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Mlowe F, Mlangwa J, Mkupasi E, Winkler AS, Nyerere AD, Churi A, Ngowi H, Karimuribo E. Taenia solium Cysticercosis and Taeniosis Reporting in the Current Medical and Veterinary Diseases Reporting Systems in Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vet Med Int 2024; 2024:5592872. [PMID: 38405364 PMCID: PMC10894050 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5592872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium cysticercosis and taeniosis (TSCT) are two forms of a zoonotic disease caused by T. solium tapeworm. Towards promotion of a One Health approach to the control of TSCT, we assessed TSCT reporting in the medical and veterinay sectors in Tanzania. We conducted a cross-sectional study between January and April 2020 in Babati and Mbulu districts (northern Tanzania), Kongwa district (central Tanzania), Mbinga and Nyasa districts (southern Tanzania), and the Zonal Veterinary Centres in Iringa (southern Tanzania) and Arusha (northern Tanzania) regions. A questionnaire was administered to 154 officers in charge (OsIC) of primary healthcare facilities (PHFs) and 110 meat inspectors (MIs) to collect quantitative data. Key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted to 16 medical and 17 veterinary officers from level one healthcare facilities and district livestock offices, respectively, to their respective ministries. OsIC admitted absence of specific reporting (100%, n = 154) of T. solium taeniosis and neurocysticercosis (NCC) in the medical diseases reporting system (MDRS) despite the presence of optimum facilitation in terms of report preparation and submission (92.2%, n = 154) with 83.8% (n = 154) timely report submission rate. The veterinary diseases reporting system (VDRS) accommodated porcine cysticercosis (PCC) reporting. Nevertheless, approximately 77.3% (n = 110) of the MIs admitted inadequate facilitation in VDRS that hindered efficient reporting of PCC among other diseases. In addition, all MIs admitted that disease reports submitted were incomplete, submitted late (73.3%, n = 110), or not submitted at all (88.8%, n = 110). Similarly, KIIs results revealed suboptimal facilitation and reporting efficiency in VDRS than it was with the MDRS. It is concluded that the MDRS did not provide for specific reporting of taeniosis and NCC. Inadequate facilitation of the general VDRS hindered efficient PCC reporting despite its provision for PCC reporting. A One Health approach in strengthening the medical and veterinary diseases reporting systems for efficient TSCT reporting is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredy Mlowe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - James Mlangwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ernatus Mkupasi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Andrea S. Winkler
- Center for Global Health, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Antony D. Nyerere
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ayubu Churi
- Department of Informatics and Information Technology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Helena Ngowi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Esron Karimuribo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Wilson C, Nonga HE, Mdegela RH, Churi AJ, Mkupasi EM, Winkler AS, Ngowi HA. Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding porcine cysticercosis control among smallholder pig farmers in Kongwa and Songwe districts, Tanzania: A cross-sectional study. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 44:100912. [PMID: 37652629 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis (TSTC) is a parasitic zoonotic disease that is endemic in several developing countries, causing serious public health and economic impacts. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) related to porcine cysticercosis (PCC) transmission, prevention and control among smallholder pig farmers in Kongwa and Songwe Districts in Tanzania. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 692 smallholder pig farmers from randomly selected households. STATA software version 17 was used to analyse quantitative data, summarize farmers' KAP about PCC and calculate performance scores. Nearly half (42%) of the respondents had little knowledge regarding PCC, only 17% of the respondents had good practices towards prevention/control of PCC and 72% had a positive attitude towards PCC- prevention/control measures. The majority (73%) of smallholder pig farmers admitted deworming their pigs regularly, whereas 76% reported deworming themselves and their family members regularly. Albendazole and ivermectin are the most commonly used medications for deworming people and pigs, respectively. According to the findings, the majority of smallholder pig farmers in Kongwa and Songwe Districts showed a good attitude towards PCC prevention/control measures but had limited knowledge of the PCC life cycle and control. In addition, only one in five farmers was engaged in good practices. The findings revealed further that farmers are engaged in risky behaviours that aid the spread and perpetuation of the T. solium parasite in the study area. It is recommended that farmers should be given proper health education on the T. solium transmission cycle and preventive/control practices to limit PCC transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3019, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - H E Nonga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - R H Mdegela
