Association between the time spent watching television and the sociodemographic characteristics with the presence of overweight and obesity in Colombian adolescents (secondary analysis of the ENSIN 2010)

The socioeconomic gradient in overweight and obesity among Colombian adult and pediatric populations: A scoping review

Background: The imminent increase in overweight and obesity prevalence constitutes a pervasive concern for the adult and pediatric Colombian population. Nonetheless, the unequal distribution across distinct social groups limits the implementation of public health policies targeting these escalating rates. Aim: This study aimed to compile existing evidence regarding the prevalence of overweight and obesity in relation to the socioeconomic status (SES) of the Colombian population. Methods: A scoping review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews parameters in MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, and LILACS databases for inclusion of investigations published up to January 2024. Results: Twenty-two cross-sectional studies were included. A higher prevalence of overweight and obesity was documented in adults with lower SES defined by social stratum and monetary income, while in particular for nonpregnant adult women, the prevalence of excess weight was higher in the medium-low socioeconomic stratum. In the pediatric population, higher SES defined by social stratum was directly related to an increased prevalence and risk of overweight and obesity. The ownership of household assets, however, was positively related to the risk of overweight in both adult and pediatric populations. Conclusion: The findings of this investigation disclose a socioeconomic gradient in overweight and obesity in Colombia that resembles the epidemiological distribution in high-income countries for adults, though similar to low-income countries for the pediatric population. Further intersectoral interventions aimed at the most vulnerable groups are imperative to mitigate the inequalities that condition their predisposition to overweight and obesity.

Associations between type 1 diabetes and autoimmune skin diseases: Mendelian randomization analysis

Background

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) may be associated with various autoimmune diseases, but the causal relationship between T1DM and autoimmune skin diseases is not yet clear.

Methods

The summary statistical data on T1DM and nine autoimmune skin diseases in European populations were extracted for mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Subsequently, the analysis was replicated in East Asian populations. In the MR estimation, inverse variance-weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode methods were utilized. Outliers were excluded using MR-PRESSO, and horizontal pleiotropy was assessed with MR-Egger. Additionally, a multivariable MR analysis was conducted to investigate whether T1DM has an independent effect on autoimmune skin diseases after adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

In Europe, the MR estimated based on IVW method indicated a causal association between genetically determined T1DM and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (OR = 1.38, 95%CI: 1.26-1.50, p＜0.01), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (OR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.05-1.25, p＜0.01), as well as multiple sclerosis (MS) (OR = 1.17, 95%CI: 1.01-1.36, p = 0.04), but there is no association between T1DM and atopic dermatitis (AD), vitiligo, lichen planus (LP), hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), alopecia areata (AA) and systemic sclerosis (SS). After adjusting for time spent watching television, body mass index, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and body fat percentage, we found a causal relationship between T1DM and SLE (OR = 1.29, 95%CI: 1.16-1.44, p < 0.01), RA (OR = 1.28, 95%CI: 1.20-1.38 p < 0.01) and MS (OR = 1.11, 95%CI: 1.04-1.18, p < 0.01). Then, no genetic causal association was found between TIDM and SLE, and AD in East Asia. These results didn't exhibit horizontal pleiotropy, and "leave-one-out" analysis demonstrated result stability.

Conclusion

Our MR research indicates a causal relationship between T1DM and SLE, RA, and MS in Europe. However, no causal relationship between T1DM and SLE has been observed in East Asia. Therefore, it is important to regularly monitor relevant immunological markers of SLE, RA, and MS in T1DM patients and take preventive measures.

Food for thought or food for emotions? An analysis of marketing strategies in television food advertising seen by children in Colombia

OBJECTIVE

To establish the relationship between the marketing strategies and nutritional quality of foods and beverages promoted in television food advertisements (TV ads) seen by Colombian child audiences overall and based on child gender and socio-economic strata (SES).

DESIGN

A quantitative content analysis of marketing appeals was combined with nutritional data of the food products advertised and matched with TV audience ratings data for each food and beverage ads for Colombian children between 4 and 11 years.

SETTING

All beverages and foods TV ads cable or over-the-air channels in Colombia in 2017.

PARTICIPANTS

N/A.

RESULTS

Compared with rational appeals (e.g. freshness, health or nutrition messages), emotional appeals (referencing or depicting human senses or emotions, e.g. using cartoons to suggest fun) were more frequently used in the TV ads most viewed by Colombian children. Female children and children in lower SES tended to be more exposed to emotional appeals in TV ads than their male or higher SES counterparts. Furthermore, TV ads using more emotional appeals tended to be for products high in problematic nutrients.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study highlight the need to implement statutory measures to reduce the deleterious effect of food marketing on children.

Childhood obesity risk increases with increased screen time: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The role of screen time in promoting obesity among children has been reported in previous studies. However, the effects of different screen types and the dose-response association between screen time and obesity among children is not summarized yet. In the current meta-analysis we systematically summarized the association between obesity and screen time of different screen types in a dose-response analysis.

METHODS

A systematic search from Scopus, PubMed and Embase electronic databases was performed. Studies that evaluated the association between screen time and obesity up to September 2021 were retrieved. We included 45 individual studies that were drawn from nine qualified studies into meta-analysis.

RESULTS

The results of the two-class meta-analysis showed that those at the highest category of screen time were 1.2 times more likely to develop obesity [odds ratio (OR) = 1.21; confidence interval (CI) = 1.113, 1.317; I2 = 60.4%; P < 0.001). The results of subgrouping identified that setting, obesity status and age group were possible heterogeneity sources. No evidence of non-linear association between increased screen time and obesity risk among children was observed (P-nonlinearity = 0.310).

