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Dongarwar D, Ajewole V, Spooner KK, Tran V, Adebusuyi T, Onyenaka C, Bakare O, Emeh C, Baines K, Boua D, Mossi Y, Egbejimi A, Ibrahim S, Olaleye O, Salihu HM. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Stillbirth among Pregnant Women with Obesity. Am J Perinatol 2024; 41:e2138-e2144. [PMID: 37230474 PMCID: PMC11059530 DOI: 10.1055/a-2099-8494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between obesity and risk of stillbirth among pregnant women with obesity in the United States, with a focus on racial and ethnic disparities. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of birth and fetal data from the 2014 to 2019 National Vital Statistics System (N = 14,938,384 total births) to examine associations between maternal body mass index (BMI) and risk of stillbirth. Cox's proportional hazards regression model was used to compute adjusted hazard ratios (HR) as a measure of risk of stillbirth in relation to maternal BMI. RESULTS The stillbirth rate was 6.70 per 1,000 births among women with prepregnancy obesity, while the stillbirth rate among women with a normal (nonobese) prepregnancy BMI was 3.85 per 1,000 births. The risk of stillbirth was greater among women with obesity compared with women without obesity (HR: 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.37-1.41). Compared with non-Hispanic (NH) Whites, women identifying as NH-other (HR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.61-1.72) and NH-Black (HR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.26-1.35) were at higher risk of stillbirth, while Hispanic women had a decreased likelihood of stillbirth (HR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.37-0.40). CONCLUSION Obesity is a modifiable risk factor for stillbirth. Public health awareness campaigns and strategies targeting weight management in women of reproductive age and racial/ethnic populations at highest risk for stillbirth, are needed. KEY POINTS · Stillbirth rates differ by race and ethnicity.. · Risk of stillbirth was greatest among women with obesity.. · Stillbirth rates rise with ascending prepregnancy BMI..
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Dongarwar
- Center of Excellence in Health Equity, Training and Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Veronica Ajewole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas
| | - Kiara K. Spooner
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Vincent Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas
| | - Tolulope Adebusuyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas
| | - Collins Onyenaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas
| | - Oluwatoyin Bakare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas
| | - Clinton Emeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas
| | - Kameren Baines
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas
| | - Danielle Boua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas
| | - Yhenew Mossi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas
| | - Anuoluwapo Egbejimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas
| | - Samira Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas
| | - Omonike Olaleye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas
| | - Hamisu M. Salihu
- Center of Excellence in Health Equity, Training and Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Hromadnikova I, Kotlabova K, Krofta L. First-Trimester Screening for Miscarriage or Stillbirth-Prediction Model Based on MicroRNA Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10137. [PMID: 37373283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the potential of cardiovascular-disease-associated microRNAs to predict in the early stages of gestation (from 10 to 13 gestational weeks) the occurrence of a miscarriage or stillbirth. The gene expressions of 29 microRNAs were studied retrospectively in peripheral venous blood samples derived from singleton Caucasian pregnancies diagnosed with miscarriage (n = 77 cases; early onset, n = 43 cases; late onset, n = 34 cases) or stillbirth (n = 24 cases; early onset, n = 13 cases; late onset, n = 8 cases; term onset, n = 3 cases) and 80 selected gestational-age-matched controls (normal term pregnancies) using real-time RT-PCR. Altered expressions of nine microRNAs (upregulation of miR-1-3p, miR-16-5p, miR-17-5p, miR-26a-5p, miR-146a-5p, and miR-181a-5p and downregulation of miR-130b-3p, miR-342-3p, and miR-574-3p) were observed in pregnancies with the occurrence of a miscarriage or stillbirth. The screening based on the combination of these nine microRNA biomarkers revealed 99.01% cases at a 10.0% false positive rate (FPR). The predictive model for miscarriage only was based on the altered gene expressions of eight microRNA biomarkers (upregulation of miR-1-3p, miR-16-5p, miR-17-5p, miR-26a-5p, miR-146a-5p, and miR-181a-5p and downregulation of miR-130b-3p and miR-195-5p). It was able to identify 80.52% cases at a 10.0% FPR. Highly efficient early identification of later occurrences of stillbirth was achieved via