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - A J Churi
- Department of Informatics and Information Technology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3218, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - E M Mkupasi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - A S Winkler
- Center for Global Health, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany; Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - H A Ngowi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Holst C, Tschirhart N, Ngowi B, Noll J, Winkler AS. Utilizing community InfoSpots for health education: perspectives and experiences in Migoli and Izazi, Tanzania. Health Promot Int 2023; 38:daab187. [PMID: 34897433 PMCID: PMC10439510 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daab187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited access to health education can be a barrier for reaching the Sustainable Development Goals, especially in rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa. We addressed this gap by installing community information spots (InfoSpots) with access to the internet and a locally stored digital health education platform (the platform) in Migoli and Izazi, Tanzania. The objective of this case study was to explore the perspectives and experiences of InfoSpot users and non-users in these communities. We conducted 35 semi-structured interviews with participants living, working or studying in Migoli or Izazi in February 2020 and subsequently analysed the data using content analysis. The 25 InfoSpot users reported variations in use patterns. Users with more education utilized the platform for their own health education and that of others, in addition to internet surfing. High school students also used the platform for practicing English, in addition to health education. Most InfoSpot users found the platform easy to use; however, those with less education received guidance from other users. Non-users reported that they would have used the InfoSpot with the platform if they had been aware of its existence. All participants reported a positive view of the digital health messages, especially animations as a health knowledge transfer tool. In conclusion, different and unintended use of the platform shows that the communities are creative in ways of utilizing the InfoSpots and gaining knowledge. The platform could have been used by more people if it had been promoted better in the communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Holst
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, P.O box 1130, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Naomi Tschirhart
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, P.O box 1130, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Thompson Hall - THN 136, 25 University Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 7K4, Canada
- Oslo Group on Global Health Policy, Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, P.O. box 1130, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Family Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Kaew Road, Muang District, 50200 Chiang Mai Thailand, Thailand
| | - Bernard Ngowi
- Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), 3 Barack Obama Drive, P.O. box 9653, 11101 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. box 608, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Josef Noll
- Basic Internet Foundation, Gunnar Randers vei 19, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
- Department of Technology Systems, University of Oslo, P.O box 70, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Andrea Sylvia Winkler
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, P.O box 1130, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
- Center for Global Health, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany
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Mulilo MA, Mwape KE, M’kandawire E, Mkupasi EM. Quantitative risk assessment for human Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis exposure through consumption of pork in Mpwapwa District of Dodoma Region, Tanzania. Vet World 2023; 16:895-911. [PMID: 37576769 PMCID: PMC10420725 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.895-911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Pig farming is a livelihood activity undertaken by many rural communities in Tanzania. However, pigs in rural communities become infected with Taenia solium, a zoonotic parasite leading to porcine cysticercosis (PCC). Thus, routine meat inspection is fundamental in ensuring that the meat consumed is PCC-free. However, routine meat inspection is constrained by low sensitivity as a diagnostic test. Regardless of its low sensitivity, at the local level, no substitute tool would potentially lead to meat being risk-free for human infection. This study aimed at quantifying the risk of humans getting exposed to T. solium taeniasis through the consumption of pork approved safe for human consumption by employing a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) model. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study employing a quantitative risk assessment technique was conducted to quantify the risk of human infection in Mpwapwa District through exposure to T. solium infection through consumption of officially inspected pork. The input parameters in this study were simulated in @risk software to obtain the risk of exposure and the risk factors for exposure to T. solium taeniasis. Results The risk of one getting exposed to T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis (TSTC) through consumption of pork approved for human consumption was found to be 0.018 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.00-0.0250). Likewise, the probability that a cyst is localized in a pork portion was found to be the most influencing input risk factor of getting exposed to TSTC. Furthermore, the probability of developing T. solium taeniasis was estimated to be 0.73605 (95% CI = 0-0.950) when infected undercooked pork portion is consumed and 0.99652 (95% CI = 0.98161-0.99908) from consuming raw pork portion. Likewise, about 47 (95% CI = 42-52) people who consumed undercooked pork and 26 (95% CI = 22-30) who consumed raw pork would get infected in Mpwapwa District per year. Conclusion The results from this study are anticipated to create public awareness of the problem and promote the use of one-health approach in the control and prevention of the consumption of infected pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misheck A. Mulilo
- Livestock Training Agency, Department of Training, Research and Consultancy, Mpwapwa, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Kabemba E. Mwape
- Department of Clinical Studies, The University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ethel M’kandawire
- Department of Disease Control, The University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ernatus M. Mkupasi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Sanga TA, Maganira JD, Kidima WB. An epidemiological survey of porcine cysticercosis in Rungwe District, Tanzania. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105866. [PMID: 36736267 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Taeniasis/cysticercosis caused by tapeworms belonging to the genus Taenia, poses serious veterinary and public health problems, resulting in economic burden in endemic low-income countries worldwide. However, little epidemiological data exist on infection status among pigs in many areas in Tanzania. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in Rungwe District, Mbeya Region, Tanzania, to define the prevalence and risk factors associated with porcine cysticercosis transmission. One-hundred sixty-nine pigs from 152 households were examined for circulating taeniid antigens by cysticercosis antigen (Ag) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to differentially diagnose Taenia species-specific cysticerci DNA bands. Structured questionnaires were administered in the surveyed households to collect information on risk factors for porcine cysticercosis transmission. Sera from eleven household pigs tested positive for porcine cysticercosis in the Ag-ELISA with an apparent prevalence of 6.5 % (95 % C.I. 3.8-11.3 %) and estimated true prevalence of 6.1 % (95 % C.I. 3.3-10.9 %). DNA Gel electrophoresis confirmed that 100 % of cysticerci isolated amongst pigs slaughtered in the study area belonged to T. solium. Of the five surveyed wards, positive household pigs were from Bulyaga, Kiwira, and Mpuguso. Lack of knowledge on porcine cysticercosis among household members was found to be significantly associated with positivity of Taenia species antigen in pigs sera (OR = 7.742, p = 0.017). Our results show that porcine cysticercosis is prevalent in Rungwe. There is a definite need to establish control measures against this potential zoonosis to safeguard veterinary and public health in the Rungwe District.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tusane Alatupa Sanga
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Justine Daudi Maganira
- Department of Biosciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3038, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Winifrida Benedict Kidima
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Ngwili N, Sentamu DN, Korir M, Adriko M, Beinamaryo P, Dione MM, Kaducu JM, Mubangizi A, Mwinzi PN, Thomas LF, Dixon MA. Spatial and temporal distribution of Taenia solium and its risk factors in Uganda. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 129:274-284. [PMID: 36805327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The lack of subnational mapping of the zoonotic cestode Taenia solium in endemic countries presents a major challenge to achieving intensified T. solium control milestones, as outlined in the "World Health Organization neglected tropical disease roadmap by 2030". We conducted a mapping study in Uganda, considered to be endemic, to identify subnational high-risk areas. METHODS T. solium prevalence data, adjusted for diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in a Bayesian framework, were identified through a systematic review. Spatial autocorrelation and interpolation techniques were used to transform demographic and health survey cluster-level sanitation and poverty indicators, overlaid onto a pig density map for Uganda into modelled porcine cysticercosis (PCC) risk maps. RESULTS A total of 16 articles (n = 11 PCC and n = 5 human cysticercosis (HCC) and/or human taeniasis) were included in the final analysis. The observed HCC prevalence ranged from 0.01% to 6.0% (confidence interval range: 0.004-11.4%), whereas the adjusted PCC ranged from 0.3 to 93.9% (uncertainty interval range: 0-99.8%). There was substantial variation in the modelled PCC risk factors and prevalence across Uganda and over time. CONCLUSION The high PCC prevalence and moderate HCC exposure estimates indicate the need for urgent implementation of T. solium control efforts in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ngwili
