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Linhares M, Oliveira GTA, Cabral DAR, Rêgo MLM, Araújo ADO, Silva RDM, Silva LRFD, Lima MNMD, Neto LDO, Cureau FV, Elsangedy HM. Sit less and move more! A cross-sectional study of the associations between physical activity and sedentary behaviors with inhibitory control in Brazilian adults. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 73:102643. [PMID: 38593966 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the independent and joint associations between sedentary behaviors (SB) and physical activity (PA) with inhibitory control (IC) in adults. METHODS A total of 111 participants (median age = 30 years; 60% women), completed the Stroop Color-Words test to assess IC. They also wore accelerometers for seven days to measure SB, light PA, moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and daily steps. We previously set cutoff points for SB and PA measurements and tested them to determine their association with IC. All analyses were adjusted for potential confounding factors including age, gender, post-secondary education, income, body mass index, and accelerometer wear time. RESULTS Low SB, high MVPA, and high daily steps were independently associated with a better IC compared to their respective counterparts. Adults with low levels of SB and light PA demonstrated better IC performance (β = -227.67, 95%CI = -434.14 to -21.20) compared to those with high SB and low light PA. Conversely, individuals with high SB and high light PA exhibited worse performance (β = 126.80, 95%CI = 2.11 to 251.50) than those in the high SB and low light PA group. Furthermore, the joint association of low SB with high MVPA (β = -491.12, 95%CI = -689.23 to -293.01) or low SB with high daily steps (β = -254.29, 95%CI = -416.41 to -92.16) demonstrated better IC performance compared to those with high SB and low MVPA or low daily steps. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight independent and joint associations between low SB, high MVPA, and high daily steps with enhanced IC in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maristela Linhares
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Raíssa de Melo Silva
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leônidas de Oliveira Neto
- Department of Arts, Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Felipe Vogt Cureau
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Hassan Mohamed Elsangedy
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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Palmer JA, Whitaker AA, Payne AM, Bartsch BL, Reisman DS, Boyne PE, Billinger SA. Aerobic Exercise Improves Cortical Inhibitory Function After Stroke: A Preliminary Investigation. J Neurol Phys Ther 2024; 48:83-93. [PMID: 37436187 PMCID: PMC10776819 DOI: 10.1097/npt.0000000000000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Aerobic exercise can elicit positive effects on neuroplasticity and cognitive executive function but is poorly understood after stroke. We tested the effect of 4 weeks of aerobic exercise training on inhibitory and facilitatory elements of cognitive executive function and electroencephalography markers of cortical inhibition and facilitation. We investigated relationships between stimulus-evoked cortical responses, blood lactate levels during training, and aerobic fitness postintervention. METHODS Twelve individuals with chronic (>6 months) stroke completed an aerobic exercise intervention (40 minutes, 3×/wk). Electroencephalography and motor response times were assessed during congruent (response facilitation) and incongruent (response inhibition) stimuli of a Flanker task. Aerobic fitness capacity was assessed as o2peak during a treadmill test pre- and postintervention. Blood lactate was assessed acutely (<1 minute) after exercise each week. Cortical inhibition (N2) and facilitation (frontal P3) were quantified as peak amplitudes and latencies of stimulus-evoked electroencephalographic activity over the frontal cortical region. RESULTS Following exercise training, the response inhibition speed increased while response facilitation remained unchanged. A relationship between earlier cortical N2 response and faster response inhibition emerged postintervention. Individuals who produced higher lactate during exercise training achieved faster response inhibition and tended to show earlier cortical N2 responses postintervention. There were no associations between o2peak and metrics of behavioral or neurophysiologic function. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings provide novel evidence for selective benefits of aerobic exercise on inhibitory control during the initial 4-week period after initiation of exercise training and implicate a potential therapeutic effect of lactate on poststroke inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Palmer
- Department of Neurology (J.A.P., S.A.B.), School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (J.A.P., S.A.B.), Fairway; Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Science, and Athletic Training (A.A.W., B.L.B.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Psychology (A.M.P.), College of Arts and Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee; Department of Physical Therapy (D.S.R.), College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark; and Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences (P.E.B.), College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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3
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Bigliassi M, Cabral DF, Kotler S, Mannino M, Mavrantza AM, Oparina E, Gomes-Osman J. Electroencephalography spectral coherence analysis during cycle ergometry in low- and high-tolerant individuals. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14437. [PMID: 37665009 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to further understanding of the patterns of spectral connectivity during exercise in low- and high-tolerant individuals. Thirty-nine healthy individuals (i.e., 17 low- and 22 high-tolerant participants) took part in the present study. A state-of-the-art portable electroencephalography system was used to measure the brain's electrical activity during an incremental exercise test performed until the point of volitional exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. Spectral coherence was used to explore the patterns of connectivity in the frontal, central, and parietal regions of the brain. Physiological, perceptual, and affective responses were assessed throughout the exercise bout. The spontaneous eyeblink rate was also calculated prior to commencement and upon completion of the exercise trial as an indirect assessment of the dopaminergic system. The present findings indicate that high-tolerant individuals reported lower levels of perceived activation, especially during the preliminary stages of the exercise test. Participants in the high-tolerance group also reported greater levels of remembered pleasure upon completion of the exercise test. The data also revealed that high-tolerant individuals exhibited increased connectivity of theta waves between frontal, central, and parietal electrode sites and increased connectivity of beta waves, primarily within the parietal cortex. Correlational analysis indicated the possibility that low- and high-tolerant individuals make use of different neural networks to process and regulate their psychophysiological state during exercise-related situations. This strategy could potentially represent a conscious decision to downregulate affective arousal and facilitate the neural control of working muscles during situations of physical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Bigliassi
- Department of Teaching and Learning, Florida International University, North Miami, Florida, USA
- Flow Research Collective, Gardnerville, Nevada, USA
| | - Danylo F Cabral
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Michael Mannino
- Flow Research Collective, Gardnerville, Nevada, USA
- Artifical Intelligence Center, Miami Dade College, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Angeliki M Mavrantza
- Department of Teaching and Learning, Florida International University, North Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ekaterina Oparina
- Department of Teaching and Learning, Florida International University, North Miami, Florida, USA
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Bezerra T, Cristi-Montero C, Bandeira PF, Souza Filho A, Duncan M, Martins C. Biological, behavioral, and social correlates of executive function in low-income preschoolers: Insights from the perspective of the networks. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2023; 12:272-280. [PMID: 35819910 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2022.2095912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral, biological, and social correlates may be related to the association between executive function (EF) and physical activity (PA), when considering such variables as an integrated and non-linear system. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between EF, PA and associated correlates in low-income preschoolers according to a network perspective. Thus, 142 preschoolers of both sexes, age 3-to-5-years-old (51% girls) were analyzed. Light, moderate and vigorous PA, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), body mass index, family income, preterm birth, presence of siblings, presence of other children at home and the child's primary caregiver were assessed. Our results showed that EF was positively associated with age (b = 0.47), child's primary caregivers (b = 0.37), moderate PA (b = 0.30) and CRF (b = 0.25). Negative associations were seen with preterm birth (b = -0.50), vigorous PA (b = -0.34), presence of other children at home (b = -0.25), and sex (b = -0.33). The network's centrality indicators highlighted preterm birth and moderate PA as the most important variables in the network. Future interventions aiming to increase low-income preschoolers' EF should focus on increasing moderate PA, with special attention to preterm children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaynã Bezerra
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Carlos Cristi-Montero
- School of Physical Education at Pontificia, Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulo Felipe Bandeira
- Department of Physical Education, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Anastácio Souza Filho
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Michael Duncan
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Clarice Martins
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
- Research Centre of Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Al-Yahya E, Esser P, Weedon BD, Joshi S, Liu YC, Springett DN, Salvan P, Meaney A, Collett J, Inacio M, Delextrat A, Kemp S, Ward T, Izadi H, Johansen-Berg H, Ayaz H, Dawes H. Motor learning in developmental coordination disorder: behavioral and neuroimaging study. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1187790. [PMID: 37425016 PMCID: PMC10323432 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1187790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is characterized by motor learning deficits that are poorly understood within whole-body activities context. Here we present results of one of the largest non-randomized interventional trials combining brain imaging and motion capture techniques to examine motor skill acquisition and its underpinning mechanisms in adolescents with and without DCD. A total of 86 adolescents with low fitness levels (including 48 with DCD) were trained on a novel stepping task for a duration of 7 weeks. Motor performance during the stepping task was assessed under single and dual-task conditions. Concurrent cortical activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Additionally, structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was conducted during a similar stepping task at the beginning of the trial. The results indicate that adolescents with DCD performed similarly to their peers with lower levels of fitness in the novel stepping task and demonstrated the ability to learn and improve motor performance. Both groups showed significant improvements in both tasks and under single- and dual-task conditions at post-intervention and follow-up compared to baseline. While both groups initially made more errors in the Stroop task under dual-task conditions, at follow-up, a significant difference between single- and dual-task conditions was observed only in the DCD group. Notably, differences in prefrontal activation patterns between the groups emerged at different time points and task conditions. Adolescents with DCD exhibited distinct prefrontal activation responses during the learning and performance of a motor task, particularly when complexity was increased by concurrent cognitive tasks. Furthermore, a relationship was observed between MRI brain structure and function measures and initial performance in the novel stepping task. Overall, these findings suggest that strategies that address task and environmental complexities, while simultaneously enhancing brain activity through a range of tasks, offer opportunities to increase the participation of adolescents with low fitness in physical activity and sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Al-Yahya