the combination of eleven microRNA biomarkers (upregulation of miR-1-3p, miR-16-5p, miR-17-5p, miR-20a-5p, miR-146a-5p, and miR-181a-5p and downregulation of miR-130b-3p, miR-145-5p, miR-210-3p, miR-342-3p, and miR-574-3p) or, alternatively, by the combination of just two upregulated microRNA biomarkers (miR-1-3p and miR-181a-5p). The predictive power achieved 95.83% cases at a 10.0% FPR and, alternatively, 91.67% cases at a 10.0% FPR. The models based on the combination of selected cardiovascular-disease-associated microRNAs had very high predictive potential for miscarriages or stillbirths and may be implemented in routine first-trimester screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Hromadnikova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Pathology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 14700 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Kotlabova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Pathology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 14700 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Krofta
- Institute for the Care of the Mother and Child, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 14700 Prague, Czech Republic
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Wang Z, Chen J, Long T, Liang L, Zhong C, Li Y. Clinical analysis of diabetes in pregnancy with stillbirth. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33898. [PMID: 37233404 PMCID: PMC10219722 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the clinical characteristics of patients with diabetes in pregnancy (DIP) associated with stillbirth and explored strategies to reduce its incidence. We retrospectively analyzed 71 stillbirths associated with DIP (group A) and 150 normal pregnancies (group B) during 2009 to 2018. The incidence of the following was higher in group A (P < .05): hypertensive disorders (38.03% vs 6.00%), placenta previa (14.08% vs 2.67%), placental abruption (5.63% vs 0.67%), fetal malformation (8.45% vs 0.67%), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (46.48% vs 0.67%), 2-h postprandial plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (57.75% vs 6.00%), HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (63.38% vs 6.00%), and polyhydramnios (11.27% vs 4.67). The incidence of oligohydramnios (4.23% vs 6.67%) was lower in group A than in group B (P < .05). According to the gestational age at the time of stillbirth, Group-A cases were subgrouped into miscarriages (20-27+6 weeks), premature deliveries (28-36+6 weeks), and full-term deliveries (≥37 weeks). Age, parity, and DIP type did not differ among the subgroups (P > .05). Among patients with DIP, antenatal FPG, 2-h postprandial plasma glucose, and HbA1c were significantly associated with stillbirth (P < .05). Stillbirth was first detected at 22 weeks and typically occurred at 28-36+6 weeks. DIP was associated with a higher incidence of stillbirth, and FPG, 2-h postprandial plasma glucose, and HbA1c were potential indicators of stillbirth in DIP. Age (odds ratio [OR]: 2.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.67-2.74), gestational hypertension (OR: 3.44, 95% CI: 2.21-4.67), body mass index (OR: 2.86, 95% CI: 1.95-3.76), preeclampsia (OR: 2.29, 95% CI: 1.45-3.12), and diabetic ketoacidosis (OR: 3.99, 95% CI: 1.22-6.76) were positively correlated with the occurrence of stillbirth in DIP. Controlling perinatal plasma glucose, accurately detecting and managing comorbidities/complications, and timely termination of pregnancy can reduce the incidence of stillbirths associated with DIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, Foshan Women and Children Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Tuhong Long
- Department of Medical Affairs Section, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixuan Liang
- Department of Obstetrics, Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Caijuan Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingtao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangzhou, China
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Mihajlovic S, Nikolic D, Milicic B, Santric-Milicevic M, Glushkova N, Nurgalieva Z, Lackovic M. Association of Pre-Pregnancy Obesity and COVID-19 with Poor Pregnancy Outcome. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12082936. [PMID: 37109271 PMCID: PMC10144693 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES During the COVID-19 pandemic, a possible overlap of obesity and COVID-19 infection has raised concerns among patients and healthcare professionals about protecting pregnant women from developing a severe infection and unwanted pregnancy outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations of body mass index with clinical, laboratory, and radiology diagnostic parameters as well as pregnancy complications and maternal outcomes in pregnant patients with COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical status, laboratory, and radiology diagnostic parameters and pregnancy outcomes were analyzed for pregnant women hospitalized between March 2020 and November 2021 in