NOD disease correlates with dietary iron intake. NOD mice maintained on low-iron diets had a lower incidence of hyperglycemia, while those maintained on high-iron diets had an earlier onset and higher incidence of disease, suggesting that high iron exposure combined with a loss of pancreatic iron homeostasis may exacerbate NOD disease. This mechanism may explain the link seen between high iron exposure and the increased risk for T1D in humans.
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2
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Flynn JK, Langner CA, Karmele EP, Baker PJ, Pei L, Gorfu EG, Bochart RM, Santiana M, Smelkinson MG, Nutman TB, Altan-Bonnet N, Bosinger SE, Kelsall BL, Brenchley JM, Ortiz AM. Luminal microvesicles uniquely influence translocating bacteria after SIV infection. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:937-948. [PMID: 33731830 PMCID: PMC8225551 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00393-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Microbial translocation contributes to persistent inflammation in both treated and untreated HIV infection. Although translocation is due in part to a disintegration of the intestinal epithelial barrier, there is a bias towards the translocation of Proteobacteria. We hypothesized that intestinal epithelial microvesicle cargo differs after HIV infection and contributes to biased translocation. We isolated gastrointestinal luminal microvesicles before and after progressive simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in rhesus macaques and measured miRNA and antimicrobial peptide content. We demonstrate that these microvesicles display decreased miR-28-5p, -484, -584-3p, and -584-5p, and let-7b-3p, as well as increased beta-defensin 1 after SIV infection. We further observed dose-dependent growth sensitivity of commensal Lactobacillus salivarius upon co-culture with isolated microvesicles. Infection-associated microvesicle differences were not mirrored in non-progressively SIV-infected sooty mangabeys. Our findings describe novel alterations of antimicrobial control after progressive SIV infection that influence the growth of translocating bacterial taxa. These studies may lead to the development of novel therapeutics for treating chronic HIV infection, microbial translocation, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob K. Flynn
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Charlotte A. Langner
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Erik P. Karmele
- Mucosal Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Phillip J. Baker
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Luxin Pei
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Edlawit G. Gorfu
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Rachele M. Bochart
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Marianita Santiana
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Thomas B. Nutman
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nihal Altan-Bonnet
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Yerkes Nonhuman Primate Genomics Core Laboratory, YNPRC, Atlanta, GA 30329,Division of Microbiology & Immunology, YNPRC, Atlanta, GA 30329,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Brian L. Kelsall
- Mucosal Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892,Corresponding author: Jason Brenchley, 4 Memorial Drive, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD 20892, Phone: 301-496-1498, Fax: 301-480-1535,
| | - Alexandra M. Ortiz
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892
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3
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Corleis B, Cho JL, Gates SJ, Linder AH, Dickey A, Lisanti-Park AC, Schiff AE, Ghebremichael M, Kohli P, Winkler T, Harris RS, Medoff BD, Kwon DS. Smoking and HIV-1 Infection Promote Retention of CD8+ T Cells in the Airway Mucosa. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:513-520. [PMID: 34166603 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0168oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking and HIV-1 infection are risk factors for COPD, which is among the most common comorbid conditions in people living with HIV-1. HIV-1 infection leads to persistent expansion of CD8+ T cells, and CD8+ T cell-mediated inflammation has been implicated in COPD pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of HIV-1 infection and smoking on T cell dynamics in patients at risk of COPD. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), endobronchial brushings and blood from HIV-1 infected and uninfected non-smokers and smokers were analyzed by flow cytometry, and lungs were imaged by computed tomography. Chemokines were measured in BAL fluid, and CD8+ T cell chemotaxis in the presence of cigarette smoke extract was assessed in vitro. HIV-1 infection increased CD8+ T cells in the BAL, but this increase was abrogated by smoking. Smokers had reduced BAL levels of the T cell-recruiting chemokines CXCL10 and CCL5, and cigarette smoke extract inhibited CXCL10 and CCL5 production by macrophages and CD8+ T cell transmigration in vitro. In contrast to the BAL, CD8+ T cells in endobronchial brushings were increased in HIV-1 infected smokers, driven by an accumulation of effector memory T cells in the airway mucosa and an increase in tissue resident memory T cells. Mucosal CD8+ T cell numbers inversely correlated with lung aeration, suggesting an association with inflammation and remodeling. HIV-1 infection and smoking lead to retention of CD8+ T cells within the airway mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Corleis
- Ragon Institute, 200750, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States.,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 39023, Institute of Immunology, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Josalyn L Cho
- University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, 12243, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Occupational Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States;
| | - Samantha J Gates
- Ragon Institute, 200750, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Alice H Linder
- Ragon Institute, 200750, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Amy Dickey
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 2348, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Abigail E Schiff
- Ragon Institute, 200750, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Puja Kohli
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 2348, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Tilo Winkler
