1
|
Gao Y, Long X, Liao Y, Lin Y, He Z, Kong Q, Kong X, He X. Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Nitrogen Dynamics During Cinnamomum camphora Litter Decomposition. Microorganisms 2025; 13:151. [PMID: 39858918 PMCID: PMC11768061 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2024] [Revised: 01/05/2025] [Accepted: 01/09/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can preferentially absorb the released ammonium (NH4+) over nitrate (NO3-) during litter decomposition. However, the impact of AMF's absorption of NH4+ on litter nitrogen (N) decomposition is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of AMF uptake for NH4+ on litter N metabolic characteristics by enriching NH4+ via AMF suppression and nitrification inhibition in a subtropical Cinnamomum camphora forest. The results showed that AMF suppression and nitrification inhibition significantly decelerated litter decomposition in the early stage due to the repression of NH4+ in extracellular enzyme activity. In the late stage, when soil NH4+ content was low, in contrast, they promoted litter decomposition by increasing the extracellular enzyme activities. Nitrification inhibition mainly promoted the utilization of plant-derived N by promoting the degradation of the amide I, amide II, and III bands by increasing protease activity, and it promoted ammonification by increasing urease activities, whereas it reduced the utilization of microbial-derived N by decreasing chitinase activity. On the contrary, AMF suppression, which significantly reduced the ammonification rate and increased the nitrification rate, only facilitated the degradation of the amide II band. Moreover, it intensified the microbial-derived N decomposition by increasing chitinase activity. The degradation of the amide I and II bands still relied on the priming effects of AMF on soil saprotrophs. This was likely driven by AMF-mediated phosphorus (P) mineralization. Nutrient acquiring, especially P by phosphatase, were the main factors in predicting litter decomposition and protein degradation. Thus, AMF could relieve the end-product repression of locally enriched NH4+ in extracellular enzyme activity and promote early-stage litter decomposition. However, the promotive effects of AMF on litter protein degradation and NH4+ release rely on P mineralization. Our results demonstrated that AMF could alleviate the N limitation for net primary production via accelerating litter N decomposition and reducing N loss. Moreover, they could restrict the decomposition of recalcitrant components by competing with saprotrophs for nutrients. Both pathways will contribute to C sequestration in forest ecosystems, which advances our understanding of AMF's contribution to nutrient cycling and ecosystem processes in subtropical forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Gao
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.H.); (Q.K.)
| | - Xiaoyu Long
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.H.); (Q.K.)
| | - Yiqi Liao
- Key Laboratory for Ecotourism of Hunan Province, School of Tourism, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China;
| | - Yonghui Lin
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.H.); (Q.K.)
| | - Zaihua He
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.H.); (Q.K.)
| | - Qin Kong
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.H.); (Q.K.)
| | - Xiangshi Kong
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.H.); (Q.K.)
- Key Laboratory for Ecotourism of Hunan Province, School of Tourism, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China;
| | - Xingbing He
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.H.); (Q.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Adu-Poku D, Ackerson NOB, Devine RNOA, Addo AG. Climate mitigation efficiency of nitrification and urease inhibitors: impact on N2O emission–A review. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
3
|
Ayiti OE, Babalola OO. Factors Influencing Soil Nitrification Process and the Effect on Environment and Health. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.821994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To meet the global demand for food, several factors have been deployed by agriculturists to supply plants with nitrogen. These factors have been observed to influence the soil nitrification process. Understanding the aftermath effect on the environment and health would provoke efficient management. We review literature on these factors, their aftermath effect on the environment and suggest strategies for better management. Synthetic fertilizers and chemical nitrification inhibitors are the most emphasized factors that influence the nitrification process. The process ceases when pH is <5.0. The range of temperature suitable for the proliferation of ammonia oxidizing archaea is within 30 to 37oC while that of ammonia oxidizing bacteria is within 16 to 23oC. Some of the influencing factors excessively speed up the rate of the nitrification process. This leads to excess production of nitrate, accumulation of nitrite as a result of decoupling between nitritation process and nitratation process. The inhibition mechanism of chemical nitrification inhibitors either causes a reduction in the nitrifying micro-organisms or impedes the amoA gene's function. The effects on the environment are soil acidification, global warming, and eutrophication. Some of the health effects attributed to the influence are methemoglobinemia, neurotoxicity, phytotoxicity and cancer. Biomagnification of the chemicals along the food chain is also a major concern. The use of well-researched and scientifically formulated organic fertilizers consisting of microbial inoculum, well-treated organic manure and good soil conditioner are eco-friendly. They are encouraged to be used to efficiently manage the process. Urban agriculture could promote food production, but environmental sustainability should be ensured.