one tertiary-level university clinic in Belgrade, Serbia, due to infection with SARS-CoV-2. Pregnant women were divided into the three sub-groups according to their pre-pregnancy body mass index. For testing the differences between groups, a two-sided p-value <0.05 (the Kruskal-Wallis and ANOVA tests) was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Out of 192 hospitalized pregnant women, obese pregnant women had extended hospitalizations, including ICU duration, and they were more likely to develop multi-organ failure, pulmonary embolism, and drug-resistant nosocomial infection. Higher maternal mortality rates, as well as poor pregnancy outcomes, were also more likely to occur in the obese group of pregnant women. Overweight and obese pregnant women were more likely to develop gestational hypertension, and they had a higher grade of placental maturity. CONCLUSIONS Obese pregnant women hospitalized due to COVID-19 infection were more likely to develop severe complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sladjana Mihajlovic
- University Hospital "Dragisa Misovic", Heroja Milana Tepica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Nikolic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Children's Hospital, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Milicic
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Santric-Milicevic
- Institute of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Center-School of Public Health and Health Management, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natalya Glushkova
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Care, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050044, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhansaya Nurgalieva
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Care, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050044, Kazakhstan
| | - Milan Lackovic
- University Hospital "Dragisa Misovic", Heroja Milana Tepica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Artificial intelligence in obstetrics. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2021; 65:113-124. [PMID: 34905872 PMCID: PMC8942755 DOI: 10.5468/ogs.21234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reviews recent advances on the application of artificial intelligence for the early diagnosis of various maternal-fetal conditions such as preterm birth and abnormal fetal growth. It is found in this study that various machine learning methods have been successfully employed for different kinds of data capture with regard to early diagnosis of maternal-fetal conditions. With the more popular use of artificial intelligence, ethical issues should also be considered accordingly.
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Bień A, Rzońca E, Grzesik-Gąsior J, Pieczykolan A, Humeniuk E, Michalak M, Iwanowicz-Palus G, Wdowiak A. Determinants of Psychosocial Resilience Resources in Obese Pregnant Women with Threatened Preterm Labor-A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010590. [PMID: 34682337 PMCID: PMC8535596 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: The purpose of the study was to assess the level of such psychosocial resilience resources as self-efficacy, dispositional optimism, and health locus of control in pregnant women with obesity with threatened premature labor. Methods: The study was performed in the years 2017-2020 in a group of 328 pregnant women hospitalized due to threatened preterm labor and diagnosed with obesity before the pregnancy. The following instruments were applied: the Life Orientation Test, the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale. Results: Obese pregnant women with threatened premature labor have a moderate level of generalized self-efficacy (28.02) and a moderate level of dispositional optimism (16.20). Out of the three health locus of control dimensions, the highest scores were recorded in the "internal control" subscale (26.08). Statistically significant predictors for the self-efficacy variable model included: satisfactory socio-economic standing (ß = 0.156; p = 0.004), being nulliparous (ß = -0.191; p = 0.002), and the absence of comorbidities (ß = -0.145; p = 0.008). Higher levels of dispositional optimism were found in women who were married (ß = 0.381; p = 0.000), reported a satisfactory socio-economic standing (ß = 0.137; p = 0.005), were between 23 and 27 weeks pregnant (ß = -0.231; p = 0.000), and had no comorbidities (ß = -0.129; p = 0.009). Conclusions: Generalized self-efficacy in obese women with threatened preterm labor is associated with satisfactory socio-economic standing, being nulliparous, and the absence of chronic disease. Dispositional optimism in obese pregnant women with threatened preterm labor is determined by their marital status, socio-economic standing, gestational age, and the absence of comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bień
- Chair of Obstetrics Development, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 4-6 Staszica St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland; (A.B.); (G.I.-P.)
