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Ma W, Loving CL, Driver JP. From Snoot to Tail: A Brief Review of Influenza Virus Infection and Immunity in Pigs. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1187-1194. [PMID: 37782856 PMCID: PMC10824604 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Pigs play an important role in influenza A virus (IAV) epidemiology because they support replication of human, avian, and swine origin viruses and act as an IAV reservoir for pigs and other species, including humans. Moreover, novel IAVs with human pandemic potential may be generated in pigs. To minimize the threat of IAVs to human and swine health, it is crucial to understand host defense mechanisms that restrict viral replication and pathology in pigs. In this article, we review IAV strains circulating in the North American swine population, as well as porcine innate and acquired immune responses to IAV, including recent advances achieved through immunological tools developed specifically for swine. Furthermore, we highlight unique aspects of the porcine pulmonary immune system, which warrant consideration when developing vaccines and therapeutics to limit IAV in swine or when using pigs to model human IAV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Ma
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Crystal L. Loving
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA
| | - John P. Driver
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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2
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Keay S, Poljak Z, Alberts F, O’Connor A, Friendship R, O’Sullivan TL, Sargeant JM. Does Vaccine-Induced Maternally-Derived Immunity Protect Swine Offspring against Influenza a Viruses? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Challenge Trials from 1990 to May 2021. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3085. [PMID: 37835692 PMCID: PMC10571953 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unclear if piglets benefit from vaccination of sows against influenza. For the first time, methods of evidence-based medicine were applied to answer the question: "Does vaccine-induced maternally-derived immunity (MDI) protect swine offspring against influenza A viruses?". Challenge trials were reviewed that were published from 1990 to April 2021 and measured at least one of six outcomes in MDI-positive versus MDI-negative offspring (hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers, virus titers, time to begin and time to stop shedding, risk of infection, average daily gain (ADG), and coughing) (n = 15). Screening and extraction of study characteristics was conducted in duplicate by two reviewers, with data extraction and assessment for risk of bias performed by one. Homology was defined by the antigenic match of vaccine and challenge virus hemagglutinin epitopes. Results: Homologous, but not heterologous MDI, reduced virus titers in piglets. There was no difference, calculated as relative risks (RR), in infection incidence risk over the entire study period; however, infection hazard (instantaneous risk) was decreased in pigs with MDI (log HR = -0.64, 95% CI: -1.13, -0.15). Overall, pigs with MDI took about a ½ day longer to begin shedding virus post-challenge (MD = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.99) but the hazard of infected pigs ceasing to shed was not different (log HR = 0.32, 95% CI: -0.29, 0.93). HI titers were synthesized qualitatively and although data on ADG and coughing was extracted, details were insufficient for conducting meta-analyses. Conclusion: Homology of vaccine strains with challenge viruses is an important consideration when assessing vaccine effectiveness. Herd viral dynamics are complex and may include concurrent or sequential exposures in the field. The practical significance of reduced weaned pig virus titers is, therefore, not known and evidence from challenge trials is insufficient to make inferences on the effects of MDI on incidence risk, time to begin or to cease shedding virus, coughing, and ADG. The applicability of evidence from single-strain challenge trials to field practices is limited. Despite the synthesis of six outcomes, challenge trial evidence does not support or refute vaccination of sows against influenza to protect piglets. Additional research is needed; controlled trials with multi-strain concurrent or sequential heterologous challenges have not been conducted, and sequential homologous exposure trials were rare. Consensus is also warranted on (1) the selection of core outcomes, (2) the sizing of trial populations to be reflective of field populations, (3) the reporting of antigenic characterization of vaccines, challenge viruses, and sow exposure history, and (4) on the collection of non-aggregated individual pig data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Keay
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (Z.P.); (F.A.); (R.F.); (T.L.O.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Zvonimir Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (Z.P.); (F.A.); (R.F.); (T.L.O.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Famke Alberts
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (Z.P.); (F.A.); (R.F.); (T.L.O.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Annette O’Connor
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Robert Friendship
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (Z.P.); (F.A.); (R.F.); (T.L.O.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Terri L. O’Sullivan
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (Z.P.); (F.A.); (R.F.); (T.L.O.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Jan M. Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (Z.P.); (F.A.); (R.F.); (T.L.O.); (J.M.S.)