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Patrick Esser
- Centre for Movement, Occupation and Rehabilitation Services, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin D. Weedon
- Centre for Movement, Occupation and Rehabilitation Services, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shawn Joshi
- Centre for Movement, Occupation and Rehabilitation Services, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yan-Ci Liu
- Centre for Movement, Occupation and Rehabilitation Services, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Daniella N. Springett
- Centre for Movement, Occupation and Rehabilitation Services, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Piergiorgio Salvan
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Meaney
- Centre for Movement, Occupation and Rehabilitation Services, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Johnny Collett
- Centre for Movement, Occupation and Rehabilitation Services, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Inacio
- Centre for Movement, Occupation and Rehabilitation Services, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University of Maia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anne Delextrat
- Centre for Movement, Occupation and Rehabilitation Services, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Kemp
- Centre for Movement, Occupation and Rehabilitation Services, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas Ward
- Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hooshang Izadi
- School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi Johansen-Berg
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hasan Ayaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Drexel Solutions Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Helen Dawes
- Centre for Movement, Occupation and Rehabilitation Services, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Exeter BRC, Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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6
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Kim K, Hwang G, Cho YH, Kim EJ, Woang JW, Hong CH, Son SJ, Roh HW. Relationships of Physical Activity, Depression, and Sleep with Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15655. [PMID: 36497729 PMCID: PMC9737085 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional, observational study aimed to integrate the analyses of relationships of physical activity, depression, and sleep with cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults using a single model. To this end, physical activity, sleep, depression, and cognitive function in 864 community-dwelling older adults from the Suwon Geriatric Mental Health Center were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Mini-Mental State Examination for Dementia Screening, respectively. Their sociodemographic characteristics were also recorded. After adjusting for confounders, multiple linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the effects of physical activity, sleep, and depression on cognitive function. Models 4, 5, 7, and 14 of PROCESS were applied to verify the mediating and moderating effects of all variables. Physical activity had a direct effect on cognitive function (effect = 0.97, p < 0.01) and indirect effect (effect = 0.36; confidence interval: 0.18, 0.57) through depression. Moreover, mediated moderation effects of sleep were confirmed in the pathways where physical activity affects cognitive function through depression (F-coeff = 13.37, p < 0.001). Furthermore, these relationships differed with age. Thus, the associations among physical activity, depression, and sleep are important in interventions for the cognitive function of community-dwelling older adults. Such interventions should focus on different factors depending on age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahee Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyubeom Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hyuk Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jwoo Kim
- Suwon Geriatric Mental Health Center, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Woang
- Suwon Geriatric Mental Health Center, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyung Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Son
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
- Suwon Geriatric Mental Health Center, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woong Roh
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
- Suwon Geriatric Mental Health Center, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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da Silva WQA, Cabral DAR, Bigliassi M, Bortolotti H, Hussey E, Ward N, Fontes EB. The mediating role of inhibitory control in the relationship between prefrontal cortex hemodynamics and exercise performance in adults with overweight or obesity. Physiol Behav 2022; 257:113966. [PMID: 36150475 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Physical inactivity has been suggested to impair physical performance, cognitive functions and facilitate weight gain. One hypothesis is that long periods of physical inactivity could impair oxygen delivery to the prefrontal cortex (PFC), impairing one's cognitive ability to inhibit unhealthy automated behaviors and, therefore, reduce exercise tolerance. The present study sought to further understand the relationship among PFC hemodynamics, inhibitory control, and exercise tolerance in individuals with low physical fitness levels who are overweight or obese. Thirty-four participants were asked to perform a series of inhibitory control tests (i.e., Stroop task) in one testing session and complete an incremental cycling exercise test with hemodynamic fluctuations of the PFC measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy in another session. Our results indicate that exercise performance varied with PFC oxygenation. We also found that inhibitory control played a key role mediating the relationship between PFC oxygenation and exercise performance, suggesting that the cognitive ability to inhibit automated responses has an impact on exercise behavior in adults with overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcelo Bigliassi
- Department of Teaching and Learning, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Henrique Bortolotti
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN Brazil
| | - Erika Hussey
- Defense Innovation Unit, Mountain View, CA, United States of America
| | - Nathan Ward
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Bodnariuc Fontes
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN Brazil; Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States of America.