| | - Ewa Rzońca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Didactics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska St., 00-575 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Joanna Grzesik-Gąsior
- Department of Midwifery, Carpathian State College in Krosno, 6 Kazimierza Wielkiego St., 38-400 Krosno, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Pieczykolan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Students’ Scientific Association at the Chair of Obstetrics Development, Medical University of Lublin, 4-6 Staszica St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ewa Humeniuk
- Chair and Department of Psychology, Medical University of Lublin, 7 Chodźki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Michalak
- Department of Gynecology, Independent Public Teaching Hospital No. 4 in Lublin, 8 Jaczewskiego St., 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Grażyna Iwanowicz-Palus
- Chair of Obstetrics Development, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 4-6 Staszica St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland; (A.B.); (G.I.-P.)
| | - Artur Wdowiak
- Chair of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 4-6 Staszica St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
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Loh HH, Taipin H, Said A. The effect of obesity in pregnancy and gestational weight gain on neonatal outcome in glucose-tolerant mothers. Obes Sci Pract 2021; 7:425-431. [PMID: 34401200 PMCID: PMC8346371 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies showing association between mothers with obesity in pregnancy or excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) and adverse neonatal outcome were cross-sectional or retrospective. Many included patients are with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which is a strong risk factor for this adverse outcome. There are no prospective studies on this topic in Malaysia. This study aimed to examine prospectively the effects of obesity in pregnancy and GWG, independent of GDM, on neonatal outcome. METHODS Pregnant mothers in the first trimester, who presented to health clinics in Kuching, were screened. Mothers with existing diabetes mellitus or GDM were excluded using 75-g oral glucose tolerance test during the first and second trimesters. Participants with the first trimester BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2 were recruited as overweight/obese group, whereas those with BMI 18.5-22.9 kg/m2 were taken as the comparison group. At every trimester visit, mothers' weights were recorded. Babies' birth weight and occurrence of adverse neonatal outcome were documented. RESULTS There were 123 mothers recruited as overweight/obese group (mean BMI 29.0 kg/m2 ± 4.45) and 102 mothers as comparison group (mean BMI 20.4 kg/m2 ± 1.48). The number of low birth weight was similar between groups: 9.8% in overweight/obese group, 6.9% in the comparison group (p = 0.416). More than half of these babies were born to mothers with inadequate GWG (58.3% in obese group vs. 57.1% in control group, p = 0.077). There was no significant difference in the mean birth weight (3000 g ± 454.5 vs. 3038 g ± 340.8, p = 0.471), preterm delivery (8.13% vs. 3.92%, p = 0.193), and admission rate to neonatal intensive care unit (8.13% vs. 7.85%, p = 0.937) between groups. There was a positive correlation between the total GWG in overweight/obese group on baby's weight (r = 0.222, p = 0.013). Inadequate GWG was not correlated with lower birth weight (p = 0.052). CONCLUSIONS Obesity in pregnancy was not associated with poor neonatal outcome in this small sample of women in Malaysia. Total GWG showed a weak correlation with baby's birth weight in overweight/obese group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai Heng Loh
- Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversiti Malaysia SarawakMalaysia
| | - Haslinda Taipin
- Malaysia Ministry of Health Training InstituteKota KinabaluSabahMalaysia
| | - Asri Said
- Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversiti Malaysia SarawakMalaysia
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Eberle A, Czuzoj-Shulman N, Abenhaim HA. Timing of delivery in obese women and risk of stillbirth. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 35:7771-7777. [PMID: 34130576 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1937107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increased body mass index (BMI) is an independent risk factor for stillbirth. The purpose of this study was to determine an optimal time of delivery at term in obese women in order to decrease the risk of stillbirth in this population. METHODS We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study using the CDC's Period Linked Birth-Infant Death and Fetal Death data. The study population included all singleton, term births with a recorded pre-pregnancy BMI that occurred between 2014 and 2017. Unconditional logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the risk of stillbirth in each BMI class at each gestational week