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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wen L, Ouyang JL, Zhang W, Zhang J, Wang Y, Liu Q. Neurological Sequelae of COVID-19: A Biochemical Perspective. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:27812-27818. [PMID: 37576681 PMCID: PMC10413374 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous factors can induce protein expression and modify the proteome which sustains for a certain period of time. The proteins of SARS-CoV-2 are high in valine plus glycine, which possess potent affinity to divalent cations such as calcium. Calcium buildup changes the protein expression profile by enabling the efficient synthesis of proteins rich in amino acids with calcium affinity. Subsequent formation of insoluble and stiff calcium oxalate and aggregates confers cellular stress and causes cell senescence. This scenario accounts for sequelae seen in some patients following recovery from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- School
of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Yunnan
Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Biomedical
Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical
University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Guangzhou
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Ling Wen
- GI
Medicine, Guangzhou Twelfth People’s
Hospital, Guangzhou 510620, Guangdong, China
| | - Jess Lan Ouyang
- School
of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School
of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- School
of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- School of
Basic Medical Sciences, North China University
of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Qiuyun Liu
- School
of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Morris EM, McGrath AP, Brejda J, Jewell DE. Relative supersaturation values distinguish between feline urinary and non-urinary foods and align with expected urine analytes contributions to uroliths. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1167840. [PMID: 37601750 PMCID: PMC10436620 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1167840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Uroliths are concretions formed in the urinary tract. These can be problematic in humans and companion animals such as cats. Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) and calcium oxalate (CaOx) are the most common forms of uroliths. The relative supersaturation (RSS) is a relative risk index of crystal formation. Here, an updated program for calculating RSS, EQUIL-HL21, was used to detect differences in RSS values when cats were fed foods formulated for urinary and non-urinary conditions. In addition, the contributions of urinary analytes to RSS values were examined via regression analyses. Methods Historical data from feeding trials including foods indicated for use in urinary or non-urinary conditions were analyzed for nutrient composition and urinary parameters. RSS was calculated by EQUIL-HL21. The relationship between RSS values calculated by EQUIL-HL21 and urinary analytes was examined by regression models, which were selected by R2 and stepwise methods. Results Cats that consumed urinary foods had significantly greater levels of urinary sodium and chloride compared with those that consumed non-urinary foods, consistent with the greater amounts of sodium and chloride in the urinary foods. Those that consumed non-urinary foods had higher urine pH, ammonium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, oxalate, citrate, and sulfate. Struvite RSS value and number of urinary crystals were significantly lower in cats fed the urinary foods. Mean CaOx RSS values were similar in both foods, though the number of CaOx crystals were significantly higher in cats that consumed non-urinary foods. A model predicting the natural log of struvite RSS values indicated that these values would increase with increasing urine pH, ammonium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, and would decrease with increasing urine citrate and sulfate. CaOx RSS was predicted to increase as urinary chloride, calcium, and oxalates increased, and would decrease as urine pH, sodium, phosphorus, citrate, and sulfate increased. Discussion These analyses demonstrate that the EQUIL-HL21 program can accurately detect expected differences between foods formulated for urinary and non-urinary indications. Regression models showed the eight urinary analytes that, respectively, contribute to the predicted RSS values for struvite and CaOx.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Brejda
- Alpha Statistical Consulting, Inc., Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Dennis E. Jewell
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Appleby RB, Vaden SL, Monteith G, Seiler GS. Shear wave elastography evaluation of cats with chronic kidney disease. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:330-336. [PMID: 36324225 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health condition in cats that can lead to poor quality of life and financial implications for therapy. Currently staging and identification of CKD is limited by diagnostic testing such as creatinine and urine-specific gravity, which do not change until late in the disease course. Other methods to evaluate CKD would be valuable in the clinical setting. Shear wave elastography is one novel ultrasound method, which has shown promise in identifying increases in tissue stiffness and identifying CKD in people. As CKD is often histologically characterized by tubulointerstitial fibrosis, shear wave elastography has the potential to identify CKD and differentiate between stages of CKD in cats. This prospective observational case-control study with 78 cats found no difference in shear wave velocities between groups (P = 0.33), a contradictory finding to one prior publication. There was no effect of weight (P = 0.65), nor the presence of mineralization (P = 0.31) or infarction (P = 0.52) on cortical shear wave velocities. There was a significant effect of age on shear wave velocity (P = 0.018) where velocities increased with age. The intraclass correlation coefficient was only moderate (0.62). Possible reasons for the difference in results between our work and that published prior, include differences in methodology and differences in instrumentation. Variability in measurements in our population may be due to the effects of respiratory motion or limitations in shear wave elastography software. As such, shear wave elastography is not currently recommended as a tool to evaluate CKD in cats and further work is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Appleby
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Shelly L Vaden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gabrielle Monteith
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Gabriela S Seiler
- Department of Molecular and Biological Sciences, NC State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Ram R, Kumar D, Sarkar A. A smartphone-integrated portable rotating platform for estimation of concentration level of plasma-creatinine using whole human blood. Talanta 2023; 253:123960. [PMID: 36195027 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of creatinine concentration is performed to monitor the renal health. The devices available in modern clinical laboratories for measuring creatinine concentration are accurate and provide results rapidly but may be prohibitively expensive for resource-poor settings. Therefore, developing an inexpensive yet accurate device for measuring creatinine concentration is needed. Consequently, we developed a simple, affordable, and portable spinning disc for measuring plasma-creatinine concentration with 10 μL of whole human blood. 5 μL of the alkaline picrate solution is loaded into the device and rotated at 1000 rpm to transport this solution to the periphery of the microchannel. Further, 10 μL whole blood is loaded in the same channel and spun at 1300 rpm for 10 min. The creatinine in plasma reacts with alkaline picrate (Jaffe reaction), and the color of the mixture changes to yellow-orange color. The resulting color is captured with a smartphone, and creatinine concentration is estimated using an in-house developed app (CREA-SESE). The value of creatinine measured with the present device and the gold standard device are highly correlated (R2 = 0.998). The bias and standard deviation of the difference between the two measurements are 0.134 mg/dL and 0.143 mg/dL. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a simple, inexpensive, and portable rotating device for measuring creatinine concentration using 10 μL of whole human blood, which can easily be deployed to the underserved population in resource-constrained settings to monitor renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Ram
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Arnab Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India.