Collapse
|
4
|
Hussain A, Jahan N, Jabeen Z, Rehman KU, Rafeeq H, Bilal M, Iqbal HMN. Synergistic Effect of Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors in the Reduction of Ammonia Volatilization. WATER, AIR, & SOIL POLLUTION 2021; 232:303. [DOI: 10.1007/s11270-021-05259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
5
|
Tassoulas LJ, Robinson A, Martinez-Vaz B, Aukema KG, Wackett LP. Filling in the Gaps in Metformin Biodegradation: a New Enzyme and a Metabolic Pathway for Guanylurea. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e03003-20. [PMID: 33741630 PMCID: PMC8208167 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03003-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely prescribed pharmaceutical metformin and its main metabolite, guanylurea, are currently two of the most common contaminants in surface and wastewater. Guanylurea often accumulates and is poorly, if at all, biodegraded in wastewater treatment plants. This study describes Pseudomonas mendocina strain GU, isolated from a municipal wastewater treatment plant, using guanylurea as its sole nitrogen source. The genome was sequenced with 36-fold coverage and mined to identify guanylurea degradation genes. The gene encoding the enzyme initiating guanylurea metabolism was expressed, and the enzyme was purified and characterized. Guanylurea hydrolase, a newly described enzyme, was shown to transform guanylurea to one equivalent (each) of ammonia and guanidine. Guanidine also supports growth as a sole nitrogen source. Cell yields from growth on limiting concentrations of guanylurea revealed that metabolism releases all four nitrogen atoms. Genes encoding complete metabolic transformation were identified bioinformatically, defining the pathway as follows: guanylurea to guanidine to carboxyguanidine to allophanate to ammonia and carbon dioxide. The first enzyme, guanylurea hydrolase, is a member of the isochorismatase-like hydrolase protein family, which includes biuret hydrolase and triuret hydrolase. Although homologs, the three enzymes show distinct substrate specificities. Pairwise sequence comparisons and the use of sequence similarity networks allowed fine structure discrimination between the three homologous enzymes and provided insights into the evolutionary origins of guanylurea hydrolase.IMPORTANCE Metformin is a pharmaceutical most prescribed for type 2 diabetes and is now being examined for potential benefits to COVID-19 patients. People taking the drug pass it largely unchanged, and it subsequently enters wastewater treatment plants. Metformin has been known to be metabolized to guanylurea. The levels of guanylurea often exceed that of metformin, leading to the former being considered a "dead-end" metabolite. Metformin and guanylurea are water pollutants of emerging concern, as they persist to reach nontarget aquatic life and humans, the latter if it remains in treated water. The present study has identified a Pseudomonas mendocina strain that completely degrades guanylurea. The genome was sequenced, and the genes involved in guanylurea metabolism were identified in three widely separated genomic regions. This knowledge advances the idea that guanylurea is not a dead-end product and will allow for bioinformatic identification of the relevant genes in wastewater treatment plant microbiomes and other environments subjected to metagenomic sequencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lambros J Tassoulas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ashley Robinson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Betsy Martinez-Vaz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kelly G Aukema
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lawrence P Wackett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Elrys AS, Abo El-Maati MF, Abdel-Hamed EMW, Arnaout SMAI, El-Tarabily KA, Desoky ESM. Mitigate nitrate contamination in potato tubers and increase nitrogen recovery by combining dicyandiamide, moringa oil and zeolite with nitrogen fertilizer. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 209:111839. [PMID: 33385682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Potato is considered a nitrogen (N) intensive plant with a low N use efficiency (NUE). The current study introduced an excellent approach by combining dicyandiamide (DCD), moringa seed oil (MSO), or zeolite (ZE), with N fertilizer for maximizing potato tuber yields and NUE as well as minimizing tubers nitrate (NO3-) accumulation. The impact of these materials on soil N availability and gaseous emissions (NH3, and N2O) was investigated under incubation conditions. A 2-year field experiment were carried out with seven treatments [without N (control), N fertilizer (350 kg N-urea ha-1 as a recommended dose; UreaRD), 75% of N recommended dose with DCD (Urea75%RD+DCD), Urea75%RD with 2% MSO (Urea75%RD+MSO2%), Urea75%RD with 4% MSO (Urea75%RD+MSO4%), Urea75%RD with 0.5 Mg ZE ha-1 (Urea75%RD+ZER1), and Urea75%RD with 1.0 Mg ZE ha-1 (Urea 75%RD+ZER2)]. We also conducted a 40-days incubation trial with the same treatments; however, urea was added at the rate of 200 mg N kg-1 soil for all treatments, excluding the control. The addition of DCD, MSO, and ZE with urea under incubation conditions delayed the nitrification process, thereby causing a rise in NH4+-N content and a decrease in NO3--N content. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was inhibited (p ≤ 0.01) in treatments Urea+DCD, Urea+MSO4%, and Urea+ZER2. The highest NUE indexes were recorded in treatment Urea75%RD+DCD. The highest NO3- accumulation (567 mg NO3- kg-1) in potato tubers was recorded in treatment UreaRD. Whilest, the lowest NO3- content (81 mg NO3- kg-1) was in treatment Urea75%RD+DCD. The lowest cumulative N2O emissions and highest cumulative NH3 volatilization were observed in the treatment Urea+DCD under incubation conditions. Our findings demonstrated that N fertilizer rate could be reduced by 25%, while the tuber yields increased with an acceptable limit of NO3- content, resulting in economical, agronomical, and environmental benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Elrys
- Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt; School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Mohamed F Abo El-Maati
- Agriculture Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Safaa M A I Arnaout
- Agriculture Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates; College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, WA, Australia.
| | - El-Sayed M Desoky
- Agriculture Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Elrys AS, Raza S, Elnahal ASM, Na M, Ahmed M, Zhou J, Chen Z. Do soil property variations affect dicyandiamide efficiency in inhibiting nitrification and minimizing carbon dioxide emissions? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 202:110875. [PMID: 32580081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrification inhibitors (NIs) are used to retard the nitrification process and reduce nitrogen (N) losses. However, the effects of soil properties on NI efficacy are less clear. Moreover, the direct and indirect effects of soil property variations on NI efficiency in minimizing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have not been previously studied. An incubation experiment was conducted for 40 days with two treatments, N (200 mg N-urea kg-1) and N + dicyandiamide (DCD) (20 mg DCD kg-1), and a control group (without the N) to investigate the response of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) to DCD application and the consequences for CO2, nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3) emissions from six soils from the Loess Plateau with different properties. The nitrification process completed within 6-18 days for the N treatment and within 30->40 days for the N + DCD treatment. AOB increased significantly with N fertilizer application, while this effect was inhibited in soils when DCD was applied. AOA was not sensitive to N fertilizer and DCD application. The nitrification rate was positively correlated with the clay (p < 0.05) and SOM contents (p < 0.01); DCD was more effective in loam soil with low SOM and high soil pH. Soil pH significantly was decreased with N fertilizer application, while it increased when DCD was applied. Moreover, DCD application decreased CO2 emissions from soils by 22%-172%; CO2 emissions were negatively correlated with the clay and SOM contents. DCD application decreased N2O emissions in each soil by 1.0- to 94-fold compared with those after N fertilizer application. In contrast, DCD application increased NH3 release from soils by 59-278%. NH3 volatilization was negatively correlated with clay (p < 0.05) and SOM (p < 0.01) contents and positively correlated with soil pH (p < 0.01). Therefore, soil texture, SOM and soil pH have significant effects on the DCD performance, nitrification process and gaseous emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Elrys
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sajjad Raza
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ahmed S M Elnahal
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Miao Na
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Muneer Ahmed
- Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Pakistan