from 37 weeks and onwards comparing with births to normal-weight women at 41 weeks. RESULTS Of 12,742,980 births in our cohort, 46.8% were to women with a normal BMI, 26.9% were to women who were classified as overweight, 14.5% were to women in obesity class I, 7.3% in obesity class II, and 4.8% in obesity class III. Within each BMI class, the risk of stillbirth increased with gestational age, with the most pronounced rises in risk occurring at later gestational ages. In a dose-response relationship, the risk of stillbirth exceeded that of a normal BMI pregnancy at 41 weeks at the following gestational age and BMI category: obese class 1 at 39 weeks (OR 1.15 95% CI 1.00-1.31), obese class II at 38 weeks (OR 1.21 95% CI 1.04-1.41) and obese class III at 37 weeks (OR 1.30 95% CI 1.11-1.52). CONCLUSION Compared to women with a normal BMI at 41 weeks, there was a higher risk of stillbirth at term in women with each increase in BMI class. Consideration should be given to early induction among these women to reduce the risk of stillbirth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Eberle
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Haim Arie Abenhaim
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Rutherford JN, Ross CN, Ziegler T, Burke LA, Steffen AD, Sills A, Layne Colon D, deMartelly VA, Narapareddy LR, Tardif SD. Womb to womb: Maternal litter size and birth weight but not adult characteristics predict early neonatal death of offspring in the common marmoset monkey. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252093. [PMID: 34106943 PMCID: PMC8189522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A singular focus on maternal health at the time of a pregnancy leaves much about perinatal mortality unexplained, especially when there is growing evidence for maternal early life effects. Further, lumping stillbirth and early neonatal death into a single category of perinatal mortality may obscure different causes and thus different avenues of screening and prevention. The common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus), a litter-bearing nonhuman primate, is an ideal species in which to study the independent effects of a mother’s early life and adult phenotypes on pregnancy outcomes. We tested two hypotheses in 59 marmoset pregnancies at the Southwest National Primate Research Center and the Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies. We explored 1) whether pregnancy outcomes were predicted independently by maternal adult weight versus maternal litter size and birth weight, and 2) whether stillbirth and early neonatal death were differentially predicted by maternal variables. No maternal characteristics predicted stillbirth and no maternal adult characteristics predicted early neonatal death. In univariate Poisson models, triplet-born females had a significantly increased rate of early neonatal death (IRR[se] = 3.00[1.29], p = 0.011), while higher birth weight females had a decreased rate (IRR[se] = 0.89[0.05], p = 0.039). In multivariate Poisson models, maternal litter size remained an independent predictor, explaining 13% of the variance in early neonatal death. We found that the later in the first week those neonates died, the more weight they lost. Together these findings suggest that triplet-born and low birth weight females have distinct developmental trajectories underlying greater rates of infant loss, losses that we suggest may be attributable to developmental disruption of infant feeding and carrying. Our findings of early life contributions to adult pregnancy outcomes in the common marmoset disrupt mother-blaming narratives of pregnancy outcomes in humans. These narratives hold that the pregnant person is solely responsible for pregnancy outcomes and the health of their children, independent of socioecological factors, a moralistic framing that has shaped clinical pregnancy management. It is necessary to differentiate temporal trajectories and causes of perinatal loss and view them as embedded in external processes to develop screening, diagnostic, and treatment tools that consider the full arc of a mother’s lived experience, from womb to womb and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne N. Rutherford
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Corinna N. Ross
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Toni Ziegler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Larisa A. Burke
- Office for Research Facilitation, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alana D. Steffen
- Department of Population Health Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Aubrey Sills
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Donna Layne Colon
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Victoria A. deMartelly
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Laren R. Narapareddy
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Suzette D. Tardif