CONCLUSION

In the current systematic review and meta-analysis we revealed a positive association between screen time and obesity among children without any evidence of non-linear association. Due to the cross-sectional design of included studies, we suggest further studies with longitudinal or interventional design to better elucidate the observed associations.

The degree of association between overweight and obesity with the use of electronic media among Bangladeshi adolescents

BACKGROUND

Electronic media usage is recently considered a modifiable risk factor for overweight and obesity among adolescents. The purpose of this present study was to evaluate the association of electronic media (EM) usage with overweight and obesity among school-going adolescents.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was conducted from October to December 2019 among school-going adolescents (14-16 years old) residing in the Jashore Sadar Upazila, Jashore district of Bangladesh. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect information regarding the socio-economic status, time spent watching television, video games playing, computer, and smart mobile phone use through face-to-face interviews. Age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) cut-off values for overweight and obesity were determined for Asian adolescents by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). Multinomial logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine the association between electronic media use with overweight and obesity.

FINDINGS

The findings suggest that the overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 13.5% and 25.2%, respectively. Among the total adolescent students, about 49.1% highly (above 3 hours per day) spent their time on EM use whereas 30.6% moderately (≥121 to 180 min/day) use EM. The regression analysis showed that spending high time using total screen-based electronic devices, television viewing, video game playing, computer use, and smartphone use were significantly associated with overweight (RRR: 7.36, 95% CI: 3.64-11.54; RRR: 4.58, 95% CI: 1.46-7.95; RRR: 4.45, 95% CI: 2.75-6.12; RRR: 3.18, 95% CI: 1.87-4.70; RRR: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.23-3.51) and obesity (RRR: 8.72, 95% CI: 4.64-12.54; RRR: 2.89, 95% CI: 1.31-5.21; RRR: 3.88, 95% CI: 1.74-5.13; RRR: 3.08, 95% CI: 1.32-4.86; RRR: 1.19, 95% CI: 0.93-1.48) in adolescents, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The results support the total time spent using electronic media was associated with an increased risk of being overweight and obesity. Finally, this study strongly suggests the proper use of electronic media may be necessary to reduce the risk of being overweight and obesity in early adolescents.

Screen time increases overweight and obesity risk among adolescents: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Adolescence is a critical period in human life, associated with reduced physical activity and increased sedentary behaviors. In this systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis, we evaluated the association between screen time and risk of overweight/obesity among adolescents.

METHODS

A systematic search in electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, and Scopus was performed up to September 2021. All published studies evaluating the association between screen time and risk of overweight/obesity among adolescents were retrieved. Finally, a total of 44 eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis.

RESULTS

The results of the two-class meta-analysis showed that adolescents at the highest category of screen time were 1.27 times more likely to develop overweight/obesity (OR = 1.273; 95% CI = 1.166-1.390; P < 0.001; I-squared (variation in ES attributable to heterogeneity) = 82.1%). The results of subgrouping showed that continent and setting were the possible sources of heterogeneity. Moreover, no evidence of non-linear association between increased screen time and risk of overweight/obesity among adolescents was observed (P-nonlinearity = 0.311).

CONCLUSION

For the first time, the current systematic review and meta-analysis revealed a positive association between screen time and overweight/obesity among adolescents without any dose-response evidence.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The protocol of the current work has been registered in the PROSPERO system (Registration number: CRD42021233899 ).

Screen Time and Body Mass Index Among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

There is no summative quantitative study that report the difference in BMI in high screen user children and adolescents or give a difference in screen time in children and adolescents with obesity vs. children and adolescents without obesity. In the current meta-analysis we systematically summarized the association between obesity and screen time and meta-analyzed the results.

Methods

A systematic search from Scopus, PubMed and Embase electronic databases. Studies that evaluated the association between screen time and obesity up to June 2021.

Results

Results revealed that those at the highest screen time category had 0.7 kg/m2 higher BMI (WMD = 0.703; CI = 0.128, 1.278; P < 0.016; I 2 = 95.8%). Moreover, children and adolescents with obesity had a mean value of 0.313 h higher screen time compared with children and adolescents without obesity (WMD: 0.313; OR = 0.219, 0.407; P < 0.001; I 2 = 96%). The results of subgrouping showed that study quality, continent and sample size could reduce the heterogeneity values. No evidence of publication bias was reported according to visual asymmetry of funnel plots and the results of Begg's and Egger's tests.

Conclusion

For the first time, the current systematic review and meta-analysis revealed a positive association between screen time and obesity among children and adolescents. Due to the cross-sectional design of the included studies, causal inference is impossible, therefore, further studies in separate analysis of both genders are suggested to better elucidate gender-specific results.

Systematic Review Registration

[www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [CRD4202123 3899].

Association between television viewing and early childhood overweight and obesity: a pair-matched case-control study in China

BACKGROUND

Television (TV) viewing may affect children's obesity status. In the present study the association between TV viewing and early childhood overweight/obese status was investigated as well as the association based on age difference.

METHODS

The present study included 933 children 1-5 years of age that were individually matched on a 1:2 (cases: controls) ratio based on age and community. Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test was used to evaluate the association between TV viewing time and the related unhealthy behaviors. Conditional logistic regression models were used to quantify the association between TV viewing and children overweight/obese status in two age groups. The effects of TV viewing-related behaviors on the associations were further investigated.

RESULTS

TV viewing time > 1 h was positively associated with the prevalence of TV viewing-related unhealthy behaviors (P < 0.05). After controlling for these behaviors, the association between TV viewing and childhood overweight/obese status was significant among 4- to 5-year-old children (odds ratio, OR = 1.72, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.16--2.54), but not significant among 1- to 3-year-old children.

CONCLUSIONS

Childhood overweight/obese status was positively associated with longer TV viewing time only among 4- to 5-year-old children. The results from the present study may help in identifying the population susceptible for overweight and obesity caused by TV viewing.