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Derrick N Sentamu
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Max Korir
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Moses Adriko
- Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Prudence Beinamaryo
- Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michel M Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, c/o AfricaRice, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Joyce Moriku Kaducu
- Ministry of Health: Hon. State Minister of Health, Primary Care, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alfred Mubangizi
- Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Pauline Ngina Mwinzi
- The Expanded Special Project for Elimination of NTDs, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Lian F Thomas
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Matthew A Dixon
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK; SCI Foundation, Edinburgh House, London, UK; MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Li J, Zhang L. Taenia solium taeniasis and Cysticercosis Prevalence and Control Practice in China. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.110628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis is an important global food-borne zoonosis transmitted between humans and pigs. In China, the prevalence of Theridion solium taeniasis/cysticercosis has been marked decline in recent decades based on the data revealed by both national surveys and field prevalence investigations. Health education and promotion, meat inspection, and chemotherapy are unquestionably the main control measures for diseases. It is worth noting that a variety of socio-ecological variables have been identified in the process of controlling T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis. It has become difficult for pigs to come into direct or indirect contact with or consume human excreta as pig farming practices have been shifted from traditional backyard farms to large-scale commercial pig raising systems that are still in progress. The human toilet revolution in rural areas of China has ensured hygienic separation of human excreta from contact, and thereby preventing human excreta from polluting the soil, feeds, and water. These two important fundamental preventive measures are crucial to establishing an environmental restriction between humans and pigs cannot be overlooked for interrupting or limiting T. solium transmission. In this chapter, we reviewed the epidemiology, traditional measures, and ecological determinants that significantly contributed to the dramatic decline of taeniasis/cysticercosis in China.
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Makasi CE, Kilale AM, Ngowi BJ, Lema Y, Katiti V, Mahande MJ, Msoka EF, Stelzle D, Winkler AS, Mmbaga BT. Knowledge and misconceptions about epilepsy among people with epilepsy and their caregivers attending mental health clinics: A qualitative study in Taenia solium endemic pig-keeping communities in Tanzania. Epilepsia Open 2023. [PMID: 36896648 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Taenia solium (T. solium) neurocysticercosis (NCC) affects the central nervous system and is associated with 30% of acquired epilepsy in some endemic areas. Epilepsy is a stigmatizing disease in many societies and people with epilepsy (PWE) and their families experience discrimination. This study aimed to explore the knowledge, perceptions, and experiences of epilepsy among PWE and their caregivers attending mental health clinics. METHODS In T. solium endemic areas of Tanzania, PWE and their caregivers attending mental health clinics were identified and their informed consent was sought prior to study participation. In-depth interviews were conducted in Swahili language and analyzed thematically. The coding was undertaken by two independent researchers using NVivo (Version 12, QSR International). RESULTS Thirty-eight participants were interviewed. Three themes were identified during the analysis, namely, knowledge about epilepsy; perception of epilepsy; and experience with epilepsy among PWE and their caregivers. Participants commonly defined epilepsy as a "falling disease," perceived to be caused by witchcraft, and were unaware of the association between T. solium and epilepsy. Stigmatization of epilepsy was reported as a problem. Reported treatment patterns after the initial onset of epilepsy varied widely; however, patients usually began treatment with traditional healing methods, and only later opted for biomedical treatment. Patients had generally poor adherence to antiseizure medication, which could be caused by inadequate knowledge or irregular supply. SIGNIFICANCE Level of knowledge about epilepsy was low, and NCC was not mentioned as a cause of epilepsy among participants. Epilepsy was generally perceived to be the result of witchcraft, evil spirits, or curses. Health education is needed, including an explanation of the model of T. solium transmission and the insistence on hygiene measures. This could reduce the number of new infections with T. solium, improve access to prompt biomedical treatment, and improve the lives of PWE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Makasi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Research Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College of Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Andrew M Kilale
- National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Research Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bernard J Ngowi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Research Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Yakobo Lema
