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Venugopala KN, Chandrashekharappa S, Deb PK, Al-Shar'i NA, Pillay M, Tiwari P, Chopra D, Borah P, Tamhaev R, Mourey L, Lherbet C, Aldhubiab BE, Tratrat C, Attimarad M, Nair AB, Sreeharsha N, Mailavaram RP, Venugopala R, Mohanlall V, Morsy MA. Identification of potent indolizine derivatives against Mycobacterial tuberculosis: In vitro anti-TB properties, in silico target validation, molecular docking and dynamics studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133285. [PMID: 38925196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In the current study, two sets of compounds: (E)-1-(2-(4-substitutedphenyl)-2-oxoethyl)-4-((hydroxyimino)methyl)pyridinium derivatives (3a-3e); and (E)-3-(substitutedbenzoyl)-7-((hydroxyimino)methyl)-2-substitutedindolizine-1-carboxylate derivatives (5a-5j), were synthesized and biologically evaluated against two strains of Mycobacterial tuberculosis (ATCC 25177) and multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains. Further, they were also tested in vitro against the mycobacterial InhA enzyme. The in vitro results showed excellent inhibitory activities against both MTB strains and compounds 5a-5j were found to be more potent, and their MIC values ranged from 5 to 16 μg/mL and 16-64 μg/mL against the M. tuberculosis (ATCC 25177) and MDR-TB strains, respectively. Compound 5h with phenyl and 4-fluorobenzoyl groups attached to the 2- and 3-position of the indolizine core was found to be the most active against both strains with MIC values of 5 μg/mL and 16 μg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, the two sets of compounds showed weak to moderate inhibition of InhA enzyme activity that ranged from 5 to 17 % and 10-52 %, respectively, with compound 5f containing 4-fluoro benzoyl group attached to the 3-position of the indolizine core being the most active (52 % inhibition of InhA). Unfortunately, there was no clear correlation between the InhA inhibitory activity and MIC values of the tested compounds, indicating the probability that they might have different modes of action other than InhA inhibition. Therefore, a computational investigation was conducted by employing molecular docking to identify their putative drug target(s) and, consequently, understand their mechanism of action. A panel of 20 essential mycobacterial enzymes was investigated, of which β-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase I (KasA) and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent aminotransferase (BioA) enzymes were revealed as putative targets for compounds 3a-3e and 5a-5j, respectively. Moreover, in silico ADMET predictions showed adequate properties for these compounds, making them promising leads worthy of further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharigatta N Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Sandeep Chandrashekharappa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-R), Raebareli, Lucknow, UP 226002, India.
| | - Pran Kishore Deb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology (BIT), Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Nizar A Al-Shar'i
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Melendhran Pillay
- Department of Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Services, KZN Academic Complex, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Priya Tiwari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-R), Raebareli, Lucknow, UP 226002, India
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pobitra Borah
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rasoul Tamhaev
- Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (LSPCMIB), UMR 5068, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Toulouse, France; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Mourey
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Lherbet
- Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (LSPCMIB), UMR 5068, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Toulouse, France
| | - Bandar E Aldhubiab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christophe Tratrat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahesh Attimarad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anroop B Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagaraja Sreeharsha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Off Sarjapura Road, Bangalore 560035, India
| | - Raghu Prasad Mailavaram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Samtanagar, Dhule 424 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rashmi Venugopala
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Viresh Mohanlall
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mohamed A Morsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia 61511, Egypt
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Tiwari P, Mangubhai GS, Kidwai S, Singh R, Chandrashekharappa S. Design, synthesis and characterization of ethyl 3-benzoyl-7-morpholinoindolizine-1-carboxylate as anti-tubercular agents: In silico screening for possible target identification. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14512. [PMID: 38570316 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
A thorough search for the development of innovative drugs to treat tuberculosis, especially considering the urgent need to address developing drug resistance, we report here a synthetic series of ethyl 3-benzoyl-7-morpholinoindolizine-1-carboxylate analogues (5a-o) as potent anti-tubercular agents. These morpholino-indolizines were synthesized by reacting 4-morpholino pyridinium salts, with various electron-deficient acetylenes to afford the ethyl 3-benzoyl-7-morpholinoindolizine-1-carboxylate analogues (5a-o). All synthesized intermediate and final compounds are characterized by spectroscopic methods such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS and further examined for their anti-tubercular activity against the M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain (ATCC 27294-American type cell culture). All the compounds screened for anti-tubercular activity in the range of 6.25-50 μM against the H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Compound 5g showed prominent activity with MIC99 2.55 μg/mL whereas compounds 5d and 5j showed activity with MIC99 18.91 μg/mL and 25.07 μg/mL, respectively. In silico analysis of these compounds revealed drug-likeness. Additionally, the molecular target identification for Malate synthase (PDB 5CBB) is attained by computational approach. The compound 5g with a MIC99 value of 2.55 μg/mL against M. tuberculosis H37Rv emerged as the most promising anti-TB drug and in silico investigations suggest Malate synthase (5CBB) might be the compound's possible target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Tiwari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Raebareli, Lucknow, India