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Marillier M, Borowik A, Chacaroun S, Baillieul S, Doutreleau S, Guinot M, Wuyam B, Tamisier R, Pépin JL, Estève F, Vergès S, Tessier D, Flore P. High-intensity interval training to promote cerebral oxygenation and affective valence during exercise in individuals with obesity. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1500-1511. [PMID: 35942923 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2086658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Left/right prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation is linked to positive/negative affects, respectively. Besides, larger left PFC oxygenation during exercise relates to higher cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is superior to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in improving CRF. The influence of training on PFC oxygenation and affects during exercise in individuals with obesity is, however, currently unknown. Twenty participants with obesity (14 males, 48 ± 8 years, body-mass index = 35 ± 6 kg·m-2) were randomised to MICT [50% peak work rate (WRpeak)] or HIIT (1-min bouts 100% WRpeak; 3 sessions/week, 8 weeks). Before/after training, participants completed an incremental ergocycle test. Near-infrared spectroscopy and the Feeling Scale assessed PFC oxygenation and affects during exercise, respectively. Improvements in CRF (e.g., WRpeak: 32 ± 14 vs 20 ± 13 W) were greater after HIIT vs MICT (p < 0.05). Only HIIT induced larger left PFC oxygenation (haemoglobin difference from 7 ± 6 to 10 ± 7 μmol) and enhanced affective valence (from 0.7 ± 2.9 to 2.2 ± 2.0; p < 0.05) at intensities ≥ second ventilatory threshold. Exercise-training induced changes in left PFC oxygenation correlated with changes in CRF [e.g., WRpeak (% predicted), r = 0.46] and post-training affective valence (r = 0.45; p < 0.05). HIIT specifically improved left PFC oxygenation and affects during exercise in individuals with obesity. Implementing HIIT in exercise programmes may therefore have relevant implications for the management of obesity, since greater affective response to exercise is thought to be associated with future commitment to physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Borowik
- Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | - Michel Guinot
- Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Bernard Wuyam
- Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Renaud Tamisier
- Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Louis Pépin
- Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - François Estève
- CHU Grenoble Alpes, CLUNI, SCRIMM-Sud, Inserm - UA07 - Rayonnement Synchrotron pour la Recherche Biomédicale (STROBE) ID17 Installation Européenne du Rayonnement Synchrotron (ESRF), Grenoble, France
| | - Samuel Vergès
- Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Damien Tessier
- Laboratoire SENS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice Flore
- Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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9
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Cantelon JA, Giles GE. A Review of Cognitive Changes During Acute Aerobic Exercise. Front Psychol 2022; 12:653158. [PMID: 34975602 PMCID: PMC8716584 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.653158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of work has investigated the effects of acute, or single bouts of, aerobic exercise on cognitive function. However, review of this research has largely focused on changes following exercise, with less focus on cognitive changes during exercise. The purpose of this review is to discuss the critical characteristics of this literature to date, including: (1) what has been done, (2) what has been found, and (3) what is next. Furthermore, previous meta-analytic reviews have demonstrated there is a small positive effect on cognition when measured during exercise, with executive functions showing the largest effects. However, these reviews group executive functions together. Here we explore how inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility are individually impacted by factors such as exercise intensity or duration. Searches of electronic databases and reference lists from relevant studies resulted in 73 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Studies were grouped by executive and non-executive cognitive domains, intensity and duration of exercise bouts. Within the executive domain, we found that effects on working memory and cognitive flexibility remain mixed, effects on inhibition are clearer. Moderate intensity exercise improves response time, vigorous intensity impairs accuracy. Moderate to vigorous intensity improves response time across non-executive domains of attention, motor speed and information processing, with no significant effects on accuracy. Memory processes are consistently improved during exercise. Effects of exercise duration on response time and accuracy are nuanced and vary by cognitive domain. Studies typically explore durations of 45 min or less, extended exercise durations remain largely unexplored. We highlight factors to consider when assessing exercise-cognition relationships, as well as current gaps and future directions for work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Cantelon
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.,Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Grace E Giles
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
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Jung M, Ryu S, Kang M, Javadi AH, Loprinzi PD. Evaluation of the transient hypofrontality theory in the context of exercise: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:1193-1214. [PMID: 34523365 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211048807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating research suggests that, as a result of reduced neural activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), higher-order cognitive function may be compromised while engaging in high-intensity acute exercise, with this phenomenon referred to as the transient hypofrontality effect. However, findings in this field remain unclear and lack a thorough synthesis of the evidence. Therefore, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of in-task acute exercise on cognitive function, and further, to examine whether this effect is moderated by the specific type of cognition (i.e., PFC-dependent vs. non-PFC-dependent). Studies were identified by electronic databases in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. In total, 22 studies met our inclusion criteria and intercept only meta-regression models with robust variance estimation were used to calculate the weighted average effect sizes across studies. Acute exercise at all intensities did not influence cognitive function (β = -0.16, 95% CI = [-0.58, 0.27], p = .45) when exercise occurred during the cognitive task, and no significant moderation effects emerged. However, there was evidence that cognitive task type (PFC-dependent vs. non-PFC-dependent) moderated the effect of high-intensity acute exercise on a concomitant cognitive performance (β = -0.81, 95% CI = [-1.60, -0.02], p = .04). Specifically, our findings suggest that PFC-dependent cognition is impaired while engaging in an acute bout of high-intensity exercise, providing support for the transient hypofrontality theory. We discuss these findings in the context of reticular-activating and cognitive-energetic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungjin Jung