- National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Research Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Victor Katiti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Michael J Mahande
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College of Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Elizabeth F Msoka
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College of Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Dominik Stelzle
- Center for Global Health, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea S Winkler
- Center for Global Health, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College of Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
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Effects of a Digital Health Literacy Intervention on Porcine Cysticercosis Prevalence and Associated Household Practices in Iringa District, Tanzania. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010107. [PMID: 36678455 PMCID: PMC9862440 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital health is considered an opportunity to engage a wider community in disease control for public health. It has been used in healthcare consultation, in medical treatments and in reporting emergencies. The current study developed digital health literacy content for public health education and assessed its effects on porcine cysticercosis prevalence, pig-keeping style and pig pen and latrine qualities. The intervention was designed and evaluated on the prevention and control of porcine cysticercosis in the Iringa District of southern Tanzania. A quasi-controlled field trial with pre-intervention and post-intervention assessments of porcine cysticercosis, pig-keeping style and pig pen and latrine qualities was conducted. A baseline cross-sectional study was followed immediately by digital health literacy intervention, which comprised educational messages on porcine cysticercosis shown on computer tablets or smartphones. Free internet access supported unsupervised community access. The 25-month post-intervention assessments revealed significantly increased pig confinement (20.1%) (p = 0.026) and pig pen quality (16.2%) (p = 0.025). However, the quality of household latrines (p = 0.453) was not improved, nor was there any significant effect on the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis (p = 0.231). The digital health literacy intervention suggests a strategy for wider and sustainable dissemination of educational messages for Taenia solium infection control.
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Porcine Cysticercosis Sero-prevalence and Factors Associated with its Occurrence in Southern Highlands, Tanzania. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Holst C, Stelzle D, Diep LM, Sukums F, Ngowi B, Noll J, Winkler AS. Improving Health Knowledge Through Provision of Free Digital Health Education to Rural Communities in Iringa, Tanzania: Nonrandomized Intervention Study. J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e37666. [PMID: 35900820 PMCID: PMC9377432 DOI: 10.2196/37666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community health education is one of the most effective measures to increase health literacy worldwide and can contribute to the achievement of specific targets of the Sustainable Development Goal 3. Digitalized health education materials can improve health knowledge as a dimension of health literacy and play an important role in disease prevention in rural sub-Saharan settings. OBJECTIVE The objective of this research is to assess the effect of a digital health education intervention on the uptake and retention of knowledge related to HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), and Taenia solium (neuro)cysticercosis and taeniosis in rural communities in Iringa, Tanzania. METHODS We conducted a nonrandomized intervention study of participants aged 15 to 45 years, randomly selected from 4 villages in Iringa, Tanzania. The intervention consisted of 2 parts. After the baseline assessment, we showed the participants 3 animated health videos on a tablet computer. After a period of 6 months, free access to community information spots (InfoSpots) with an integrated digital health education platform was provided to the intervention villages. Participants in the control group did not receive the intervention. The primary outcome was the difference in disease knowledge between the intervention and control groups, 12 months after baseline. Data were collected using an open-ended questionnaire, with correct or incorrect answers before and after intervention. RESULTS Between April and May 2019, a total of 600 participants were recruited into the intervention (n=298, 49.7%) or control (n=302, 50.3%) groups. At baseline, no statistically significant differences in knowledge of the target diseases were observed. At 12 months after intervention, knowledge about HIV/AIDS, TB, and T. solium (neuro)cysticercosis and taeniosis was 10.2% (95% CI 5.0%-15.4%), 12% (95% CI 7.7%-16.2%), and 31.5% (95% CI 26.8%-36.2%) higher in the intervention group than in the control group, respectively. In all 4 domains (transmission, symptoms, treatment, and prevention), an increase in knowledge was observed in all the 3 diseases, albeit to varying degrees. The results were adjusted for potential confounders, and the significance of the primary results was maintained in the sensitivity analysis to assess dropouts. The participants who reported using the InfoSpots in the 12-month assessment further increased their knowledge about the target diseases by 6.8% (HIV/AIDS), 7.5% (TB), and 13.9% higher mean proportion of correct answers compared with the participants who did not use the InfoSpots. CONCLUSIONS Digital health education based on animated health videos and the use of free InfoSpots has significant potential to improve health knowledge, especially in rural areas of low- and middle-income countries. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03808597; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03808597. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR2-10.2196/25128.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Holst