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 2348, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - R Scott Harris
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 2348, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Benjamin D Medoff
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 2348, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Douglas S Kwon
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 2348, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Ragon Institute, 200750, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
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4
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Gustin A, Cromarty R, Schifanella L, Klatt NR. Microbial mismanagement: how inadequate treatments for vaginal dysbiosis drive the HIV epidemic in women. Semin Immunol 2021; 51:101482. [PMID: 34120819 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Women and girls represent a key population driving new HIV infections and persistence of the HIV pandemic. A key determinant of HIV susceptibility is the composition of the vaginal microbiome, which can influence the local immune cell population, inflammation status, and HIV prevention drug levels. While a low-diversity composition dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus is associated with a decreased risk of HIV acquisition, high diversity environments associated with bacterial vaginosis increase risk of HIV. Given the important role of the vaginal microbiome in determining HIV susceptibility, altering the microbiome towards a Lactobacillus-dominated state is an attractive complementary strategy to reduce HIV incidence rates. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms by which the vaginal microbiome may contribute to HIV acquisition risk. Furthermore, we address the advantages and limitations of historical treatments and emerging technologies under investigation to modify the vaginal microbiome, including: antibiotics, bacteriophages, probiotics, topicals, and engineered bacteria. By addressing the current state of vaginal microbiome knowledge and strategies for manipulation, we hope to amplify the growing calls for increased resources and research into vaginal microbial health, which will be essential to accelerating preventative efforts amongst the world's most vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gustin
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ross Cromarty
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Outcomes and Precision Medicine Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Luca Schifanella
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Outcomes and Precision Medicine Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nichole R Klatt
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Outcomes and Precision Medicine Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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5
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Kazer SW, Walker BD, Shalek AK. Evolution and Diversity of Immune Responses during Acute HIV Infection. Immunity 2021; 53:908-924. [PMID: 33207216 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the earliest immune responses following HIV infection is critical to inform future vaccines and therapeutics. Here, we review recent prospective human studies in at-risk populations that have provided insight into immune responses during acute infection, including additional relevant data from non-human primate (NHP) studies. We discuss the timing, nature, and function of the diverse immune responses induced, the onset of immune dysfunction, and the effects of early anti-retroviral therapy administration. Treatment at onset of viremia mitigates peripheral T and B cell dysfunction, limits seroconversion, and enhances cellular antiviral immunity despite persistence of infection in lymphoid tissues. We highlight pertinent areas for future investigation, and how application of high-throughput technologies, alongside targeted NHP studies, may elucidate immune response features to target in novel preventions and cures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Kazer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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6
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Stolzer I, Ruder B, Neurath MF, Günther C. Interferons at the crossroad of cell death pathways during gastrointestinal inflammation and infection. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151491. [PMID: 33662871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic immune-modulatory cytokines that are well known for their essential role in host defense against viruses, bacteria, and other pathogenic microorganisms. They can exert both, protective or destructive functions depending on the microorganism, the targeted tissue and the cellular context. Interferon signaling results in the induction of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) influencing different cellular pathways including direct anti-viral/anti-bacterial response, immune-modulation or cell death. Multiple pathways leading to host cell death have been described, and it is becoming clear that depending on the cellular context, IFN-induced cell death can be beneficial for both: host and pathogen. Accordingly, activation or repression of corresponding signaling mechanisms occurs during various types of infection but is also an important pathway for gastrointestinal inflammation and tissue damage. In this review, we summarize the role of interferons at the crossroad of various cell death pathways in the gut during inflammation and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Stolzer
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Ruder
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie DZI, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU), Erlangen, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Günther
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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7
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Omoniyi AA, Adebisi SS, Musa SA, Nzalak JO, Danborno B, Bauchi ZM, Badmus IT, Olatomide OD, Oladimeji OJ, Nyengaard JR. Designing a multi-epitope vaccine against the Lassa virus through reverse vaccinology, subtractive proteomics, and immunoinformatics approaches. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked 2021; 25:100683. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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8