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Seungho Ryu
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Minsoo Kang
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Amir-Homayoun Javadi
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.,School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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11
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Oliveira GTA, Elsangedy HM, Pereira DC, de Melo Silva R, Faro HKC, Bortolotti H, Costa EC, Fontes EB. Effects of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval, moderate-intensity continuous and self-selected intensity exercise training protocols on cognitive inhibitory control in overweight/obese adults: A randomized trial. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1724-1733. [PMID: 34429030 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1969433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence shows that aerobic exercise improves cognitive function. However, it is unclear how exercising at different exercise intensities affects cognitive inhibitory control in overweight/obese adults. Herein we compared the effects of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), and self-selected intensity training (SSIT) on cognitive inhibitory control in overweight/obese adults. A total of 64 adults (59.4% women, 31.3 ± 7.1 years, 29 ± 2.5 kg/m²) were randomized into three walking/running groups: HIIT, MICT and SSIT. All groups performed three exercise sessions per week on an outdoor running track for 12 weeks. Cognitive inhibitory control was assessed at baseline and after the exercising programs using a computerized version of the Stroop Color-Words test. The HIIT and SSIT resulted in a faster Stroop effect (i.e. enhanced performance) when compared to MICT (p=.018; p= .026), however, there were no significant differences between the HIIT and SSIT groups (p> .05). The enhanced Stroop effect was correlated with increases in cardiorespiratory fitness after HIIT (r= -.521, p= .018) and decreases in body fat after MICT (r= .671, p= .001). These findings may suggest that overweight/obese adults performing exercise interventions at higher intensities or self-selected intensity may enhance their cognitive ability to inhibit automated behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gledson Tavares Amorim Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Raíssa de Melo Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Henrique Bortolotti
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Caldas Costa
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bodnariuc Fontes
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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12
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Alvarez-Alvarado S, Tenenbaum G. Cognitive-Perceptual-Affective-Motivational Dynamics During Incremental Workload Accounting for Exertion Tolerance. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 43:178-190. [PMID: 33631719 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2020-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inquiry of the psychological states during the exercise experience failed to fully account for the role of motivation to adhere and the disposition of exertion tolerance (ET). The current study expands the scope of the integrated cognitive-perceptual-affective framework by measuring the motivation to sustain effort in two physical tasks and accounting for ET. Thirty male participants performed cycling and isometric handgrip tasks to assess the progression of the rating of perceived exertion, attentional focus, affective responses, and motivation to adhere, along with an incremental workload. The ET was determined by a handgrip task time to voluntary exhaustion. The findings indicated significant time effects and linear trends for perceived exertion, attentional focus, affect, and perceived arousal but not motivation to adhere during the handgrip and cycling tasks. The ET played a key role in the integrity of the model, particularly in perceptual, attentional, and affective responses. The intended model serves to stimulate new research into adaptation mechanisms.
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13
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John AT, Wind J, Horst F, Schöllhorn WI. Acute Effects of an Incremental Exercise Test on Psychophysiological Variables and Their Interaction. J Sports Sci Med 2020; 19:596-612. [PMID: 32874113 PMCID: PMC7429434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Besides neurophysiological effects, the potential influence of exercise induced strains in terms of peripheral physiology or subjectively perceived stress as well as their possible reciprocal relation is not clearly understood yet. This study aimed to analyze effects of increasing exercise intensity on brain activity (spontaneous EEG), heart rate variability (HRV) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) by means of a graded exercise test (GXT). Fifteen participants performed an open-loop GXT on a bicycle ergometer beginning at 50W and an increment of 50W every three minutes. Rest measurements were conducted pre- (5 min) and especially post-exercise (15 min) to analyze (neuro-) physiological prolonged effects. EEG and HRV were measured in parallel before, during (including RPE) and after GXT. Brain activity showed next to already determined effects (e.g. increased (pre)frontal theta, alpha and beta power) a particular activation of the temporal lobe after GXT compared to pre-resting state. HRV frequency parameters significantly decreased following GXT. Recovery process revealed a significant alteration of EEG and HRV towards pre-resting state with prolonged effects in the temporal lobe. Correlation analysis during GXT led to moderately negative effects of EEG total spectrum power and HRV frequency parameters. Frontopolar and temporal lobe revealed noteworthy negative correlated effects with HRV. Referring to RPE, solely temporal gamma activity correlated moderately positive with RPE. Recovery exposed only in the temporal cortex a moderately negative correlation to HF power. Thus, further analysis of the temporal brain lobe in context with exhausting physical exercise comprising induced regulation of cardiovascular stress and perceived exertion is promoted. These results indicate a brain lobe specific relation to peripheral physiology as well as perceived strain with a dependency of rest or exercise condition. Therefore, enough incentives are given to encourage further analysis of a connection between the (neuro-) physiological system as well as subjectively perceived exertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T John