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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Deng D, George J, Pasupathy D, Wah Cheung N. The prevalence of metabolic associated fatty liver detected by FibroScan® in women with gestational diabetes in a multiethnic population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 174:108757. [PMID: 33744378 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease and has been increasingly associated with gestational diabetes (GDM). This study aimed to assess the prevalence of MAFLD in women with GDM in the antenatal period. METHODS 108 pregnant women with GDM diagnosed on a 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test were enrolled from a multiethnic cohort attending a large obstetrics clinic in Sydney, Australia and had a single FibroScan® assessment after 24 weeks gestation to assess for hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. A control attenuated parameter (CAP) cut-off score of ≥ 233.5 dB/m was chosen to signify presence of hepatic steatosis which indicates MAFLD. Obstetric, anthropometric and metabolic measures were analysed. RESULTS 29 (26.9%) women had evidence of FibroScan®-detected MAFLD, whilst none had evidence of hepatic fibrosis. Increased maternal BMI (aOR 1.12, 95% CI: 1.04-1.20) was associated with the finding of MAFLD in this cohort. CONCLUSIONS We found a significant antenatal prevalence of FibroScan®-detected MAFLD in this cohort of multiethnic women with GDM. FibroScan® is a safe and rapid assessment tool which may have a role in screening for MAFLD in pregnancy in appropriate at-risk women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Difei Deng
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Dept of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jacob George
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Dharmintra Pasupathy
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Institute of Reproduction, Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - N Wah Cheung
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Dept of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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11
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Khatibi T, Hanifi E, Sepehri MM, Allahqoli L. Proposing a machine-learning based method to predict stillbirth before and during delivery and ranking the features: nationwide retrospective cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:202. [PMID: 33706701 PMCID: PMC7953639 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-03658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stillbirth is defined as fetal loss in pregnancy beyond 28 weeks by WHO. In this study, a machine-learning based method is proposed to predict stillbirth from livebirth and discriminate stillbirth before and during delivery and rank the features. Method A two-step stack ensemble classifier is proposed for classifying the instances into stillbirth and livebirth at the first step and then, classifying stillbirth before delivery from stillbirth during the labor at the second step. The proposed SE has two consecutive layers including the same classifiers. The base classifiers in each layer are decision tree, Gradient boosting classifier, logistics regression, random forest and support vector machines which are trained independently and aggregated based on Vote boosting method. Moreover, a new feature ranking method is proposed in this study based on mean decrease accuracy, Gini Index and model coefficients to find high-ranked features. Results IMAN registry dataset is used in this study considering all births at or beyond 28th gestational week from 2016/04/01 to 2017/01/01 including 1,415,623 live birth and 5502 stillbirth cases. A combination of maternal demographic features, clinical history, fetal properties, delivery descriptors, environmental features, healthcare service provider descriptors and socio-demographic features are considered. The experimental results show that our proposed SE outperforms the compared classifiers with the average accuracy of 90%, sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 88%. The discrimination of the proposed SE is assessed and the average AUC of ±95%, CI of 90.51% ±1.08 and 90% ±1.12 is obtained on training dataset for model development and test dataset for external validation, respectively. The proposed SE is calibrated using isotopic nonparametric calibration method with the score of 0.07. The process is repeated 10,000 times and AUC of SE classifiers using random different training datasets as null distribution. The obtained p-value to assess the specificity of the proposed SE is 0.0126 which shows the significance of the proposed SE. Conclusions Gestational age and fetal height are two most important features for discriminating livebirth from stillbirth. Moreover, hospital, province, delivery main cause, perinatal abnormality, miscarriage number and maternal age are the most important features for classifying stillbirth before and during delivery. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-021-03658-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toktam Khatibi
- School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran, 14117-13114, Iran.