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Kazer SW, Aicher TP, Muema DM, Carroll SL, Ordovas-Montanes J, Miao VN, Tu AA, Ziegler CGK, Nyquist SK, Wong EB, Ismail N, Dong M, Moodley A, Berger B, Love JC, Dong KL, Leslie A, Ndhlovu ZM, Ndung'u T, Walker BD, Shalek AK. Integrated single-cell analysis of multicellular immune dynamics during hyperacute HIV-1 infection. Nat Med 2020; 26:511-518. [PMID: 32251406 PMCID: PMC7237067 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular immunity is critical for controlling intracellular pathogens, but individual cellular dynamics and cell-cell cooperativity in evolving human immune responses remain poorly understood. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) represents a powerful tool for dissecting complex multicellular behaviors in health and disease1,2 and nominating testable therapeutic targets3. Its application to longitudinal samples could afford an opportunity to uncover cellular factors associated with the evolution of disease progression without potentially confounding inter-individual variability4. Here, we present an experimental and computational methodology that uses scRNA-seq to characterize dynamic cellular programs and their molecular drivers, and apply it to HIV infection. By performing scRNA-seq on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from four untreated individuals before and longitudinally during acute infection5, we were powered within each to discover gene response modules that vary by time and cell subset. Beyond previously unappreciated individual- and cell-type-specific interferon-stimulated gene upregulation, we describe temporally aligned gene expression responses obscured in bulk analyses, including those involved in proinflammatory T cell differentiation, prolonged monocyte major histocompatibility complex II upregulation and persistent natural killer (NK) cell cytolytic killing. We further identify response features arising in the first weeks of infection, for example proliferating natural killer cells, which potentially may associate with future viral control. Overall, our approach provides a unified framework for characterizing multiple dynamic cellular responses and their coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Kazer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Toby P Aicher
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel M Muema
- African Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Shaina L Carroll
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jose Ordovas-Montanes
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vincent N Miao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ang A Tu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carly G K Ziegler
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah K Nyquist
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emily B Wong
- African Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nasreen Ismail
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mary Dong
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amber Moodley
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bonnie Berger
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J Christopher Love
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Krista L Dong
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- African Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Zaza M Ndhlovu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- African Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- African Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Abstract
Peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity are found widely expressed throughout nature. As they participate in a number of different aspects of innate immunity in mammals, they have been termed Host Defense Peptides (HDPs). Due to their common structural features, including an amphipathic structure and cationic charge, they have been widely shown to interact with and disrupt microbial membranes. Thus, it is not surprising that human HDPs have activity against enveloped viruses as well as bacteria and fungi. However, these peptides also exhibit activity against a wide range of non-enveloped viruses as well, acting at a number of different steps in viral infection. This review focuses on the activity of human host defense peptides, including alpha- and beta-defensins and the sole human cathelicidin, LL-37, against both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. The broad spectrum of antiviral activity of these peptides, both in vitro and in vivo suggest that they play an important role in the innate antiviral defense against viral infections. Furthermore, the literature suggests that they may be developed into antiviral therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Brice
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Box 100424, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Gill Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Box 100424, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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10
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Nombela I, Lopez-Lorigados M, Salvador-Mira ME, Puente-Marin S, Chico V, Ciordia S, Mena MC, Mercado L, Coll J, Perez L, Ortega-Villaizan MDM. Integrated Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Red Blood Cells from Rainbow Trout Challenged with VHSV Point Towards Novel Immunomodulant Targets. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E63. [PMID: 31324030 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleost red blood cells (RBCs) are nucleated and therefore can propagate cellular responses to exogenous stimuli. RBCs can mount an immune response against a variety of fish viruses, including the viral septicemia hemorrhagic virus (VHSV), which is one of the most prevalent fish viruses resulting in aquaculture losses. In this work, RBCs from blood and head kidney samples of rainbow trout challenged with VHSV were analyzed via transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. We detected an overrepresentation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the type I interferon response and signaling in RBCs from the head kidney and related to complement activation in RBCs from blood. Antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen was overrepresented in RBCs from both tissues. DEGs shared by both tissues showed an opposite expression profile. In summary, this work has demonstrated that teleost RBCs can modulate the immune response during an in vivo viral infection, thus implicating RBCs as cell targets for the development of novel immunomodulants.