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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3
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Tapia R, Mena J, García V, Culhane M, Medina RA, Neira V. Cross-protection of commercial vaccines against Chilean swine influenza A virus using the guinea pig model as a surrogate. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1245278. [PMID: 37799404 PMCID: PMC10548122 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1245278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus poses a significant threat to public health and the swine industry. Vaccination is the primary measure for controlling the disease, but the effectiveness of vaccines can vary depending on the antigenic match between vaccine strains and circulating strains. In Chile, H1N1pdm09 and other lineages H1N2 and H3N2 have been detected in pigs, which are genetically distinct from the strains included in commercial vaccines. This study aimed to evaluate the cross-protection by commercial vaccines against strains circulating in Chile using the guinea pig model. For this study, four circulating strains [A/swine/Chile/H1A-7/2014(H1N2), A/swine/Chile/H1B-2/2014(H1N2), A/swine/Chile/H1P-12/2015(H1N1), and A/swine/Chile/H3-2/2015(H3N2)] were selected. Guinea pigs were divided into vaccinated and control groups. The vaccinated animals received either a multivalent antigenically heterologous or monovalent homologous vaccine, while the control animals remained unvaccinated. Following vaccination, all animals were intranasally challenged, and nasal wash samples were collected at different time points post-infection. The results showed that the homologous monovalent vaccine-induced hemagglutinin-specific antibodies against the Chilean pandemic H1N1pdm09 strain. However, the commercial heterologous multivalent vaccine failed to induce hemagglutinin-specific antibody titers against the H1N2 and H3N2 challenge strains. Furthermore, the homologous monovalent vaccine significantly reduced the duration of viral shedding and viral titers specifically against the Chilean pandemic H1N1pdm09 strain and heterologous multivalent vaccine only partial. These findings highlight the importance of regularly updating vaccine strains to match the circulating field strains for effective control of swine influenza. Further research is needed to develop vaccines that confer broader protection against diverse strains of swine influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Tapia
- Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Mena
- Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victoria García
- Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marie Culhane
- Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States
| | - Rafael A. Medina
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victor Neira
- Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Karl CA, Andres D, Carlos M, Peña M, Juan HO, Jorge O. Farm management practices, biosecurity and influenza a virus detection in swine farms: a comprehensive study in colombia. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:42. [PMID: 36199147 PMCID: PMC9532805 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosecurity protocols (BP) and good management practices are key to reduce the risk of introduction and transmission of infectious diseases into the pig farms. In this observational cross-sectional study, survey data were collected from 176 pig farms with inventories over 100 sows in Colombia. We analyzed a complex survey dataset to explore the structure and identify clustering patterns using Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) of swine farms in Colombia, and estimated its association with Influenza A virus detection. Two principal dimensions contributed to 27.6% of the dataset variation. Farms with highest contribution to dimension 1 were larger farrow-to-finish farms, using self-replacement of gilts and implementing most of the measures evaluated. In contrast, farms with highest contribution to dimension 2 were medium to large farrow-to-finish farms, but implemented biosecurity in a lower degree. Additionally, two farm clusters were identified by Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), and the odds of influenza A virus detection was statistically different between clusters (OR 7.29, CI: 1.7,66, p = < 0.01). Moreover, after logistic regression analysis, three important variables were associated with higher odds of influenza detection: (1) “location in an area with a high density of pigs”, (2) “farm size”, and (3) “after cleaning and disinfecting, the facilities are allowed to dry before use”. Our results revealed two clustering patterns of swine farms. This systematic analysis of complex survey data identified relationships between biosecurity, husbandry practices and influenza status. This approach helped to identify gaps on biosecurity and key elements for designing successful strategies to prevent and control swine respiratory diseases in the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciuoderis-Aponte Karl
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín. Consortium Colombia Wisconsin One Health, Cra 75#61-85, 050034, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Diaz Andres
- Pig Improvement Company, Hendersonville, North Carolina , USA
| | - Muskus Carlos
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales- PECET, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mario Peña
- Asociación Porkcolombia - Fondo nacional de la porcicultura, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernández-Ortiz Juan
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín. Consortium Colombia Wisconsin One Health, Cra 75#61-85, 050034, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Osorio Jorge
- Department of Pathobiological sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Consortium Colombia Wisconsin One Health, 53706, Madison, USA
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5
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Neira V, Brito B, Agüero B, Berrios F, Valdés V, Gutierrez A, Ariyama N, Espinoza P, Retamal P, Holmes EC, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Khan Z, van de Guchte A, Dutta J, Miorin L, Kehrer T, Galarce N, Almonacid LI, Levican J, van Bakel H, García-Sastre A, Medina RA. A household case evidences shorter shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in naturally infected cats compared to their human owners. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:376-383. [PMID: 33317424 PMCID: PMC7939552 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1863132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been detected in domestic and wild cats. However, little is known about natural viral infections of domestic cats, although their importance for modelling disease spread, informing strategies for managing positive human-animal relationships and disease prevention. Here, we describe the SARS-CoV-2 infection in a household of two human adults and sibling cats (one male and two females) using real-time RT-PCR, an ELISA test, viral sequencing, and virus isolation. On May 5th, 2020, the cat-owners tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Two days later, the male cat showed mild respiratory symptoms and tested positive. Four days after the male cat, the two female cats became positive, asymptomatically. Also, one human and one cat showed antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. All cats excreted detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA for a shorter duration than humans and viral sequences analysis confirmed human-to-cat transmission. We could not determine if cat-to-cat transmission also occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Neira
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bárbara Brito
- The three institute – University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Belén Agüero