| | - Elham Hanifi
- School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran, 14117-13114, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Sepehri
- School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran, 14117-13114, Iran
| | - Leila Allahqoli
- Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
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12
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Rampersaud AM, Dunk CE, Lye SJ, Renaud SJ. Palmitic acid induces inflammation in placental trophoblasts and impairs their migration toward smooth muscle cells through plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 26:850-865. [PMID: 32898274 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical component of early human placental development includes migration of extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) into the decidua. EVTs migrate toward and displace vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) surrounding several uterine structures, including spiral arteries. Shallow trophoblast invasion features in several pregnancy complications including preeclampsia. Maternal obesity is a risk factor for placental dysfunction, suggesting that factors within an obese environment may impair early placental development. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that palmitic acid, a saturated fatty acid circulating at high levels in obese women, induces an inflammatory response in EVTs that hinders their capacity to migrate toward SMCs. We found that SMCs and SMC-conditioned media stimulated migration and invasion of an EVT-like cell line, HTR8/SVneo. Palmitic acid impaired EVT migration and invasion toward SMCs, and induced expression of several vasoactive and inflammatory mediators in EVTs, including endothelin, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and PAI1. PAI1 was increased in plasma of women with early-onset preeclampsia, and PAI1-deficient EVTs were protected from the anti-migratory effects of palmitic acid. Using first trimester placental explants, palmitic acid exposure decreased EVT invasion through Matrigel. Our findings reveal that palmitic acid induces an inflammatory response in EVTs and attenuates their migration through a mechanism involving PAI1. High levels of palmitic acid in pathophysiological situations like obesity may impair early placental development and predispose to placental dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Rampersaud
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Caroline E Dunk
- Research Centre for Women's and Infants' Health, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen J Lye
- Research Centre for Women's and Infants' Health, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen J Renaud
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
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13
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Townsend R, Manji A, Allotey J, Heazell A, Jorgensen L, Magee LA, Mol BW, Snell K, Riley RD, Sandall J, Smith G, Patel M, Thilaganathan B, von Dadelszen P, Thangaratinam S, Khalil A. Can risk prediction models help us individualise stillbirth prevention? A systematic review and critical appraisal of published risk models. BJOG 2020; 128:214-224. [PMID: 32894620 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.16487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stillbirth prevention is an international priority - risk prediction models could individualise care and reduce unnecessary intervention, but their use requires evaluation. OBJECTIVES To identify risk prediction models for stillbirth, and assess their potential accuracy and clinical benefit in practice. SEARCH STRATEGY MEDLINE, Embase, DH-DATA and AMED databases were searched from inception to June 2019 using terms relevant to stillbirth, perinatal mortality and prediction models. The search was compliant with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. SELECTION CRITERIA Studies developing and/or validating prediction models for risk of stillbirth developed for application during pregnancy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Study screening and data extraction were conducted in duplicate, using the CHARMS checklist. Risk of bias was appraised using the PROBAST tool. RESULTS The search identified 2751 citations. Fourteen studies reporting development of 69 models were included. Variables consistently included were: ethnicity, body mass index, uterine artery Doppler, pregnancy-associated plasma protein and placental growth factor. For almost all models there were significant concerns about risk of bias. Apparent model performance (i.e. in the development dataset) was highest in models developed for use later in pregnancy and including maternal characteristics, and ultrasound and biochemical variables, but few were internally validated and none were externally validated. CONCLUSIONS Almost all models identified were at high risk of bias. There are first-trimester models of possible clinical benefit in early risk stratification; these require validation and clinical evaluation. There were few later pregnancy models but, if validated, these could be most relevant to individualised discussions around timing of birth. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Prediction models using maternal factors, blood tests and ultrasound could individualise stillbirth prevention, but existing models are at high risk of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Townsend
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London and St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Fetal Medicine Unit, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - A Manji
- Fetal Medicine Unit, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J Allotey
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Pragmatic Clinical Trials Unit, Barts and the London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Aep Heazell
- Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - L A Magee
- School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - B W Mol
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kie Snell
- Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Primary, Community and Social Care, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - R D Riley
- Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Primary, Community and Social Care, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - J Sandall
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gcs Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Patel
- Sands (Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Society), London, UK
| | - B Thilaganathan
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London and St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Fetal Medicine Unit, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - P von Dadelszen
- School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Thangaratinam
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Pragmatic Clinical Trials Unit, Barts and the London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - A Khalil
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London and St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Fetal Medicine Unit, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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14
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Obesity and the risk of stillbirth - A reappraisal - A retrospective cohort study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2020; 255:25-28. [PMID: 33069010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have noted an inconsistent risk of stillbirth in women with high BMI. There are no reports on obese women specifically selected without any pre-existing or current medical or obstetric conditions. We aimed to document the risk of stillbirth, specifically in this group of women. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of 182,362 singleton pregnancies at gestation ≥28 weeks in Queensland, Australia between 2008 and 2016 with no pre-existing or current medical or obstetric conditions. RESULTS We found no significant association on rates of stillbirth with increasing BMI ; odds ratios for stillbirth were 1.10, 95% CI; 0.90, 1.36 in overweight and 1.09, 95% CI; 0.87-1.37 in obese women compared to women with normal BMI. There was increasing trend in stillbirth from 37 weeks and more specifically after 40 weeks with increasing BMI. Independent of BMI, there was a statistically significant increased risk of stillbirth for women with poor antenatal care and current smokers. CONCLUSIONS There is no firm evidence for an effect of BMI on stillbirth at ≥28 weeks gestation among women with uneventful pregnancies. Our care should focus on surveillance for early detection and monitoring of co-morbidities associated with obesity with consideration to birthing prior to 40 weeks gestation.