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Jewell DE, Tavener SK, Hollar RL, Panickar KS. Metabolomic changes in cats with renal disease and calcium oxalate uroliths. Metabolomics 2022; 18:68. [PMID: 35962261 PMCID: PMC9374649 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01925-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a significant incidence of cats with renal disease (RD) and calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney uroliths in domesticated cats. Foods which aid in the management of these diseases may be enhanced through understanding the underlying metabolomic changes. OBJECTIVE Assess the metabolomic profile with a view to identifying metabolomic targets which could aid in the management of renal disease and CaOx uroliths. METHOD This is a retrospective investigation of 42 cats: 19 healthy kidney controls, 11 with RD, and 12 that formed CaOx nephroliths. Cats were evaluated as adults (2 through 7 years) and at the end of life for plasma metabolomics, body composition, and markers of renal dysfunction. Kidney sections were assessed by Pizzolato stain at the end of life for detection of CaOx crystals. CaOx stone presence was also assessed by analysis of stones removed from the kidney at the end of life. RESULTS There were 791 metabolites identified with 91 having significant (p < 0.05, q < 0.1) changes between groups. Many changes in metabolite concentrations could be explained by the loss of renal function being most acute in the cats with RD while the cats with CaOx stones were intermediate between control and RD (e.g., urea, creatinine, pseudouridine, dimethylarginines). However, the concentrations of some metabolites differentiated RD from CaOx stone forming cats. These were either increased in the RD cats (e.g., cystathionine, dodecanedioate, 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl) uridine, 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine) or comparatively increased in the CaOx stone forming cats (phenylpyruvate, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, alpha-ketobutyrate, retinal). CONCLUSIONS The metabolomic changes show specific metabolites which respond generally to both renal diseases while the metabolomic profile still differentiates cats with RD and cats with CaOx uroliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Jewell
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Selena K Tavener
- Science and Technology Center, Hill's Pet Nutrition®, Inc, Topeka, KS, 66617, USA
| | - Regina L Hollar
- Science and Technology Center, Hill's Pet Nutrition®, Inc, Topeka, KS, 66617, USA
| | - Kiran S Panickar
- Science and Technology Center, Hill's Pet Nutrition®, Inc, Topeka, KS, 66617, USA
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Rico-Fontalvo J, Aroca G, Cabrales J, Daza-Arnedo R, Yánez-Rodríguez T, Martínez-Ávila MC, Uparella-Gulfo I, Raad-Sarabia M. Molecular Mechanisms of Diabetic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158668. [PMID: 35955802 PMCID: PMC9369345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory component of diabetic kidney disease has become of great interest in recent years, with genetic and epigenetic variants playing a fundamental role in the initiation and progression of the disease. Cells of the innate immune system play a major role in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease, with a lesser contribution from the adaptive immune cells. Other components such as the complement system also play a role, as well as specific cytokines and chemokines. The inflammatory component of diabetic kidney disease is of great interest and is an active research field, with the hope to find potential innovative therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rico-Fontalvo
- Colombian Nephrology Association, Bogotá 110221, Colombia
- Management of Technologies and Innovation, Department of Engineering, Universidad Simón Bolivar, Cl. 58 #55-132, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Gustavo Aroca
- Colombian Nephrology Association, Bogotá 110221, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Jose Cabrales
- Nephrology Fellow, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
- Correspondence:
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Hsu HH, Ueno S, Miyakawa H, Ogawa M, Miyagawa Y, Takemura N. Upper urolithiasis in cats with chronic kidney disease: prevalence and investigation of serum and urinary calcium concentrations. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e70-e75. [PMID: 35471088 PMCID: PMC11104238 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221089856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to define the prevalence of upper urolithiasis in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a referral population, and to compare urinary calcium:creatinine ratio (UCa:Cr), and total and ionised calcium between cats with CKD with and without upper urolithiasis. METHODS The medical records of cats diagnosed with CKD were reviewed for signalment, body weight, diet and prevalence of upper urolithiasis. Cats with preserved urine samples were further classified into two groups: urolithiasis group (upper urolithiasis identified by abdominal ultrasonography) and control group (CKD of unknown origin). Serum biochemical analysis, CKD stage, blood gas analysis, urine specific gravity and UCa:Cr were compared between groups using a two-sample t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous variable and a χ2 test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors. RESULTS Among the 140 cats with CKD, the prevalence of upper urolithiasis was 73%. Fifty cats (5, 29 and 16 cats with CKD stages 1, 2 and 3, respectively) with urine samples met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Among cats with CKD, being purebred (odds ratio [OR] = 81.56; P = 0.03) and being fed dry food only (OR = 25.06; P = 0.001) were identified as independent upper urolithiasis risk factors; those with upper urolithiasis were more likely to be exclusively fed with urine-acidifying food (P <0.001) and have increased serum ionised calcium (iCa) (P = 0.044), fractional excretion of calcium (P = 0.45) and UCa:Cr (P = 0.005) than cats with CKD without upper urolithiasis. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Cats with CKD that were purebred, fed dry food and fed urine-acidifying food only often had upper urolithiasis. A higher UCa:Cr may be a result of increased serum iCa and may cause upper urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-hsun Hsu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shion Ueno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirosumi Miyakawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuki Ogawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Miyagawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Takemura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Michael H, Szlosek D, Clements C, Mack R. Symmetrical Dimethylarginine: Evaluating Chronic Kidney Disease in the Era of Multiple Kidney Biomarkers. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022; 52:609-629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lehmann V, Altherr B, Pantchev N, Öfner S, Zablotski Y, Murphy R, Coyne M, Kölle P. Symmetrical Dimethylarginine as a Diagnostic Parameter in Hermann's Tortoises (Testudo hermanni). Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:824748. [PMID: 35274022 PMCID: PMC8902294 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.824748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite improvements in habitational conditions, kidney disease is relatively common in tortoises. Objectives Purpose of this study was the establishment of Symmetrical dimethylarginine (SDMA) reference values for clinically healthy Hermann's Tortoises. Animals Clinically healthy Hermann's Tortoises (n = 131) were included in the period from October 2017 to September 2019. Methods Creatinine and other biomarkers were tested at IDEXX Laboratories, Germany using residual blood samples from Hermann's tortoises. SDMA was measured with the IDEXX test and verified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry at IDEXX Laboratories, USA. Results SDMA values ranged from 1 to 21 μg/dl (n = 131) for the IDEXX SDMA Test and SDMA values ranged from 1 to 17 μg/dl (n = 82) for LC-MS. For the comparison of the two measuring systems, the following results were obtained R2 = 0.75 (p < 0.001). Conclusion and Clinical Importance SDMA can be measured in Hermann's Tortoises and the reference values range in clinically healthy animals is comparable to that of dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Lehmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Verena Lehmann
| | | | | | | | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rachel Murphy
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME, United States
| | - Michael Coyne
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME, United States
| | - Petra Kölle
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Kohnken R, Himmel L, Logan M, Peterson R, Biswas S, Dunn C, LeRoy B. Symmetric Dimethylarginine Is a Sensitive Biomarker of Glomerular Injury in Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 50:176-185. [PMID: 34634957 DOI: 10.1177/01926233211045341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glomerular filtration rate is the gold-standard method for assessment of renal function but is rarely performed in routine toxicity studies. Standard serum biomarkers of renal function are insensitive and become elevated only with significant loss of organ function. Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a ubiquitous analyte that is freely filtered by the glomerulus and can be detected in serum. It has shown utility for the detection of renal injury in dogs and cats in clinical veterinary practice, but the potential utility of SDMA to detect renal injury in preclinical species or toxicity studies has not been thoroughly investigated. We utilized a well-characterized glomerular toxicant, puromycin aminonucleoside, to induce podocyte injury and subsequent proteinuria in young male Sprague-Dawley rats. At the end of 1 or 2 weeks, blood, urine, and kidney tissue were collected for analysis. One week following a single 50 mg/kg dose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and albumin mean values were within historical control ranges, while SDMA was increased. Glomerular changes in these animals included periodic acid-Schiff positive globules within podocytes, podocyte hypertrophy by light microscopy, and podocyte degeneration with effacement of foot processes by electron microscopy (EM). Taken together, our data indicate that SDMA may be a useful biomarker for early detection of glomerular toxicities in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruce LeRoy
- Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
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Schauf S, Coltherd JC, Atwal J, Gilham M, Carvell-Miller LJ, Renfrew H, Elliott J, Elliott D, Bijsmans ES, Biourge VC, Watson P, Bakke AM. Clinical progression of cats with early-stage chronic kidney disease fed diets with varying protein and phosphorus contents and calcium to phosphorus ratios. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2797-2811. [PMID: 34545958 PMCID: PMC8692190 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary protein and phosphorus (P) restriction is the mainstay for nutritional management of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, adequate restriction levels for cats with early CKD remain unclear. Objectives To investigate responses in cats with early CKD to varying dietary protein, P, and calcium (Ca) : P ratio. Animals Nineteen research colony cats with International Renal Interest Society stages 1‐2 CKD. Methods In an opportunistic longitudinal case study, cats were fed a low protein (59 g/Mcal), low P (0.84 g/Mcal) dry diet (LP‐LP; Ca : P = 1.9) for 18 months and later transitioned onto a moderate protein (76‐98 g/Mcal), moderate P (1.4‐1.6 g/Mcal) dry‐wet diet regimen (MP‐MP; Ca : P = 1.4‐1.6) for 22 months. Fold‐changes in serum creatinine, total Ca (tCa) and P (primary outcomes) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) were assessed by linear‐mixed models. Results While feeding LP‐LP, mean serum creatinine decreased (0.87‐fold, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.81, 0.93, P < .001) to within reference range after 6 months, while increases in total Ca (tCa; 1.16‐fold, 95% CI 1.11, 1.22, P < .001) and FGF23 (2.72‐fold, 95% CI 1.72, 4.31, P < .001), but not in P (1.03‐fold, 95% CI 0.945, 1.124, P = .94), were observed after 17 months. On MP‐MP, mean creatinine, tCa and P remained within reference ranges and did not significantly change (P = .11, P = .98, and P = 1, respectively), while FGF23 significantly decreased (0.58‐fold, 95% CI 0.36, 0.95, P = .02) after 22 months. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Cats with early CKD developed hypercalcemia after long‐term feeding of a highly P‐restricted diet. Increasing dietary P and reducing Ca : P ratio maintained renal markers, while improving Ca‐P balance. Cats with early CKD could benefit from moderately protein‐ and P‐restricted diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Schauf