| | - Gayakvad Sunitaben Mangubhai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Raebareli, Lucknow, India
| | - Saqib Kidwai
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Sandeep Chandrashekharappa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Raebareli, Lucknow, India
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Miranda-Sánchez D, Escalante CH, Andrade-Pavón D, Gómez-García O, Barrera E, Villa-Tanaca L, Delgado F, Tamariz J. Pyrrole-Based Enaminones as Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Indolizines and Pyrrolo[1,2- a]pyrazines Showing Potent Antifungal Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:7223. [PMID: 37894702 PMCID: PMC10608852 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As a new approach, pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines were synthesized through the cyclization of 2-formylpyrrole-based enaminones in the presence of ammonium acetate. The enaminones were prepared with a straightforward method, reacting the corresponding alkyl 2-(2-formyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)acetates, 2-(2-formyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)acetonitrile, and 2-(2-formyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)acetophenones with DMFDMA. Analogous enaminones elaborated from alkyl (E)-3-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)acrylates were treated with a Lewis acid to afford indolizines. The antifungal activity of the series of substituted pyrroles, pyrrole-based enaminones, pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines, and indolizines was evaluated on six Candida spp., including two multidrug-resistant ones. Compared to the reference drugs, most test compounds produced a more robust antifungal effect. Docking analysis suggests that the inhibition of yeast growth was probably mediated by the interaction of the compounds with the catalytic site of HMGR of the Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diter Miranda-Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (D.M.-S.); (C.H.E.); (O.G.-G.); (E.B.); (F.D.)
| | - Carlos H. Escalante
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (D.M.-S.); (C.H.E.); (O.G.-G.); (E.B.); (F.D.)
| | - Dulce Andrade-Pavón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu S/N, Mexico City 07738, Mexico;
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Omar Gómez-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (D.M.-S.); (C.H.E.); (O.G.-G.); (E.B.); (F.D.)
| | - Edson Barrera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (D.M.-S.); (C.H.E.); (O.G.-G.); (E.B.); (F.D.)
| | - Lourdes Villa-Tanaca
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Francisco Delgado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (D.M.-S.); (C.H.E.); (O.G.-G.); (E.B.); (F.D.)
| | - Joaquín Tamariz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (D.M.-S.); (C.H.E.); (O.G.-G.); (E.B.); (F.D.)
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Mundhe P, Kidwai S, Saini SM, Singh HR, Singh R, Chandrashekharappa S. Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Anti-tubercular activity of Novel Ethyl-3-benzoyl-6, 8-difluoroindolizine-1-carboxylate Analogues: Molecular Target Identification and Molecular Docking Studies. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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Highly Efficient Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Aldehydes Catalyzed by Hydrophobically Modified Core-Shell Defective ZIFs: Frustrated Lewis Pair Catalysis. J Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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Antitubercular, Cytotoxicity, and Computational Target Validation of Dihydroquinazolinone Derivatives. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070831. [PMID: 35884084 PMCID: PMC9311641 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one derivatives (3a–3m) was screened for in vitro whole-cell antitubercular activity against the tubercular strain H37Rv and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) strains. Compounds 3l and 3m with di-substituted aryl moiety (halogens) attached to the 2-position of the scaffold showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 µg/mL against the MTB strain H37Rv. Compound 3k with an imidazole ring at the 2-position of the dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one also showed significant inhibitory action against both the susceptible strain H37Rv and MDR strains with MIC values of 4 and 16 µg/mL, respectively. The computational results revealed the mycobacterial pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent aminotransferase (BioA) enzyme as the potential target for the tested compounds. In vitro, ADMET calculations and cytotoxicity studies against the normal human dermal fibroblast cells indicated the safety and tolerability of the test compounds 3k–3m. Thus, compounds 3k–3m warrant further optimization to develop novel BioA inhibitors for the treatment of drug-sensitive H37Rv and drug-resistant MTB.
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Progress Report: Antimicrobial Drug Discovery in the Resistance Era. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040413. [PMID: 35455410 PMCID: PMC9030565 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance continues to be a most serious threat to public health. This situation demands that the scientific community increase their efforts for the discovery of alternative strategies to circumvent the problems associated with conventional small molecule therapeutics. The Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) Report (published in June 2021) discloses the rapidly increasing number of bacterial infections that are mainly caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. These concerns have initiated various government agencies and other organizations to educate the public regarding the appropriate use of antibiotics. This review discusses a brief highlight on the timeline of antimicrobial drug discovery with a special emphasis on the historical development of antimicrobial resistance. In addition, new antimicrobial targets and approaches, recent developments in drug screening, design, and delivery were covered. This review also discusses the emergence and roles of various antibiotic adjuvants and combination therapies while shedding light on current challenges and future perspectives. Overall, the emergence of resistant microbial strains has challenged drug discovery but their efforts to develop alternative technologies such as nanomaterials seem to be promising for the future.