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johanna Wind
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Horst
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang I Schöllhorn
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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14
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Cavalcante BR, de Souza MF, Falck RS, Liu-Ambrose T, Behm DG, Pitangui ACR, de Araújo RC. Effects of Resistance Exercise with Instability on Cognitive Function (REI Study): A Proof-Of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial in Older Adults with Cognitive Complaints. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:227-239. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-200349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background: Activities which simultaneously challenge both physical and cognitive function are promising strategies for promoting cognitive function. Objective: To examine the effects of resistance exercise with instability and traditional resistance exercise compared with a health education control on cognitive function in older adults with cognitive complaints. Methods: Sixty-seven participants were randomized to either 12 weeks of thrice-weekly resistance exercise (RE = 23), RE with instability (REI = 22), or a weekly health education control (CON = 22). At each training session, RE and REI participants performed seven exercises for three sets and 10–15 repetitions. REI participants performed each exercise using instability devices. The primary outcome was a composite score of global cognitive function. Secondary outcomes included composite scores for cognitive sub-domains and physical function. Results: Most participants were women (REI: 77%; RE = 78%; CON = 77%; mean age of 71 years), and did not need transport to the intervention site. At completion, compared with CON, REI and RE did not significantly improve on global cognition or each cognitive sub-domain. Both exercise groups improved on the timed up and go (REI - CON: –1.6 s, 95% CI: [–2.6, –0.5]; RE - CON: –1.4 s, 95% CI: [–2.4, –0.5) and 1-RM (REI - CON: 24 kg, 95% CI: [11, 36]; RE - CON: 25 kg, 95% CI: [12, 37]). An exploratory contrast showed that compared with RE, REI promote greater gains on global cognition (2.20, 95% CI: [0.10, 4.31]) and memory (1.34; 95% CI: [0.15, 2.54]). Conclusion: REI did not substantially improve cognitive function but did promote physical function among older adults with cognitive complaints. However, compared with RE, REI improved global cognition and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Remígio Cavalcante
- Associated Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, University of Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Saúde e Desempenho Funcional (LABSED), University of Pernambuco, Petrolina-PE, Brazil
- Clinic Exercise Lab (LABEC), Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina-PE, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ferreira de Souza
- Post-graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina-PE, Brazil
- Clinic Exercise Lab (LABEC), Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina-PE, Brazil
| | - Ryan Stanley Falck
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Teresa Liu-Ambrose
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Ana Carolina Rodarti Pitangui
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Saúde e Desempenho Funcional (LABSED), University of Pernambuco, Petrolina-PE, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, University of Pernambuco, Petrolina-PE, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cappato de Araújo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Saúde e Desempenho Funcional (LABSED), University of Pernambuco, Petrolina-PE, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, University of Pernambuco, Petrolina-PE, Brazil
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15
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Santos PRPD, Cavalcante BR, Vieira AKDS, Guimarães MD, Leandro Da Silva AM, Armstrong ADC, Carvalho RGDS, Carvalho FOD, Souza MFD. Improving cognitive and physical function through 12-weeks of resistance training in older adults: Randomized controlled trial. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1936-1942. [PMID: 32731786 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1763740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We performed a randomized, controlled trial to analyse the effects of resistance training (RT) on cognitive and physical function among older adults. Fifty participants (mean age 67 years, ~60% woman) were randomly assigned to an RT program or a control group. Participants allocated to RT performed three sets of 10-15RM in nine exercises, three times per week, for 12-weeks. Control group did not perform any exercise. Variables included cognitive (global and executive function) and physical function (gait, mobility and strength) outcomes. At completion of the intervention, RT was shown to have significantly mitigated the drop in selective attention and conflict resolution performance (Stroop test: -494.6; 95%CI: -883.1; -106.1) and promoted a significant improvement in working memory (digit span forward: -0.6; 95%CI: -1.0; -0.1 and forward minus backward: -0.9; 95% CI: -1.6; -0.2) and verbal fluency (animal naming: +1.4, 95%CI 0.3, 2.5). No significant between-group differences were observed for other cognitive outcomes. Regarding physical function, at completion of the intervention, the RT group demonstrated improved fast-pace gait performance (-0.3; 95% CI: -0.6; -0.0) and 1-RM (+21.4 kg; 95%CI: 16.6; 26.2). No significant between-group differences were observed for other mobility-related outcomes. In conclusion, RT improves cognitive and physical function of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Ricardo Pereira Dos Santos