| | - Jianbin Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhujun Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors—As Mitigation Tools for Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Sustainable Dairy Systems: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12156018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, nitrogen fertilizers are utilized to meet 48% of the total global food demand. The demand for nitrogen fertilizers is expected to grow as global populations continue to rise. The use of nitrogen fertilizers is associated with many negative environmental impacts and is a key source of greenhouse and harmful gas emissions. In recent years, urease and nitrification inhibitors have emerged as mitigation tools that are presently utilized in agriculture to prevent nitrogen losses and reduce greenhouse and harmful gas emissions that are associated with the use of nitrogen-based fertilizers. Both classes of inhibitor work by different mechanisms and have different physiochemical properties. Consequently, each class must be evaluated on its own merits. Although there are many benefits associated with the use of these inhibitors, little is known about their potential to enter the food chain, an event that may pose challenges to food safety. This phenomenon was highlighted when the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide was found as a residual contaminant in milk products in 2013. This comprehensive review aims to discuss the uses of inhibitor technologies in agriculture and their possible impacts on dairy product safety and quality, highlighting areas of concern with regards to the introduction of these inhibitor technologies into the dairy supply chain. Furthermore, this review discusses the benefits and challenges of inhibitor usage with a focus on EU regulations, as well as associated health concerns, chemical behavior, and analytical detection methods for these compounds within milk and environmental matrices.
Collapse
|
9
|
Elrys AS, Desoky ESM, Abo El-Maati MF, Elnahal AS, Abdo AI, Raza S, Zhou J. Can secondary metabolites extracted from Moringa seeds suppress ammonia oxidizers to increase nitrogen use efficiency and reduce nitrate contamination in potato tubers? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 185:109689. [PMID: 31550566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrification inhibition as an alleviation tool to decrease nitrogen (N) losses and increase N use efficiency (NUE) as well as reducing NO3- accumulation in plants is a promising technology. No study thus far has directly or indirectly to use the secondary metabolites extracted from Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam) seeds as nitrification inhibitors. Moringa seed extract (MSE) was studied based on its content of phenolic compounds (PC) and for its antioxidant characteristic. A 2-year field experiment and 30-day incubation experiment were conducted with three treatments of control (CK), N fertilizer (300 kg N ha-1 and 200 mg N kg-1 soil for the field and incubation experiment, respectively), and N fertilizer with MSE (500 ppm as a TPC) to investigate the responses of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) to MSE and the consequences for NUE and NO3- accumulation in potato tubers. Total phenolics amount was 144 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 MSE, while flavonoid contents were 76.6 quercetin equivalent g-1 MSE. MSE showed antioxidant activity that was comparable to the standard antioxidants TBHQ and gallic acid. MSE application with N fertilizer retarded the nitrification process, as indicated by a higher NH4+-N and lower NO3--N content, compared with N fertilizer application alone. NH4+-N content reduced to initial CK level on Day 20 under N fertilizer application alone. However, NH4+-N content decreased to initial control level on Day 30 when MSE was applied. The mechanisms resulted from curbing AOB growth by phenolic compounds (TPC, TF, TAC), leading to a delay in nitrification process. AOB increased significantly when N fertilizer was applied alone; on the contrary, AOA was not sensitive to N fertilizer (with and without MSE). Increase in NUE from 37.5% to 66.3% in potato plants under MSE application with N fertilizer was also observed compared with N fertilizer application alone. The highest NO3- accumulation (569 mg NO3- kg-1) in tubers was recorded under N fertilizer application without MSE. MSE application significantly decreased NO3- accumulation (92 mg NO3- kg-1) in tubers which is lower than the maximum value of accepting tubers (200 mg NO3- kg-1). The highest average of N uptake, fresh and dry weight, carotenoids, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and nitrate reductase activity was recorded when MSE was applied with N fertilizer. Accordingly, using of Moringa extracted secondary metabolites to suppress AOB growth in the soil is a significant strategy to reduce nitrification rate and N loss from soils, and therefore increase NUE as well as reducing NO3- accumulation in potato tubers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Elrys
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - El-Sayed M Desoky
- Agriculture Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F Abo El-Maati
- Agriculture Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Elnahal
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China; Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I Abdo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sajjad Raza
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|