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Deb PK, Al-Shar’i NA, Venugopala KN, Pillay M, Borah P. In vitro anti-TB properties, in silico target validation, molecular docking and dynamics studies of substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:869-884. [PMID: 34060396 PMCID: PMC8172222 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1900162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The alarming increase in multi- and extensively drug-resistant (MDR and XDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) has triggered the scientific community to search for novel, effective, and safer therapeutics. To this end, a series of 3,5-disubstituted-1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives (3a-3i) were tested against H37Rv, MDR and XDR strains of MTB. Of which, compound 3a with para-trifluorophenyl substituted oxadiazole showed excellent activity against the susceptible H37Rv and MDR-MTB strain with a MIC values of 8 and 16 µg/ml, respectively.To understand the mechanism of action of these compounds (3a-3i) and identify their putative drug target, molecular docking and dynamics studies were employed against a panel of 20 mycobacterial enzymes reported to be essential for mycobacterial growth and survival. These computational studies revealed polyketide synthase (Pks13) enzyme as the putative target. Moreover, in silico ADMET predictions showed satisfactory properties for these compounds, collectively, making them, particularly compound 3a, promising leads worthy of further optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pran Kishore Deb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nizar A. Al-Shar’i
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Melendhran Pillay
- Department of Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Services, KZN Academic Complex, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Pobitra Borah
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guwahati, India
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King E, Aitchison E, Li H, Luo R. Recent Developments in Free Energy Calculations for Drug Discovery. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:712085. [PMID: 34458321 PMCID: PMC8387144 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.712085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The grand challenge in structure-based drug design is achieving accurate prediction of binding free energies. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations enable modeling of conformational changes critical to the binding process, leading to calculation of thermodynamic quantities involved in estimation of binding affinities. With recent advancements in computing capability and predictive accuracy, MD based virtual screening has progressed from the domain of theoretical attempts to real application in drug development. Approaches including the Molecular Mechanics Poisson Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA), Linear Interaction Energy (LIE), and alchemical methods have been broadly applied to model molecular recognition for drug discovery and lead optimization. Here we review the varied methodology of these approaches, developments enhancing simulation efficiency and reliability, remaining challenges hindering predictive performance, and applications to problems in the fields of medicine and biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Erick Aitchison
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Han Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ray Luo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
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Venugopala KN, Deb PK, Pillay M, Chopra D, Chandrashekharappa S, Morsy MA, Aldhubiab BE, Attimarad M, Nair AB, Sreeharsha N, Kandeel M, Venugopala R, Mohanlall V. 4-Aryl-1,4-Dihydropyridines as Potential Enoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase Inhibitors: Antitubercular Activity and Molecular Docking Study. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:295-306. [PMID: 33138763 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666201102121606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis remains one of the most deadly infectious diseases worldwide due to the emergence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) and extensively drug resistance (XDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). AIMS Currently, available drugs are getting resistant and toxic. Hence, there is an urgent need for the development of potent molecules to treat tuberculosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Herein, the screening of a total of eight symmetrical 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4- DHP) derivatives (4a-4h) was carried out for whole-cell anti-TB activity against the susceptible H37Rv and MDR strains of MTB. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Most of the compounds exhibited moderate to excellent activity against the susceptible H37Rv. Moreover, the most promising compound 4f (against H37Rv) having paratrifluoromethyl phenyl group at 4-position and bis para-methoxy benzyl ester group at 3- and 5- positions of 1,4-dihydropyridine pharmacophore, exhibited no toxicity, but demonstrated weak activity against MTB strains resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin. In light of the inhibitory profile of the title compounds, enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) appeared to be the appropriate molecular target. A docking study of these derivatives against InhA receptor revealed favorable binding interactions. Further, in silico predicted ADME properties of these compounds 4a-4h were found to be in the acceptable ranges, including satisfactory Lipinski's rule of five, thereby indicating their potential as drug-like molecules. CONCLUSION In particular, the 1,4-DHP derivative 4f can be considered an attractive lead molecule for further exploration and development of more potent anti-TB agents as InhA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharigatta N Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pran Kishore Deb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman 19392, Jordan