- Clinical Exercise Lab (LABEC), Physical Education Department, Federal University of Vale Do São Francisco (UNIVASF) , Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Bruno Remígio Cavalcante
- Clinical Exercise Lab (LABEC), Physical Education Department, Federal University of Vale Do São Francisco (UNIVASF) , Petrolina, Brazil.,Laboratório De Pesquisa Em Saúde E Desempenho Funcional (LABSED), University of Pernambuco (Campus Petrolina) , Petrolina, Brazil.,Associated Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE-UFPB, University of Pernambuco , Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Andreya Karolyne Dos Santos Vieira
- Clinical Exercise Lab (LABEC), Physical Education Department, Federal University of Vale Do São Francisco (UNIVASF) , Petrolina, Brazil.,Hospital Universitário Da Universidade Federal Do Vale Do São Francisco (HU-UNIVASF-EBSERH), Federal University of Vale Do São Francisco , Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Marcos Duarte Guimarães
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Vale Do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina , Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson Da Costa Armstrong
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Vale Do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina , Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mariana Ferreira De Souza
- Clinical Exercise Lab (LABEC), Physical Education Department, Federal University of Vale Do São Francisco (UNIVASF) , Petrolina, Brazil
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16
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Dykstra RM, Hanson NJ, Miller MG. Brain activity during self-paced vs. fixed protocols in graded exercise testing. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:3273-3279. [PMID: 31650214 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Electroencephalography research surrounding maximal exercise testing has been limited to male subjects. Additionally, studies have used open-looped protocols, meaning individuals do not know the exercise endpoint. Closed-loop protocols are often shown to result in optimal performance as self-pacing is permitted. The purpose of this study was to compare brain activity during open- and closed-loop maximal exercise protocols, and to determine if any sex differences are present. Twenty-seven subjects (12 males, ages 22.0 ± 2.5 years) participated in this study. A pre-assembled EEG sensor strip was used to collect brain activity from specific electrodes (F3/F4: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, or dlPFC; and C3/Cz/C4: motor cortex, or MC). Alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta (12-30 Hz) frequency bands were analyzed. Subjects completed two maximal exercise tests on a cycle ergometer, separated by at least 48 h: a traditional, open-loop graded exercise test (GXT) and a closed-loop self-paced VO2max (SPV) test. Mixed model ANOVAs were performed to compare power spectral density (PSD) between test protocols and sexes. A significant interaction of time and sex was shown in the dlPFC for males, during the GXT only (p = 001), where a peak was reached and then a decrease was shown. A continuous increase was shown in the SPV. Sex differences in brain activity during exercise could be associated with inhibitory control, which is a function of the dlPFC. Knowledge of an exercise endpoint could be influential towards cessation of exercise and changes in cortical brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Dykstra
- Department of Human Performance and Health Education, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA.
| | - Nicholas J Hanson
- Department of Human Performance and Health Education, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Michael G Miller
- Department of Human Performance and Health Education, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
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17
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Fontes EB, Bortolotti H, Grandjean da Costa K, Machado de Campos B, Castanho GK, Hohl R, Noakes T, Min LL. Modulation of cortical and subcortical brain areas at low and high exercise intensities. Br J Sports Med 2019; 54:110-115. [PMID: 31420319 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The brain plays a key role in the perceptual regulation of exercise, yet neuroimaging techniques have only demonstrated superficial brain areas responses during exercise, and little is known about the modulation of the deeper brain areas at different intensities. OBJECTIVES/METHODS Using a specially designed functional MRI (fMRI) cycling ergometer, we have determined the sequence in which the cortical and subcortical brain regions are modulated at low and high ratings perceived exertion (RPE) during an incremental exercise protocol. RESULTS Additional to the activation of the classical motor control regions (motor, somatosensory, premotor and supplementary motor cortices and cerebellum), we found the activation of the regions associated with autonomic regulation (ie, insular cortex) (ie, positive blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal) during exercise. Also, we showed reduced activation (negative BOLD signal) of cognitive-related areas (prefrontal cortex), an effect that increased during exercise at a higher perceived intensity (RPE 13-17 on Borg Scale). The motor cortex remained active throughout the exercise protocol whereas the cerebellum was activated only at low intensity (RPE 6-12), not at high intensity (RPE 13-17). CONCLUSIONS These findings describe the sequence in which different brain areas become activated or deactivated during exercise of increasing intensity, including subcortical areas measured with fMRI analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Bodnariuc Fontes
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Cognition and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil .,Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Tufts Applied Cognition Lab, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Henrique Bortolotti
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Cognition and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Kell Grandjean da Costa
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Cognition and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Hohl
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Timothy Noakes
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Li Li Min
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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18