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15
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Association between obesity and miscarriage among women of reproductive age in Nepal. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236435. [PMID: 32760090 PMCID: PMC7410243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is a major health problem in low and middle income countries (LMICs) and is associated with miscarriage. This study aims to examine the association between obesity and miscarriage among reproductive age women (15–49 years) in Nepal. Methods The combined 19160 cross-sectional pregnancy data from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) for the years 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016 was utilized. Miscarriage was defined as a spontaneous loss of pregnancy that occurred before the foetus reached 7 months of gestational age. Logistic regression analyses that adjusted for clustering, stratification and sampling weights were used to examine the association between obesity and miscarriage among women of reproductive age. Results The odds of miscarriage were 1.45 times higher (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.45; 95%Cl: 1.06, 1.98, P = 0.021) among women with obesity. Women who did not use contraception, younger (15–19 years), and older women (35 years or more) were significantly more likely to have miscarriage. Women who smoked tobacco reported higher odds of miscarriage than women who did not smoke tobacco (AOR = 1.27; 95%Cl: 1.07,1.50, P = 0.006). Stratification of maternal smoking status by maternal Body Mass Index (BMI), after adjusting for contraception, mother age and year of survey revealed that tobacco smoking and obesity are associated with miscarriage (AOR = 1.46; 95%Cl: 1.05,2.04, P = 0.025). Conclusions Findings from this study show that obesity and tobacco smoking are associated with miscarriage. Smoking cessation, pregnancy planning and counselling on healthy weight for women of reproductive age in Nepal may help promote healthy behaviours and decrease the likelihood of miscarriage.
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16
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Cohen M, Guo E, Pucchio A, de Vrijer B, Shepherd TG, Eastabrook G. Maternal obesity reduces placental autophagy marker expression in uncomplicated pregnancies. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2020; 46:1282-1291. [PMID: 32464696 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Obesity has been associated with changes in autophagy and its increasing prevalence among pregnant women is implicated in higher rates of placental-mediated complications of pregnancy such as pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. Autophagy is involved in normal placentation, thus changes in autophagy may lead to impaired placental function and development. The aim of this study was to investigate the connection between obesity and autophagy in the placenta in otherwise uncomplicated pregnancies. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis were done on placental and omental samples from obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m2 ) and normal weight (BMI <25 kg/m2 ) pregnant women with singleton pregnancies undergoing planned Caesarean delivery without labor at term. Samples were analyzed for autophagic markers LC3B and p62 in the peripheral, middle and central regions of the placenta and in omental adipocytes, milky spots and vasculature. RESULTS As pre-pregnancy BMI increased, there was an increase in both placental and fetal weight as well as decreased levels of LC3B in the central region of the placenta (P = 0.0046). Within the obese patient group, LC3B levels were significantly decreased in the placentas of male fetuses compared to females (P < 0.0001). Adipocytes, compared to milky spots and vasculature, had lower levels of p62 (P = 0.0127) and LC3B (P = 0.003) in obese omenta and lower levels of LC3B in control omenta (P = 0.0071). CONCLUSION Obesity leads to reduced placental autophagy in uncomplicated pregnancies; thus, changes in autophagy may be involved in the underlying mechanisms of obesity-related placental diseases of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Cohen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aidan Pucchio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,The Mary & John Knight Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Unit, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barbra de Vrijer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trevor G Shepherd
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,The Mary & John Knight Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Unit, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Genevieve Eastabrook
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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