| | - Melendhran Pillay
- Department of Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Services, KZN Academic Complex, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Mohamed A Morsy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia 61511, Egypt
| | - Bandar E Aldhubiab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahesh Attimarad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anroop B Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagaraja Sreeharsha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashmi Venugopala
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Viresh Mohanlall
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa
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Patil A, Duggal H, Bagul KT, Kamble S, Lokhande P, Gacche R, Meshram R. Synthesis of New 3-Arylaminophthalides and 3-Indolyl-phthalides using Ammonium Chloride, Evaluation of their Anti-Mycobacterial Potential and Docking Study. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 23:723-739. [PMID: 32321396 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200422082754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aims at the derivatization of "Phthalides" and synthesizes 3- arylaminophthalides & 3-indolyl-phthalides compounds, and evaluates their anti-tubercular and antioxidant activities. The study has also intended to employ the in silico methods for the identification of possible drug targets in Mycobacterium and evaluate the binding affinities of synthesized compounds. METHODS This report briefly explains the synthesis of phthalide derivatives using ammonium chloride. The synthesized compounds were characterized using spectral analysis. Resazurin Microtiter Assay (REMA) plate method was used to demonstrate the anti-mycobacterial activity of the synthesized compounds. An in-silico pharmacophore probing approach was used for target identification in Mycobacterium. The structural level interaction between the identified putative drug target and synthesized phthalides was studied using Lamarckian genetic algorithm-based software. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the present study, we report an effective, environmentally benign scheme for the synthesis of phthalide derivatives. Compounds 5c and 5d from the current series appear to possess good anti-mycobacterial activity. dCTP: deaminasedUTPase was identified as a putative drug target in Mycobacterium. The docking results clearly showed the interactive involvement of conserved residues of dCTP with the synthesized phthalide compounds. CONCLUSION On the eve of evolving anti-TB drug resistance, the data on anti-tubercular and allied activities of the compounds in the present study demonstrates the enormous significance of these newly synthesized derivatives as possible candidate leads in the development of novel anti-tubercular agents. The docking results from the current report provide a structural rationale for the promising anti-tubercular activity demonstrated by 3-arylaminophthalides and 3-indolyl-phthalides compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Patil
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Harleen Duggal
- Bioinformatics Centre, The Department of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Kamini T Bagul
- Bioinformatics Centre, The Department of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Sonali Kamble
- Gramin Science (Vocational) College, Vishnupuri, Nanded, India
| | - Pradeep Lokhande
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Rajesh Gacche
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Rohan Meshram
- Bioinformatics Centre, The Department of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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12
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Venugopala KN, Chandrashekharappa S, Deb PK, Tratrat C, Pillay M, Chopra D, Al-Shar'i NA, Hourani W, Dahabiyeh LA, Borah P, Nagdeve RD, Nayak SK, Padmashali B, Morsy MA, Aldhubiab BE, Attimarad M, Nair AB, Sreeharsha N, Haroun M, Shashikanth S, Mohanlall V, Mailavaram R. Anti-tubercular activity and molecular docking studies of indolizine derivatives targeting mycobacterial InhA enzyme. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1472-1487. [PMID: 34210233 PMCID: PMC8259857 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1919889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 1,2,3-trisubstituted indolizines (2a-2f, 3a-3d, and 4a-4c) were screened for in vitro whole-cell anti-tubercular activity against the susceptible H37Rv and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) strains. Compounds 2b-2d, 3a-3d, and 4a-4c were active against the H37Rv-MTB strain with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 4 to 32 µg/mL, whereas the indolizines 4a-4c, with ethyl ester group at the 4-position of the benzoyl ring also exhibited anti-MDR-MTB activity (MIC = 16-64 µg/mL). In silico docking study revealed the enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) and anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase as potential molecular targets for the indolizines. The X-ray diffraction analysis of the compound 4b was also carried out. Further, a safety study (in silico and in vitro) demonstrated no toxicity for these compounds. Thus, the indolizines warrant further development and may represent a novel promising class of InhA inhibitors and multi-targeting agents to combat drug-sensitive and drug-resistant MTB strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharigatta N Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Pran Kishore Deb
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Christophe Tratrat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Melendhran Pillay
- Department of Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Services, KZN Academic Complex, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Nizar A Al-Shar'i