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Berrios
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Valdés
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alberto Gutierrez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Naomi Ariyama
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Espinoza
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Retamal
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ana S. Gonzalez-Reiche
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zenab Khan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adriana van de Guchte
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jayeeta Dutta
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Kehrer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicolás Galarce
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo I. Almonacid
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Levican
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rafael A. Medina
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Impact of nurse sows on influenza A virus transmission in pigs under field conditions. Prev Vet Med 2021; 188:105257. [PMID: 33472145 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Piglets prior to weaning play a central role in maintaining influenza infections in breeding herds and the use of nurse sows is a common practice to adopt piglets that fall behind and that otherwise would die. Transmission of influenza A virus (IAV) from nurse sows to adopted pigs has been reported experimentally, however, the importance of this route of transmission under field conditions has not yet been elucidated. A cohort study to assess the IAV status in nurse and control sows and their respective litters was carried out in three influenza positive breed-to-wean farms. A total of 94 control and 90 nurse sows were sampled by collecting udder skin wipes and oral swabs at enrollment (∼ 5-7 days after farrowing) and at weaning. Six piglets per litter were sampled randomly at enrollment, 2 days post-enrollment (DPE), 4 DPE, at day 14 of lactation (14DL) and at weaning. At enrollment, 76 % (69/91) of udder wipes and 3 % (3/89) of oral swabs from nurse sows were positive by rRT-PCR compared with 23 % (21/92) of udder wipes and 0 % (0/85) of oral swabs from control sows. Of the 94 control litters sampled, 11.7 %, 14.9 %, 22.9 %, 46.8 % and 63.9 % tested rRT-PCR IAV positive at enrollment, 2DPE, 4DPE, 14 DL and weaning, respectively. Corresponding prevalence for nurse sow litters were 12.2 %, 30.2 %, 37.0 %, 59.4 % and 56.4 %. The odds of IAV positivity were significantly higher (p < 0.05) for litters from nurse sows 2 DPE (odd ratio (OR) = 6.13, 95 % CI = 1.8-21.2), 4 DPE (OR = 5.5, 95 % CI = 1.7-17.8) and 14 DL (OR = 3.7, 95 % CI = 1.1-12.3). However, there were no differences in the proportion of positive samples at weaning. Moreover, approximately 18 % of the control sows and 11 % of nurse sows that tested IAV negative in oral swabs at enrollment, tested IAV positive at weaning. This study indicates that nurse sows can contribute to the transmission and perpetuation of IAV infections in pigs prior to weaning, particularly during the first week after adoption.
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López-Lorenzo G, López-Novo C, Prieto A, Díaz JM, Gullón J, Arnal JL, Benito A, Díaz P, Panadero R, Díez-Baños P, Dalton KP, Parra F, Fernández G. Molecular detection of myxoma virus in the environment of vaccinated rabbitries. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1424-1431. [PMID: 32813890 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Myxoma virus (MYXV) is the aetiological agent of myxomatosis, a systemic, mostly lethal disease that affects European rabbits. Vaccination against it, although widespread, has not been completely effective and disease outbreaks still take place on farms which carry out vaccination programmes. Since some of these cases have been attributed to airborne transmission or the spread of the virus via inanimate vectors, the aims of this study were to determine MYXV contamination levels and distribution in the environment of vaccinated farms and to ascertain whether the detected virus corresponded to field strains. For that, environmental samples from several areas, tools and employees from four (three infected and one uninfected) rabbitries were taken and analysed by qPCR. MYXV was detected in the environment of all the infected farms, whereas all the samples from the non-infected farm were negative. Furthermore, all the positive samples contained viral DNA compatible with field strains of the virus. These results lead us to believe that the administration of currently available commercial vaccines does not prevent infected animals from shedding the field virus. Moreover, viral DNA was also found in items that are not in direct contact with the animals, which could play a role in the transmission of the infection throughout the farm and to other farms. Therefore, this study proves that current vaccination schemes on their own are not sufficient to prevent this disease and should be accompanied by adequate biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo López-Lorenzo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Cynthia López-Novo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Alberto Prieto
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - José Manuel Díaz
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Pablo Díaz
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Rosario Panadero
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Díez-Baños
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Kevin P Dalton
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Francisco Parra
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernández
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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8
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Mena J, Brito B, Moreira R, Tadich T, González I, Cruces J, Ortega R, van Bakel H, Rathnasinghe R, Pizarro-Lucero J, Medina R, Neira V. Reemergence of H3N8 Equine Influenza A virus in Chile, 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1408-1415. [PMID: 30054993 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A new outbreak of equine Influenza A virus (IAV) was reported in Chile in January 2018, 6 years after its last report in 2012. Equine IAV was detected by rtRT-PCR, followed by virus isolation and full genome sequencing. Genetic characterization of equine IAV classified the virus within clade 1 of the Florida sublineage. Although this is the same sublineage that caused an outbreak in Chile in 2012, the virus has a high similarity to other cocirculating viruses that were recently identified in Europe and Asia. The Chilean 2018 equine influenza (EI) outbreak was caused by an H3N8 strain circulating globally that spread through horse movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mena
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bárbara Brito
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,The Ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruben Moreira
- Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, Ministerio de Agricultura, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tamara Tadich
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Igor González
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Cruces
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán - Concepción, Chile
| | - Rene Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán - Concepción, Chile
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Raveen Rathnasinghe
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Pizarro-Lucero
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rafael Medina
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York.,Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Neira
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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