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer C Coltherd
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Jujhar Atwal
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Gilham
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Phillip Watson
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Marie Bakke
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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Tang PK, Geddes RF, Jepson RE, Elliott J. A feline-focused review of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorders - Part 2: Pathophysiology of calcium disorder and extraosseous calcification. Vet J 2021; 275:105718. [PMID: 34329743 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Derangements in mineral metabolism are one of the main entities in chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). This is the second of a two-part review of the physiology and pathophysiology of calcium homeostasis in feline CKD-MBD. While dysregulation in calcium homeostasis is known to contribute to the development of vascular calcification in CKD, evidence characterising the relationship between serum calcium concentration and nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis is limited. Recently, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and α-Klotho have gained increased research interest and been shown to be important biomarkers for the prediction of CKD progression in human patients. However, conflicting evidence exists on their role in calcium homeostasis and vascular and soft tissue calcification. This review details the pathophysiology of calcium disorders associated with CKD-MBD and its implications on vascular and soft tissue mineralisation in human and feline patients. Further prospective studies investigating the clinical consequences of calcium disturbances in cats with CKD are warranted and this may provide additional insight into the pathophysiology of feline CKD-MBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak-Kan Tang
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Rebecca F Geddes
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosanne E Jepson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Widespread hydrogen bonding in the proteins of HIV-1 may confer carcinogenic risks to AIDS patients. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 101:103101. [PMID: 33752138 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Baral RM, Freeman KP, Flatland B. Analytical quality performance goals for symmetric dimethylarginine in cats. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50:57-61. [PMID: 33524207 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) reflects the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in people, dogs, and cats. Initial assays used a liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC) technique. A veterinary immunoassay has been developed for use in commercial laboratories and point-of-care (POC) laboratory equipment. There have been no independent assessments of these assays, and analytical performance goals for SDMA testing have not been defined. OBJECTIVES This study sought to establish analytical performance goals for SDMA in cats from (a) biological variation (BV) data and (b) expert opinion. METHODS Analytical performance goals were determined from a prior BV study of SDMA in cats and a survey of veterinary internists who have used SDMA in practice. RESULTS Biological variation-based performance goals included an imprecision of ±10% (immunoassay and LC), bias of ±8% (immunoassay and LC), and total error of ±24% (immunoassay and LC). Expert opinion performance goals were ±0.10 μmol/L (±2 μg/dL), or ±0.15 μmol/L (±3 μg/dL), varying with starting SDMA concentrations. CONCLUSIONS This study recommends analytical performance goals for SDMA based on BV and expert opinion. Wide dispersion of SDMA results using currently available assays implies that clinicians risk attaching medical significance to small SDMA changes that actually reflect analytical variability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bente Flatland
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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15
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Sargent HJ, Elliott J, Jepson RE. The new age of renal biomarkers: does SDMA solve all of our problems? J Small Anim Pract 2020; 62:71-81. [PMID: 33184865 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Within clinical small animal practice, diagnosis of both chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury is common. To assess renal function, measurement of glomerular filtration rate is considered the gold standard. Currently, routine tests of kidney function include surrogate markers of glomerular filtration rate such as serum creatinine, and urea, each with their own limitations, whilst urine protein to creatinine ratio gives an indication of glomerular and tubular handling of protein, and urine specific gravity information about urine concentrating ability by the kidney. These parameters are used together with historical and physical examination data to give a diagnosis of kidney disease following which creatinine, proteinuria and blood pressure are used to stage chronic kidney disease and, together with urine output, grade acute kidney injury according to the International Renal Interest Society. However, there has been much concern that creatinine is insensitive when used to indicate early decline in renal function and this has highlighted the need for additional methods of diagnosing and monitoring these patients, with the potential to allow earlier therapeutic intervention. Symmetric dimethylarginine is a novel biomarker, which has been shown to perform as a surrogate marker of glomerular filtration rate in small animals. This article will review current research on symmetric dimethylarginine and the ways in which it may be utilised in small animal practice; current research supports the use of symmetric dimethylarginine as a screening test for detection of early chronic kidney disease according to International Renal Interest Society guidelines, but further research is required in to the usefulness of symmetric dimethylarginine as a tool for monitoring disease and the effect of non-renal influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Sargent
- Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - J Elliott
- Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - R E Jepson
- Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
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16
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Siwinska N, Zak A, Slowikowska M, Niedzwiedz A, Paslawska U. Serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration in healthy horses and horses with acute kidney injury. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:396. [PMID: 33081772 PMCID: PMC7576750 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited options to diagnose acute kidney injury (AKI) in horses. Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is routinely used in human and small animal medicine. The aim of this study was to assess serum SDMA concentrations in healthy horses and horses with AKI. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of: 1) age, 2) sex, 3) body weight and 4) serum creatinine and urea levels on serum SDMA concentrations. Fifty-three healthy horses, including 17 foals (2-6 months of age) and 36 adult horses (3-29 years of age), and 23 horses with AKI were included in the study based on history, physical examination, blood analysis, urinalysis and an ultrasonographic examination of the urinary tract. Serum SDMA concentrations were measured using a non-species specific commercial ELISA test. RESULTS In healthy adult horses, the value of SDMA was 0.53 ± 0.14 μmol/L. The value was higher in foals (1.5 ± 0.4 μmol/L, P < 0.001). Horses with AKI had significantly higher concentrations of SDMA compared to healthy horses (1.76 ± 1.05 μmol/L, P < 0.001). In the healthy adult horses, there was no association of sex, age or body weight on SDMA. However, a significant positive relationship was found between serum creatinine and SDMA concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Healthy adult horses had SDMA values similar to those of other species. Foals had higher SDMA values. Therefore, different reference values should be created for them. The study confirmed an increased SDMA in horses with AKI. This, as well as the low influence of extrarenal factors on the SDMA values, may confirm its usefulness in the diagnosis of kidney dysfunction. Higher SDMA values may also indicate a more advanced degree of kidney dysfunction. Further research is required to determine whether SDMA could be used to detect kidney dysfunction in the asymptomatic stage of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Siwinska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Malwina Slowikowska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Artur Niedzwiedz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Paslawska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
- Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University Torun ul, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Torun, Poland
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Sousa-Filho RP, Nunes-Pinheiro DCS, Sampaio KO, da Silva ECB, Cavalcanti GASA, Mori da Cunha MGMC. Clinical outcomes of 28 cats 12-24 months after urethrostomy. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:890-897. [PMID: 31808718 PMCID: PMC10814409 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19888808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the long-term clinical outcomes and quality of life of cats having undergone perineal urethrostomy (PU) or prepubic urethrostomy (PPU). METHODS This clinical study followed 28 cats (PU, n = 22; PPU, n = 6) that underwent a urethrostomy, with a minimum of 1 year postoperative follow-up. Medical records, pet owner surveys and urologic laboratory tests were used for assessment. Urologic laboratory tests included serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), serum creatinine, urinalysis, urine specific gravity (USG), urine protein:creatinine (UPC) ratio and urine culture. RESULTS The main indications for urethrostomy were multiple catheterizations and PU stricture. The overall complication rates of PU and PPU were 31.8% and 83.3%, respectively. Recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) and urine scald dermatitis were less frequent in PU than in PPU cats (UTI 22.7% vs 66.6%; dermatitis 4.5% vs 83.3%). Bacteriuria was present in 77.2% and 100% of PU and PPU cats, respectively. Owner satisfaction rates were excellent in 81.8% of PU and 33.3% of PPU cases. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A proportion of cats that underwent urethrostomy showed bacteriuria, recurrent UTIs and increased levels of SDMA. PPU is important as a salvage procedure; however, it should be limited to cases in which standard techniques for PU cannot be performed, owing to the potential for recurrent complications and lower owner satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keytyanne O Sampaio
- Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ellen CB da Silva
- Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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18
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Prieto JM, Carney PC, Miller ML, Rishniw M, Randolph JF, Farace G, Bilbrough G, Yerramilli M, Peterson ME. Biologic variation of symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine in clinically healthy cats. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:401-406. [PMID: 32716076 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biologic variation of biochemical analytes, both within individuals and between individuals, determines whether population-based reference intervals (RIs) are appropriate when interpreting if a particular change is clinically relevant for a specific individual. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the biologic variation of symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) in clinically healthy cats. METHODS A prospective, observational study was performed in which 10 clinically healthy, client-owned cats were sampled for serum biochemical analyses once weekly for 6 weeks. Serum samples were frozen, and then single batches were analyzed for SDMA, using both liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS), and an enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT), and creatinine by modified Jaffe method. Restricted maximum likelihood estimations were used to determine the coefficients of variation (CVs) describing variation within each cat, between cats, and the analytical variation. These CVs were used to determine the indices of individuality and reference change values (RCVs). RESULTS SDMA had an intermediate index of individuality that could be evaluated by both RCV and population-based RIs. In contrast, creatinine had a high index of individuality best evaluated with RCVs. Serum SDMA concentrations evaluated with either the reference standard, LC-MS, or the clinically used EMIT yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should consider biologic variation when selecting the best method for interpreting changes in biochemical analytes. Specifically, establishing each cat's baseline serum creatinine and SDMA concentrations during health, and applying RCVs to subsequent measurements could improve the recognition of meaningful biologic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Prieto
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Patrick C Carney
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Meredith L Miller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Mark Rishniw
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - John F Randolph
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark E Peterson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Animal Endocrine Clinic, New York, NY, USA
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Petrovsky B, Berent AC, Weisse CW, Branter E, Bagley DH, Lamb KE. Endoscopic nephrolithotomy for the removal of complicated nephroliths in dogs and cats: 16 kidneys in 12 patients (2005-2017). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 255:352-365. [PMID: 31298636 DOI: 10.2460/javma.255.3.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe techniques and outcomes for dogs and cats undergoing endoscopic nephrolithotomy (ENL) for the removal of complicated nephroliths. ANIMALS 11 dogs and 1 cat (n = 16 renal units) with complicated nephroliths that underwent ENL via a surgically assisted ENL approach (12 renal units) or a percutaneous nephrolithotomy approach (4 renal units) between December 2005 and June 2017. PROCEDURES Data were obtained from the medical records regarding preoperative, operative, and postoperative findings. Follow-up information on complications and outcomes was also collected. RESULTS Indications for nephrolith removal included massive calculi displacing parenchyma (n = 7), recurrent urinary tract infections (5), and ureteral outflow obstruction (4). Median nephrolith diameter was 2.5 cm (range, 0.5 to 5.7 cm). Nephrolith composition differed among patients; calcium oxalate was the most common type (n = 7 [including 2 mixed nephroliths containing ≥ 60% calcium oxalate]). Following ENL (median duration, 180 minutes), 15 of 16 renal units were completely nephrolith free. Procedure-related complications included renal puncture-associated hemorrhage requiring a blood transfusion (n = 1), renal capsule tear (1), and ureteral puncture (1); all were managed without adverse consequence. Five of 12 patients remained alive at the final follow-up (median, 557 days after ENL), and none died from the procedure. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE ENL as performed was safe and effective in removing complicated nephroliths in a renal-sparing manner for the patients in this study. This procedure requires technical training and could be considered for the treatment of complicated nephrolithiasis in dogs and possibly cats.
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20
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Yu L, Lacorcia L, Finch S, Johnstone T. Assessment of serum symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine concentrations in hyperthyroid cats before and after a fixed dose of orally administered radioiodine. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1423-1431. [PMID: 32506701 PMCID: PMC7379014 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a sensitive renal biomarker for detecting early chronic kidney disease (CKD) in nonhyperthyroid cats, but knowledge regarding its performance in hyperthyroid cats remains limited. Objectives To determine the relationship between serum SDMA, creatinine and total thyroxine (TT4) concentrations in hyperthyroid cats before (T0) and 3 months after (T1) receiving a PO fixed dose of radioiodine. Animals Eighty client‐owned hyperthyroid cats. Methods Prospective cohort study. Serum TT4, and SDMA, creatinine concentrations, and urine specific gravity were measured at T0 and T1. Nonparametric tests were used to determine the relationship among SDMA, and creatinine and TT4 concentrations. Agreement between SDMA and creatinine regarding CKD staging at both time points was assessed using Goodman and Kruskal's gamma statistic. Results Mean serum SDMA concentration increased after treatment of hyperthyroidism. However, 21 of 75 cats experienced a decrease in SDMA between T0 and T1, whereas creatinine decreased in only 2 cats. A moderate correlation between SDMA and creatinine was seen at T1 (r = 0.53; P < .001) but not at T0 (r = 0.13; P = .25). Where assessable at T1, poor agreement was observed between SDMA and creatinine and CKD stage (Goodman and Kruskal's gamma 0.20; P = .29). Conclusions and clinical importance Discordant outcomes between SDMA and creatinine after radioiodine treatment in cats with hyperthyroidism suggest extrarenal factors may interfere with the reliability of SDMA to adequately reflect renal function. As a result, SDMA should not be interpreted in isolation in hyperthyroid cats treated with radioiodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Yu
- Translational Research and Small Animal Clinical Trial Study Group, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren Lacorcia
- Translational Research and Small Animal Clinical Trial Study Group, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sue Finch
- Statistical Consulting Centre and Melbourne Statistical Consulting Centre, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thurid Johnstone