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Wafa Hourani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Lina A Dahabiyeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Pobitra Borah
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guwahati, India
| | - Rahul D Nagdeve
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India
| | - Susanta K Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India
| | - Basavaraj Padmashali
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Science, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi, India
| | - Mohamed A Morsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Bandar E Aldhubiab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahesh Attimarad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anroop B Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagaraja Sreeharsha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, India
| | - Michelyne Haroun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheena Shashikanth
- Department of Studies in Organic Chemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore, India
| | - Viresh Mohanlall
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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13
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Venugopala KN, Chandrashekharappa S, Tratrat C, Deb PK, Nagdeve RD, Nayak SK, Morsy MA, Borah P, Mahomoodally FM, Mailavaram RP, Attimarad M, Aldhubiab BE, Sreeharsha N, Nair AB, Alwassil OI, Haroun M, Mohanlall V, Shinu P, Venugopala R, Kandeel M, Nandeshwarappa BP, Ibrahim YF. Crystallography, Molecular Modeling, and COX-2 Inhibition Studies on Indolizine Derivatives. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123550. [PMID: 34200764 PMCID: PMC8230391 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme is an important target for drug discovery and development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Selective COX-2 inhibitors have the advantage of reduced side-effects, which result from COX-1 inhibition that is usually observed with nonselective COX inhibitors. In this study, the design and synthesis of a new series of 7-methoxy indolizines as bioisostere indomethacin analogues (5a-e) were carried out and evaluated for COX-2 enzyme inhibition. All the compounds showed activity in micromolar ranges, and the compound diethyl 3-(4-cyanobenzoyl)-7-methoxyindolizine-1,2-dicarboxylate (5a) emerged as a promising COX-2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 5.84 µM, as compared to indomethacin (IC50 = 6.84 µM). The molecular modeling study of indolizines indicated that hydrophobic interactions were the major contribution to COX-2 inhibition. The title compound diethyl 3-(4-bromobenzoyl)-7-methoxyindolizine-1,2-dicarboxylate (5c) was subjected for single-crystal X-ray studies, Hirshfeld surface analysis, and energy framework calculations. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the molecule (5c) crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with space group P 21/n with a = 12.0497(6)Å, b = 17.8324(10)Å, c = 19.6052(11)Å, α = 90.000°, β = 100.372(1)°, γ = 90.000°, and V = 4143.8(4)Å3. In addition, with the help of Crystal Explorer software program using the B3LYP/6-31G(d, p) basis set, the theoretical calculation of the interaction and graphical representation of energy value was measured in the form of the energy framework in terms of coulombic, dispersion, and total energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (C.T.); (M.A.M.); (M.A.); (B.E.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.N.); (M.H.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa;
- Correspondence: (K.N.V.); (S.C.); Tel.: +966-1358-98842 (K.N.V.); +91-94486-39413 (S.C.)
| | - Sandeep Chandrashekharappa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-R) Raebareli, Lucknow UP 226002, India
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, NCBS, TIFR, GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
- Correspondence: (K.N.V.); (S.C.); Tel.: +966-1358-98842 (K.N.V.); +91-94486-39413 (S.C.)
| | - Christophe Tratrat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (C.T.); (M.A.M.); (M.A.); (B.E.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.N.); (M.H.)
| | - Pran Kishore Deb
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman 19392, Jordan;
| | - Rahul D. Nagdeve
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, Maharashtra, India; (R.D.N.); (S.K.N.)
| | - Susanta K. Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, Maharashtra, India; (R.D.N.); (S.K.N.)
| | - Mohamed A. Morsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (C.T.); (M.A.M.); (M.A.); (B.E.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.N.); (M.H.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia 61511, Egypt;
| | - Pobitra Borah
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandrapur Road, Panikhaiti, Guwahati 781026, Assam, India;
| | - Fawzi M. Mahomoodally
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80835, Mauritius;
| | - Raghu Prasad Mailavaram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram 534202, India;
| | - Mahesh Attimarad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (C.T.); (M.A.M.); (M.A.); (B.E.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.N.); (M.H.)
| | - Bandar E. Aldhubiab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (C.T.); (M.A.M.); (M.A.); (B.E.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.N.); (M.H.)
| | - Nagaraja Sreeharsha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (C.T.); (M.A.M.); (M.A.); (B.E.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.N.); (M.H.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Off Sarjapura Road, Bangalore 560035, India
| | - Anroop B. Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (C.T.); (M.A.M.); (M.A.); (B.E.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.N.); (M.H.)
| | - Osama I. Alwassil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Michelyne Haroun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (C.T.); (M.A.M.); (M.A.); (B.E.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.N.); (M.H.)