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dominik Stelzle
- Center for Global Health, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lien My Diep
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Felix Sukums
- Directorate of Information and Communication Technology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Bernard Ngowi
- Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.,Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Josef Noll
- Basic Internet Foundation, Kjeller, Norway.,Department of Technology Systems, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea Sylvia Winkler
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Global Health, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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12
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Challenges in the Diagnosis of Taenia solium Cysticercosis and Taeniosis in Medical and Veterinary Settings in Selected Regions of Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study. Vet Med Int 2022; 2022:7472051. [PMID: 35815231 PMCID: PMC9262556 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7472051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taenia solium (neuro) cysticercosis/taeniosis (TSCT) is a zoonotic disease complex. There is a perceived inefficient diagnosis of infections by either form, the adult pork tapeworm (taeniosis) and the larval stage of it (cysticercosis), in low-income settings, including Tanzania. This study aimed at identifying potential gaps around TSCT diagnosis and knowledge of primary healthcare providers (officers in charge (OICs) of primary healthcare facilities (PHFs)) and veterinarians (meat inspectors (MIs)) on various aspects of TSCT disease complex and addressing effective disease control in Tanzania. Methodology. A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and April 2020 in Manyara, Dodoma, Ruvuma, Iringa, and Arusha regions in Babati, Mbulu, Kongwa, Mbinga, and Nyasa districts. We interviewed 152 OICs of PHFs and 108 MIs using a structured questionnaire and 33 medical and veterinary officers from level I healthcare facilities and district livestock offices, respectively, from selected study districts to the respective ministerial level using key informant interviews. Results Quantitative data revealed inadequate microscopic diagnostic facilities (54.6%) and personnel (100%) for taeniosis diagnosis in PHFs (n = 152). Approximately 81.2% of MIs compared with only 42.1% of OICs of PHFs scored above average regarding T. solium cysticerci knowledge. Nevertheless, 61.2% of OICs of PHFs compared with only 42.6% of MIs scored above average regarding the adult T. solium tapeworm knowledge. Qualitative data revealed inadequate availability of advanced diagnostic facilities (neuroimaging) and trained personnel for specific diagnosis of TSCT with a focus on neurocysticercosis (NCC) in secondary and tertiary healthcare facilities. Inadequately number of qualified MIs, slaughter slabs, and resource facilitation challenged porcine cysticercosis diagnosis. Conclusion It is concluded that diagnostic capacity and knowledge of OICs of PHFs and MIs regarding TSCT are insufficient in both medical and veterinary sectors. A One Health approach should be adopted to improve TSCT diagnostic capacity and practitioners' knowledge in both medical and veterinary sectors.
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Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is an important cause of neurological disease worldwide, including imported cases in nonendemic countries. PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to update information on diagnosis, management, and prevention of neurocysticercosis. RECENT FINDINGS WHO and Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene guidelines emphasize the importance of corticosteroids and antiparasitic drugs for viable parenchymal disease and single enhancing lesions. Subarachnoid NCC is associated with a high fatality rate unless optimally treated. Advances in subarachnoid NCC include use of prolonged antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory courses and the increasing use of antigen-detection and quantitative PCR assays in diagnosis and follow-up. Emerging data support the safety and efficacy of minimally invasive surgery in ventricular cases. Calcified neurocysticercosis continues to be associated with a high burden of disease. Field studies are demonstrating the feasibility of eradication using a combination of mass chemotherapy for human tapeworms and vaccination/treatment of porcine cysticercosis. SUMMARY NCC remains an important and challenging cause of neurological disease with significant morbidity despite advances in treatment and prevention.