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11
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Zupin L, Polesello V, Segat L, Kamada AJ, Kuhn L, Crovella S. DEFB1 polymorphisms and HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission in Zambian population. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 32:2805-2811. [PMID: 29506422 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1449206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Human Beta Defensin-1 (hBD-1) is a component of the innate immune system, the first line of defence against pathogens, already reported as involved in the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) in different populations. We investigated the role of DEFB1 gene (encoding for hBD-1) functional polymorphisms in the susceptibility to HIV-1 MTCT in a population from Zambia. Methods: Four selected polymorphisms within DEFB1 gene, three at the 5' untranslated region (UTR), namely -52G > A (rs1799946), -44C > G (rs1800972) and -20G > A (rs11362) and one in the 3'UTR, c.*87A > G (rs1800972), were genotyped in 101 HIV-1 positive mothers (26 transmitters -27% and 75 not transmitters -73%) and 331 infants born to HIV-1 infected mothers (85 HIV-1 positive -26% and 246 exposed but not infected -74%). Results: DEFB1 c.*87-A allele was more frequent among HIV- children with respect to HIV+ (with intrauterine MTCT). Concerning DEFB1 haplotypes, GCGA haplotype resulted more represented in HIV- than HIV+ infants and DEFB1 ACGG haplotype presented increased frequency in HIV- children respect to HIV+ (with intra-partum MTCT) (p = .02, p = .002 and p = .006, respectively). Conclusions: DEFB1 polymorphisms were significantly associated with decreased risk of HIV-1 infection acquisition in the studied Zambian population suggesting that they may play a role in HIV-1 MTCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Zupin
- a Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences , University of Trieste , Trieste , Italy
| | - Vania Polesello
- b Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo" , Trieste , Italy
| | - Ludovica Segat
- b Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo" , Trieste , Italy
| | - Anselmo Jiro Kamada
- c Department of Genetics , Federal University of Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil
| | - Louise Kuhn
- d Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health , Columbia University , NY , USA
| | - Sergio Crovella
- b Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo" , Trieste , Italy
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Abstract
While initially identified as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide, constitutively expressed in epithelia, human β-defensin (hBD)-1 is now recognized to have a more complex pattern of expression of its gene, DEFB1, as well as activities that extend beyond direct antimicrobial. These observations suggest a complex role for hBD-1 in the host defense against viral infections, as evidenced by its expression in cells involved in viral defense, and its gene regulation in response to viral challenge. This regulation is observed both in vitro and in vivo in humans, as well as with the murine homolog, mBD-1. While numerous reviews have summarized the existing literature on β-defensin gene expression and activity, here we provide a focused review of relevant studies on the virus-mediated regulation of hBD-1 and how this regulation can provide a crucial aspect of the innate immune defense against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kathleen Ryan
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and Global Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, Box 100277, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Gill Diamond
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, 1600 SW Archer Road, Box 100424, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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