| | - Viresh Mohanlall
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa;
| | - Pottathil Shinu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rashmi Venugopala
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa;
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Belakatte P. Nandeshwarappa
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Shivagangotri, Davangere University, Davangere, Karnataka 577007, India;
| | - Yasmine F. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia 61511, Egypt;
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14
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Uppar V, Chandrashekharappa S, Shivamallu C, P S, Kollur SP, Ortega-Castro J, Frau J, Flores-Holguín N, Basarikatti AI, Chougala M, Mohan M M, Banuprakash G, Jayadev, Venugopala KN, Nandeshwarappa BP, Veerapur R, Al-Kheraif AA, Elgorban AM, Syed A, Mudnakudu-Nagaraju KK, Padmashali B, Glossman-Mitnik D. Investigation of Antifungal Properties of Synthetic Dimethyl-4-Bromo-1-(Substituted Benzoyl) Pyrrolo[1,2-a] Quinoline-2,3-Dicarboxylates Analogues: Molecular Docking Studies and Conceptual DFT-Based Chemical Reactivity Descriptors and Pharmacokinetics Evaluation. Molecules 2021; 26:2722. [PMID: 34066433 PMCID: PMC8124935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, frequently colonizes immune-compromised patients and causes mild to severe systemic reactions. Only few antifungal drugs are currently in use for therapeutic treatment. However, evolution of a drug-resistant C. albicans fungal pathogen is of major concern in the treatment of patients, hence the clinical need for novel drug design and development. In this study, in vitro screening of novel putative pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoline derivatives as the lead drug targets and in silico prediction of the binding potential of these lead molecules against C. albicans pathogenic proteins, such as secreted aspartic protease 3 (SAP3; 2H6T), surface protein β-glucanase (3N9K) and sterol 14-alpha demethylase (5TZ1), were carried out by molecular docking analyses. Further, biological activity-based QSAR and theoretical pharmacokinetic analysis were analyzed. Here, in vitro screening of novel analogue derivatives as drug targets against C. albicans showed inhibitory potential in the concentration of 0.4 µg for BQ-06, 07 and 08, 0.8 µg for BQ-01, 03, and 05, 1.6 µg for BQ-04 and 12.5 µg for BQ-02 in comparison to the standard antifungal drug fluconazole in the concentration of 30 µg. Further, in silico analysis of BQ-01, 03, 05 and 07 analogues docked on chimeric 2H6T, 3N9K and 5TZ1 revealed that these analogues show potential binding affinity, which is different from the therapeutic antifungal drug fluconazole. In addition, these molecules possess good drug-like properties based on the determination of conceptual Density Functional Theory (DFT)-based descriptors, QSAR and pharmacokinetics. Thus, the study offers significant insight into employing pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoline analogues as novel antifungal agents against C. albicans that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Uppar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Science, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi 591156, Karnataka, India; (V.U.); (A.I.B.)
| | - Sandeep Chandrashekharappa
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, NCBS, TIFR, GKVK-Campus Bellary road, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India;
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Raebareli, Lucknow (UP) 226002, India;
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India; (C.S.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Sushma P
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Raebareli, Lucknow (UP) 226002, India;
| | - Shiva Prasad Kollur
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru 570026, Karnataka, India;
| | - Joaquín Ortega-Castro
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Malllorca, Spain; (J.O.-C.); (J.F.)
| | - Juan Frau
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Malllorca, Spain; (J.O.-C.); (J.F.)
| | - Norma Flores-Holguín
- Laboratorio Virtual NANOCOSMOS, Departamento de Medio Ambiente y Energía, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Chihuahua, Chih 31136, Mexico; (N.F.-H.); (D.G.-M.)
| | - Atiyaparveen I. Basarikatti
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Science, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi 591156, Karnataka, India; (V.U.); (A.I.B.)
| | - Mallikarjun Chougala
- Department of Biotechnology, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science (Autonomous), Mysore 570025, Karnataka, India;
| | - Mrudula Mohan M
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India; (C.S.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Govindappa Banuprakash
- Department of Chemistry, SJB Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 560060, Kengeri, India; (G.B.); (J.)
| | - Jayadev
- Department of Chemistry, SJB Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 560060, Kengeri, India; (G.B.); (J.)
| | - Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Belakatte P. Nandeshwarappa
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Shivagangothri, Davangere University, Davangere 577007, Karnataka, India;
| | - Ravindra Veerapur
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Malawi Institute of Technology, Malawi University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box-5916 Limbe, Malawi;
| | - Abdulaziz A. Al-Kheraif
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdallah M. Elgorban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.E.); (A.S.)
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.E.); (A.S.)
| | - Kiran K. Mudnakudu-Nagaraju
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India; (C.S.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Basavaraj Padmashali
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Science, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi 591156, Karnataka, India; (V.U.); (A.I.B.)
| | - Daniel Glossman-Mitnik
- Laboratorio Virtual NANOCOSMOS, Departamento de Medio Ambiente y Energía, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Chihuahua, Chih 31136, Mexico; (N.F.-H.); (D.G.-M.)