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Veeravigrom M, Thampratankul L. Neurocysticercosis in Children. Pediatr Clin North Am 2022; 69:115-127. [PMID: 34794669 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis is one of the most common parasitic infections in the central nervous system in children. The usual clinical manifestation is new-onset focal seizure. However, there are other multiple clinical manifestations, such as increased intracranial pressure, meningoencephalitis, spinal cord syndrome, and blindness. The diagnosis needs high index of suspicion with clinical history, physical examination, neuroimaging, and immunologic studies. Recent advances in neuroimaging and serology facilitate the accurate diagnosis. Management of neurocysticercosis should focus on critical symptoms first, such as the use of antiepileptic drugs and medical or surgical therapy for increased intracranial pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montida Veeravigrom
- Section of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago Biological Sciences, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Room C-526, MC 3055, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Lunliya Thampratankul
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 270 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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15
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Shyaka A, Quinnell RJ, Rujeni N, Fèvre EM. Using a Value Chain Approach to Map the Pig Production System in Rwanda, Its Governance, and Sanitary Risks. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:720553. [PMID: 35118148 PMCID: PMC8803899 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.720553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rwanda has a fast growing pig production sector projected to continue expansion, due to rising local and regional demand. We undertook a value chain analysis to establish the flows of pigs and pork in Rwanda and the roles of various actors involved, and to understand governance and sanitary risks in the value chain. Cross-sectional qualitative data were collected through focus group discussions and key informant interviews with farmers, brokers, butchers, abattoir managers, and veterinarians. Data were collected on pig production methods and inputs, the source and destination of live and slaughtered pigs, value-adding infrastructures (abattoirs and processing factories), the people involved and interactions between them, governance, and challenges. Pig production in Rwanda is dominated by smallholders, mainly as a source of supplementary income and secondarily for manure. Emerging medium-sized and large pig farms were also identified, located mainly around urban areas. Live pig markets are the main mechanism allowing various actors to buy/sell pigs. Brokers have an important role in pig transactions: they are key in setting prices at markets, examining pigs for disease, organising the supply of pigs for abattoirs and for export. Only a few formal pig abattoirs were identified, which mainly supply to pork processing factories based in Kigali and/or export to customers. Local consumers rely on informal slaughtering at farm or bar/restaurant backyards, with irregular veterinary inspection. Formal abattoirs were attended by a veterinary inspector, however a lack of record keeping was noted. Sanitary risks identified were a lack of biosecurity throughout the chain and poor hygiene at slaughter places. Lingual palpation was practised in pig markets to identify cysticercosis infection, however cyst-positive pigs were not destroyed, but were sold for reduced prices in the same market or later informally sold by the owner. There are few veterinarians attending farms, with most services provided by less qualified technicians or self-treatment of pigs by farmers. Overall, this production system is characterised by a high degree of informality at all nodes, combined with the rapid growth trajectory in the sector. These findings provide a basis to plan interventions tailored to vulnerabilities identified in the Rwanda pig value chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselme Shyaka
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Nyagatare, Rwanda
- Center for One Health, University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda
- *Correspondence: Anselme Shyaka
| | - Rupert J. Quinnell
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Rupert J. Quinnell
| | - Nadine Rujeni
- School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leeds, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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16
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Holst C, Isabwe GMN, Sukums F, Ngowi H, Kajuna F, Radovanović D, Mansour W, Mwakapeje E, Cardellichio P, Ngowi B, Noll J, Winkler AS. Development of Digital Health Messages for Rural Populations in Tanzania: Multi- and Interdisciplinary Approach. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2021; 9:e25558. [PMID: 34550081 PMCID: PMC8495580 DOI: 10.2196/25558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health workers have traditionally delivered health promotion and education to rural communities in the Global South in paper leaflet formats or orally. With the rise of digital technologies, health promotion and education can be provided in innovative and more effective formats, which are believed to have a higher impact on disease prevention and treatment. OBJECTIVE The aim of this tutorial is to illustrate how a multi- and interdisciplinary approach can be applied in the design process of digital health messages for use in the Global South. METHODS The multi- and interdisciplinary team of the Non-discriminating access for Digital Inclusion (DigI) project digitalized and customized available government-approved paper-based