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Favretto E, Fin W, Dos Santos Albarello JC, Halmenschlager GH, Bona CC, Pimentel GL, Calegari L. Cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength of deaf futsal players. J Exerc Rehabil 2019; 15:424-429. [PMID: 31316936 PMCID: PMC6614758 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836504.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study compared the cardiopulmonary exercise capacity and peak torque of the knee extensor and flexor muscles in team players associated with the Gaucho Deaf Futsal Federation players to those of their hearing peers. In this cross-sectional study, 16 male athletes, eight futsal players with hearing impairment (deaf group, DG; 22.6±7.7 years), and eight futsal players with normal hearing (control group, CG; 22.5±2.9 years) underwent a cardiopulmonary test on a treadmill and isokinetic dynamometry at 60°/sec. All athletes were subjected to a cardiopulmonary test on a treadmill and isokinetic dynamometry at 60°/sec. The main results showed a reduction in the cardiorespiratory fitness of deaf athletes when compared to the control group maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) (40.3±9.8 mL/kg/min vs. 50.7±4.7 mL/kg/min, P= 0.01), oxygen pulse (15.3±4.8 mL/bpm vs. 20.7±2.6 mL/bpm, P=0.01) and ventilation (70.1±22 L/min vs. 96.2±15 L/min, P=0.01), respectively. The relative torque peak of the dominant knee flexors was significantly lower in the deaf group when compared to the control (1.5±0.2 N.m/kg vs. 1.9±0.2 N.m/kg, P=0.004), respectively. There was a significant correlation between VO2max and peak torque of the dominant knee flexors (rs=0.83, P<0.001) and extensors (rs=0.65, P=0.006). When compared to players with normal hearing, deaf players showed lower cardiorespiratory fitness and decreased knee flexor strength. The performance of the thigh muscles was associated with aerobic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Favretto
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Willian Fin
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cleiton Chiamonti Bona
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Gilnei Lopes Pimentel
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Calegari
- Cardiopulmonary Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
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19
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Franco-Alvarenga PE, Brietzke C, Canestri R, Goethel MF, Hettinga F, Santos TM, Pires FO. Caffeine improved cycling trial performance in mentally fatigued cyclists, regardless of alterations in prefrontal cortex activation. Physiol Behav 2019; 204:41-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Vasconcelos G, Canestri R, Prado RCR, Brietzke C, Franco-Alvarenga P, Santos TM, Pires FO. A comprehensive integrative perspective of the anaerobic threshold engine. Physiol Behav 2019; 210:112435. [PMID: 30685364 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Vasconcelos
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raul Canestri
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raul Cosme Ramos Prado
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Franco-Alvarenga
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tony Meireles Santos
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Flávio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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21
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Zhou H, Dai Z, Hua L, Jiang H, Tian S, Han Y, Lin P, Wang H, Lu Q, Yao Z. Decreased Task-Related HRV Is Associated With Inhibitory Dysfunction Through Functional Inter-Region Connectivity of PFC in Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:989. [PMID: 32038327 PMCID: PMC6988511 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) can improve cognitive function in major depressive disorders (MDD). Heart rate variability (HRV) derives from the dynamic control of the ANS and reflects the balance between the activities of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems by measuring tiny changes in adjacent heart beats. Task-related HRV may reflect the association between the flexibility of cognition and ANS function. The study was to investigate the neural mechanism of interactions between ANS and cognitive function in MDD with Magnetoencephalography (MEG) measurements. Participants included 20 MDD patients and 18 healthy controls (HCs). All participants were measured with a go/no-go task MEG. HRV indices, the standard deviation of the average normal-to-normal (NN) interval calculated over short periods (SDANN) and the square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals (RMSSD), were derived from the raw MEG data. Results showed that MDD patients showed decreased SDANN and RMSSD. In MDD patients, both resting-state and task-related RMSSD were related to inhibitory and control dysfunction. In the go/no-go task, many areas in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are responsible for an individual's inhibitory function. A brain MEG functional connectivity analysis revealed that there were significant differences in four brain regions within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) between MDD patients and HCs. Task-related RMSSD in HCs were related to the functional connectivity between the left middle frontal gyrus and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), while in MDD patients, these values were not related to the above functional connectivity but were related to the functional connectivity between the left middle frontal gyrus and insula. However, the resting-state RMSSD value was not related to these significant difference functional connectivity networks in all participants. It concludes that the decreased task-related HRV is associated with inhibitory dysfunction through functional inter-region connectivity in the PFC in MDD, and the task-related HRV can be used as an index of the association between MDD and autonomic dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zongpeng Dai
- School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingling Hua
- Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiteng Jiang
- School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shui Tian
- School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinglin Han
- Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pinhua Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haofei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Lu
- School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Child Development and Learning Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhjjian Yao
- Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Brain Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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