- Translational Research and Small Animal Clinical Trial Study Group, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Lim SK, Yoo J, Kim H, Kim W, Shim I, Yoon BI, Kim P, DO Yu S, Eom IC. Acute and 28-Day Repeated Inhalation Toxicity Study of Glycolic Acid in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats. In Vivo 2020; 33:1507-1519. [PMID: 31471399 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The use of glycolic acid is present in a variety of consumer products, including medicines, cleaners, cosmetics, and paint strippers. It has recently led to concerns about toxicity from inhalation exposure. Herein, the pulmonary toxicity of glycolic acid was investigated in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted acute (~458 mg/m3) and sub-acute (~49.5 mg/m3) inhalation tests to identify the potential toxicities of glycolic acid. RESULTS Inhalation exposure to glycolic acid in the acute and subacute inhalation tests did not cause any specific changes in clinical examinations, including body weight, organ weight, hematology, serum biochemistry, and histopathology. The polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and inflammatory cytokines in Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) increased in rats exposed to single and repeated inhalations. In the sub-acute test, the changes induced by glycolic acid were minor or returned to normal during the recovery period. CONCLUSION The No Observed Adverse Effect Concentration (NOAEC) for the nasal and pulmonary toxicity of glycolic acid was determined to be over 50 mg/m3 at the end of a 28-day inhalation test in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Kwang Lim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jean Yoo
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haewon Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilseob Shim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Il Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilje Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung DO Yu
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ig-Chun Eom
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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22
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Covey HL, Chang YM, Elliott J, Syme HM. Changes in thyroid and renal function after bilateral thyroidectomy in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:508-515. [PMID: 30758070 PMCID: PMC6430951 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iatrogenic hypothyroidism might worsen the prognosis of cats with azotemic CKD after thyroidectomy. Varying thyroxine concentrations influence utility of creatinine in assessing renal function. Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) has limited studies in cats with changing thyroid status. OBJECTIVES Thyroid status is stable 6 months post-thyroidectomy. Symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine are linearly associated without influence from total thyroxine concentration (tT4). ANIMALS Electronic records of 2 first opinion practices were searched using the term "thyroidectomy" to include 81 client-owned cats that had undergone bilateral thyroidectomy. METHODS Retrospective cross-sectional study assessing thyroid hormone concentrations of 68 cats within 6 months of surgery. A longitudinal study of thyroid status in 23 cats with >18 months follow-up post-thyroidectomy. A generalized estimating equation assessed the associations of bodyweight, tT4 and creatinine concentrations on SDMA concentration. RESULTS Sixty-eight cats had follow-up within 6 months. Fifteen cats (22%) had persistent, or recurrent, hyperthyroidism and 33 cats (49%) were hypothyroid. Twenty-three of the euthyroid/hypothyroid cats had long-term follow-up (595-1955 days); 4 cats (17%) remained hypothyroid, 19 cats (83%) were euthyroid (often transiently), and 9 of 23 cats (44%) developed recurrent hyperthyroidism. Symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine were linearly associated, but hyperthyroid cats had higher SDMA concentrations, relative to creatinine (P = .003). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Cats have changes in thyroid function for years after bilateral thyroidectomy, with a high incidence of recurrent hyperthyroidism. Both SDMA and creatinine are affected by thyroxine concentrations, and the effect is greater in hyperthyroid cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Covey
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Group, The Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Research Support Office, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet M Syme
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Group, The Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Effects of the long-term feeding of diets enriched with inorganic phosphorus on the adult feline kidney and phosphorus metabolism. Br J Nutr 2018; 121:249-269. [PMID: 30572965 PMCID: PMC6390406 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518002751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Renal disease has a high incidence in cats, and some evidence implicates dietary P as well. To investigate this further, two studies in healthy adult cats were conducted. Study 1 (36 weeks) included forty-eight cats, stratified to control or test diets providing 1·2 or 4·8 g/1000 kcal (4184 kJ) P (0 or approximately 3·6 g/1000 kcal (4184 kJ) inorganic P, Ca:P 1·2, 0·6). Study 2 (29 weeks) included fifty cats, stratified to control or test diets, providing 1·3 or 3·6 g/1000 kcal (4184 kJ) P (0 or approximately 1·5 g/1000 kcal (4184 kJ) inorganic P, Ca:P 1·2, 0·9). Health markers, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and mineral balance were measured regularly, with abdominal ultrasound. Study 1 was halted after 4 weeks as the test group GFR reduced by 0·4 (95 % CI 0·3, 0·5) ml/min per kg, and ultrasound revealed changes in renal echogenicity. In study 2, at week 28, no change in mean GFR was observed (P >0·05); however, altered renal echogenicity was detected in 36 % of test cats. In agreement with previous studies, feeding a diet with Ca:P <1·0, a high total and inorganic P inclusion resulted in loss of renal function and changes in echogenicity suggestive of renal pathology. Feeding a diet containing lower total and inorganic P with Ca:P close to 1·0 led to more subtle structural changes in a third of test cats; however, nephrolithiasis occurred in both diet groups, complicating data interpretation. We conclude that the no observed adverse effects level for total dietary P in adult cats is lower than 3·6 g/1000 kcal (4184 kJ), however the effect of inorganic P sources and Ca:P require further investigation.