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15
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Anti-Tubercular Properties of 4-Amino-5-(4-Fluoro-3- Phenoxyphenyl)-4 H-1,2,4-Triazole-3-Thiol and Its Schiff Bases: Computational Input and Molecular Dynamics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9090559. [PMID: 32878018 PMCID: PMC7560126 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present investigation, the parent compound 4-amino-5-(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (1) and its Schiff bases 2, 3, and 4 were subjected to whole-cell anti-TB against H37Rv and multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) by resazurin microtiter assay (REMA) plate method. Test compound 1 exhibited promising anti-TB activity against H37Rv and MDR strains of MTB at 5.5 µg/mL and 11 µg/mL, respectively. An attempt to identify the suitable molecular target for compound 1 was performed using a set of triazole thiol cellular targets, including β-ketoacyl carrier protein synthase III (FABH), β-ketoacyl ACP synthase I (KasA), CYP121, dihydrofolate reductase, enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase, and N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate uridyltransferase. MTB β-ketoacyl ACP synthase I (KasA) was identified as the cellular target for the promising anti-TB parent compound 1 via docking and molecular dynamics simulation. MM(GB/PB)SA binding free energy calculation revealed stronger binding of compound 1 compared with KasA standard inhibitor thiolactomycin (TLM). The inhibitory mechanism of test compound 1 involves the formation of hydrogen bonding with the catalytic histidine residues, and it also impedes access of fatty-acid substrates to the active site through interference with α5–α6 helix movement. Test compound 1-specific structural changes at the ALA274–ALA281 loop might be the contributing factor underlying the stronger anti-TB effect of compound 1 when compared with TLM, as it tends to adopt a closed conformation for the access of malonyl substrate to its binding site.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Indolizines are structural isomers with indoles. Although several indole-based commercial drugs are available in the market, none of the indolizine-based drugs are available up-to-date. Natural and synthetic indolizines have a wide-range of pharmaceutical importance such as antitumor, antimycobacterial, antagonist, and antiproliferative activities. This prompted us to search and collect all possible data about the pharmacological importance of indolizine to open an avenue to the researchers in exploring more medicinal applications of such biologically important compounds. AREAS COVERED The current review article covers the advancements in the biological and pharmacological activities of indolizine-based compounds during the last decade. The covered areas of this work involved anticancer, anti-HIV-1, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-tubercular, larvicidal, anti-schizophrenia, CRTh2 antagonist's activities in addition to enzymatic inhibitory activity. EXPERT OPINION The discovery of indolizine drugs will be a major breakthrough as compared with their widely available drug-containing indole isosteres. Major work collected here was focused on anticancer, anti-tubercular, anti-inflammatory, and enzymatic inhibitory activities. The SAR study of the reported biologically active indolizines is summarized throughout the review whenever highlighted to the rationale the behavior of inhibitory action. Several indolizines with certain functions provided great enhancement in the therapeutic activities comparing with reference drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal M Dawood
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University , Giza, Egypt
| | - Ashraf A Abbas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University , Giza, Egypt
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Ningegowda R, Chandrashekharappa S, Singh V, Mohanlall V, Venugopala KN. Design, synthesis and characterization of novel 2-(2, 3-dichlorophenyl)-5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives for their anti-tubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cdc.2020.100431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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Crystallography, in Silico Studies, and In Vitro Antifungal Studies of 2,4,5 Trisubstituted 1,2,3-Triazole Analogues. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9060350. [PMID: 32575727 PMCID: PMC7344790 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 2,4,5 trisubstituted-1,2,3-triazole analogues have been screened for their antifungal activity against five fungal strains, Candida parapsilosis, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Aspergillus niger, and Trichophyton rubrum, via a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) microdilution assay. Compounds GKV10, GKV11, and GKV15 emerged as promising antifungal agents against all the fungal strains used in the current study. One of the highly active antifungal compounds, GKV10, was selected for a single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to unequivocally establish its molecular structure, conformation, and to understand the presence of different intermolecular interactions in its crystal lattice. A cooperative synergy of the C-H···O, C-H···N, C-H···S, C-H···π, and π···π intermolecular interactions was present in the crystal structure, which contributed towards the overall stabilization of the lattice. A molecular docking study was conducted for all the test compounds against Candida albicans lanosterol-14α-demethylase (pdb = 5 tzl). The binding stability of the highly promising antifungal test compound, GKV15, from the series was then evaluated by molecular dynamics studies.
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19
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Abstract
A series of yeast strains was tested in order to evaluate their catalytic potential in biocatalysis of one-pot indolizine’s synthesis. Yeast cultivation was performed in a submerged system at 28 °C for 72 h at 180 rpm. An assessment of the reagents’ toxicity on yeast viability and metabolic functionality concluded that the growth potential of three Yarrowia lipolytica strains were least affected by the reactants compared to the other yeast strains. Further, crude fermentation products (biomass and cell-free supernatant)—obtained by submerged cultivation of these yeasts—were used in multistep cascade reactions for the production of fluorescent indolizine compounds with important biologic activities. A whole–cell catalyzed multicomponent reaction of activated alkynes, α-bromo-carbonyl reagents and 4,4′-bipyridine, at room temperature in buffer solution led to the efficient synthesis of bis-indolizines 4a, 4b and 4c, in good-to-excellent yields (47%–77%). The metabolites of the selected Y. lipolytica strains can be considered effective biocatalysts in cycloaddition reactions and the high purity and bioconversion yields of the synthesized indolizines indicates a great potential of this type of “green” catalysts. Seeds of Triticum estivum L. were used to investigate the impact of the final products on the germination and seedling growth. The most sensitive physiological parameters suggest that indolizines, at the concentrations tested, have non-toxic effect on germination and seedling growth of wheat, fact also confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy images.