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Ichii O, Ohta H, Horino T, Nakamura T, Hosotani M, Mizoguchi T, Morishita K, Nakamura K, Sasaki N, Takiguchi M, Sato R, Oyamada K, Elewa YHA, Kon Y. Urinary Exosome-Derived microRNAs Reflecting the Changes in Renal Function in Cats. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:289. [PMID: 30525049 PMCID: PMC6262179 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased incidence of kidney disease (KD) is a common concern in human and companion animals. Cats, in particular, are highly susceptible to KD. Novel KD biomarkers would help to address these problems. Therefore, we are focusing on microRNA, a highly conserved nucleic acid, as a KD biomarker for various animals. We previously reported that altered levels of urinary exosome (UExo)-derived microRNAs indicate renal pathologies in dogs. This study comprehensively examined UExo-derived microRNAs, which reflected the KD status in cats. The examined cats were divided into two groups: normal renal function (NR) and KD. Based on our previous data in dogs and cats, as well as the present data on UExo-derived microRNAs in cats by next-generation sequencing, let-7b, let-7f, miR-10a, miR-10b, miR-21a, miR-22, miR-26a, miR-27b, miR-146a, miR-181a, miR-191, and miR-486a were identified as biomarker candidates. In summary, the levels of UExo-derived let-7b, miR-22, and miR-26a significantly decreased in cats with KD from the early stages of the disease. UExo-derived miRNA levels normalized to urinary creatinine or total RNA of miR-21a was significantly higher in the KD group. Importantly, the ratio of UExo-derived miR-21a to let-7b showed a significant and strongest correlation with serum creatinine (ρ = 0.751), blood urea nitrogen (ρ = 0.754), and urinary creatinine (ρ = −0.421) among all examined indices. Further, the ratio of miR-181a to let-7b or miR-10b significantly correlated with the progression of renal dysfunction in the KD group. Thus, we identified that UExo-derived microRNAs in cats, and their raw and normalized levels could indicate altered renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taro Horino
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Teppei Nakamura
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Section of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Chitose, Japan
| | - Marina Hosotani
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mizoguchi
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Morishita
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakamura
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Noboru Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryo Sato
- Matsubara Animal Hospital, Matsubara, Japan
| | | | - Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Yasuhiro Kon
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Hall JA, Brockman JA, Davidson SJ, MacLeay JM, Jewell DE. Increased dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids alter serum fatty acid concentrations and lower risk of urine stone formation in cats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187133. [PMID: 29073223 PMCID: PMC5658157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The lifespan of cats with non-obstructive kidney stones is shortened compared with healthy cats indicating a need to reduce stone formation and minimize chronic kidney disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of increasing dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on urine characteristics. Domestic-short-hair cats (n = 12; mean age 5.6 years) were randomized into two groups and fed one of two dry-cat foods in a cross-over study design. For one week before study initiation, all cats consumed control food that contained 0.07% arachidonic acid (AA), but no eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Group 1 continued eating control food for 56 days. Group 2 was fed test food for 56 days, which was control food plus fish oil and high-AA oil. Test food contained 0.17% AA, 0.09% EPA and 0.18% DHA. After 56 days, cats were fed the opposite food for another 56 days. At baseline and after each feeding period, serum was analyzed for fatty acid concentrations, and urine for specific gravity, calcium concentration, relative-super-saturation for struvite crystals, and a calcium-oxalate-titrimetric test was performed. After consuming test food, cats had increased (all P<0.001) serum concentrations of EPA (173%), DHA (61%), and AA (35%); decreased urine specific gravity (P = 0.02); decreased urine calcium concentration (P = 0.06); decreased relative-super-saturation for struvite crystals (P = 0.03); and increased resistance to oxalate crystal formation (P = 0.06) compared with cats consuming control food. Oxalate crystal formation was correlated with serum calcium concentration (r = 0.41; P<0.01). These data show benefits for reducing urine stone formation in cats by increasing dietary PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A. Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeff A. Brockman
- Pet Nutrition Center, Hill's Pet Nutrition, Topeka, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Davidson
- Pet Nutrition Center, Hill's Pet Nutrition, Topeka, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Jen M. MacLeay
- Pet Nutrition Center, Hill's Pet Nutrition, Topeka, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Dennis E. Jewell
- Pet Nutrition Center, Hill's Pet Nutrition, Topeka, Kansas, United States of America
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