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Cytotoxicity and Antimycobacterial Properties of Pyrrolo[1,2- a]quinoline Derivatives: Molecular Target Identification and Molecular Docking Studies. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9050233. [PMID: 32392709 PMCID: PMC7277568 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9050233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of ethyl 1-(substituted benzoyl)-5-methylpyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoline-3-carboxylates 4a–f and dimethyl 1-(substituted benzoyl)-5-methylpyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoline-2,3-dicarboxylates 4g–k have been synthesized and evaluated for their anti-tubercular (TB) activities against H37Rv (American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strain 25177) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by resazurin microplate assay (REMA). Molecular target identification for these compounds was also carried out by a computational approach. All test compounds exhibited anti-tuberculosis (TB) activity in the range of 8–128 µg/mL against H37Rv. The test compound dimethyl-1-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-5-methylpyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoline-2,3-dicarboxylate 4j emerged as the most promising anti-TB agent against H37Rv and multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at 8 and 16 µg/mL, respectively. In silico evaluation of pharmacokinetic properties indicated overall drug-likeness for most of the compounds. Docking studies were also carried out to investigate the binding affinities as well as interactions of these compounds with the target proteins.
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Venugopala KN, Tratrat C, Pillay M, Chandrashekharappa S, Al-Attraqchi OHA, Aldhubiab BE, Attimarad M, Alwassil OI, Nair AB, Sreeharsha N, Venugopala R, Morsy MA, Haroun M, Kumalo HM, Odhav B, Mlisana K. In silico Design and Synthesis of Tetrahydropyrimidinones and Tetrahydropyrimidinethiones as Potential Thymidylate Kinase Inhibitors Exerting Anti-TB Activity Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:1027-1039. [PMID: 32214795 PMCID: PMC7082623 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s228381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose Tuberculosis has been reported to be the worldwide leading cause of death resulting from a sole infectious agent. The emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis has made the battle against the infection more difficult since most currently available therapeutic options are ineffective against these resistant strains. Therefore, novel molecules need to be developed to effectively treat tuberculosis disease. Preliminary docking studies revealed that tetrahydropyrimidinone derivatives have favorable interactions with the thymidylate kinase receptor. In the present investigation, we report the synthesis and the mycobacterial activity of several pyrimidinones and pyrimidinethiones as potential thymidylate kinase inhibitors. Methods The title compounds (1a-d) and (2a-b) were synthesized by a one-pot three-component Biginelli reaction. They were subsequently characterized and used for whole-cell anti-TB screening against H37Rv and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) by the resazurin microplate assay (REMA) plate method. Molecular modeling was conducted using the Accelry's Discovery Studio 4.0 client program to explain the observed bioactivity of the compounds. The pharmacokinetic properties of the synthesized compounds were predicted and analyzed. Results Of the compounds tested for anti-TB activity, pyrimidinone 1a and pyrimidinethione 2a displayed moderate activity against susceptible MTB H37Rv strains at 16 and 32 µg/mL, respectively. Only compound 2a was observed to exert modest activity at 128 µg/mL against MTB strains with cross-resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid. The presence of the trifluoromethyl group was essential to retain the inhibitory activity of compounds 1a and 2a. Molecular modeling studies of these compounds against thymidylate kinase targets demonstrated a positive correlation between the bioactivity and structure of the compounds. The in-silico ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) prediction indicated favorable pharmacokinetic and drug-like properties for most compounds. Conclusion Pyrimidinone 1a and pyrimidinethione 2a were identified as the leading compounds and can serve as a starting point to develop novel anti-TB therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharigatta N Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Christophe Tratrat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Melendhran Pillay
- Department of Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Services, KZN Academic Complex, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | | | | | - Bandar E Aldhubiab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahesh Attimarad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama I Alwassil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anroop B Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagaraja Sreeharsha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashmi Venugopala
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Mohamed A Morsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia 61511, Egypt
| | - Michelyne Haroun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hezekiel M Kumalo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Medical School, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Bharti Odhav
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Koleka Mlisana
- Department of Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Services, KZN Academic Complex, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban 4001, South Africa
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Anti-Tubercular Activity of Substituted 7-Methyl and 7-Formylindolizines and In Silico Study for Prospective Molecular Target Identification. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040247. [PMID: 31816928 PMCID: PMC6963442 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel series of diversely substituted indolizines were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro anti-mycobacterial activity against H37Rv and multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Many compounds exhibited significant inhibitory activity against MTB H37Rv strains. Indolizines 2d, 2e, and 4 were also found to be active against MTB clinical isolates with multi-resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid. Indolizine 4 was identified as the most promising anti-mycobacterial agent, displaying minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 4 and 32 μg/mL against H37Rv and MDR strains, respectively. Furthermore, an in silico study was carried out for prospective molecular target identification and revealed favorable interactions with the target enzymes CYP 121, malate synthase, and DNA GyrB ATPase. None of the potent molecules presented toxicity against peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cell lines, demonstrating their potentiality to be used for drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tuberculosis therapy.
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