health promotion messages into a screen-suitable format. The team worked closely together and used its diverse expertise to develop digital health messages with disease-specific content in Tanzania's national language (Swahili) as well as English. The development process included the following phases: a local needs assessment; identification of government-approved health promotion materials in a nondigital format; identification of key health messages; creation of a practical and engaging story, easy to understand for the general public; drafting of a storyboard for an animated video with review, feedback, and revisions; forward and backward translation; audio recording of the story in both languages; finalization and presentation of the animations; development of relevant questions related to the health messages in each domain; and development of web and mobile apps to access the digital health messages. RESULTS Between 2017 and 2019, we developed key health messages, quizzes, and animated health videos to address HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, Taenia solium cysticercosis and taeniasis, and anthrax, all of which are of public health importance in Tanzania. Feedback from local stakeholders and test users was included in various phases of the process. The 4 videos and other content are available in local information spots on a digital health platform (DigI platform), established by the DigI project, in both Tanzanian Swahili and English. CONCLUSIONS Our methodological multi- and interdisciplinary approach ensures that the digital health messages for the public are clear, high quality, and align with the government's objectives for health promotion. It also demonstrates the diversity of scientific disciplines required when collaborating on a digital health project. We recommend this approach to be applied to the development of other digital health messages for a wide range of diseases. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR2-10.2196/25128.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Holst
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ghislain Maurice Norbert Isabwe
- Future Competence International, Kigali, Rwanda.,Department of Information and Communication Technology, University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway
| | - Felix Sukums
- Directorate of Information and Communication Technology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Helena Ngowi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Flora Kajuna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania
| | | | | | - Elibariki Mwakapeje
- Epidemiology and Diseases Control Section, Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania
| | | | - Bernard Ngowi
- Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.,Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Josef Noll
- Basic Internet Foundation, Kjeller, Norway.,Department of Technology Systems, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea Sylvia Winkler
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Global Health, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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17
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Trevisan C, Damme IV, Ngowi B, Schmidt V, Stelzle D, Møller KS, Kabululu M, Makasi CE, Magnussen P, Bottieau E, Abatih E, Johansen MV, Ngowi H, Ndawi B, Mwape KE, Zulu G, Dorny P, Winkler AS, Gabriël S. Trial Design of a Prospective Multicenter Diagnostic Accuracy Study of a Point-of-Care Test for the Detection of Taenia solium Taeniosis and Neurocysticercosis in Hospital-Based Settings in Tanzania. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091528. [PMID: 34573870 PMCID: PMC8470609 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium diagnosis is challenging as trained personnel, good diagnostic tools, and infrastructure is lacking in resource-poor areas. This paper aims to describe the study trial design adopted to evaluate a newly developed rapid point-of-care test that simultaneously detects taeniosis and neurocysticercosis (TS POC) in three district hospitals in Tanzania. The two-stage design included three types of patients: patients with specific neurological signs and symptoms (group 1); patients with complaints compatible with intestinal worm infections (group 2); patients with other symptom(s) (group 3). For group 1, all patients were tested using the TS POC test (stage 1), after which all positive, and a subset of negative, patients were selected for laboratory reference tests, clinical examination, and a brain computed tomography (CT) scan (stage 2). For groups 2 and 3, a similar design was adopted, but clinical examination and a brain CT scan (stage 2) were only performed in patients who were TS POC test-positive for cysticercosis. Due to the lack of a gold standard, a Bayesian approach was used to determine test accuracy for taeniosis and cysticercosis. For neurocysticercosis, a composite case definition was used as the reference standard. If successful, this study will help the future developments (commercialization and implementation) of the rapid test and improve patient management and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Trevisan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (S.G.)
| | - Inge Van Damme
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Bernard Ngowi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam 11101, Tanzania; (B.N.); (C.E.M.)
- Department of Public Health, University of Dar es Salaam Tanzania, Dar es Salaam 65015, Tanzania
| | - Veronika Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (V.S.); (D.S.); (A.S.W.)
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dominik Stelzle
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (V.S.); (D.S.); (A.S.W.)
- Chair of Epidemiology, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 80809 Munich, Germany
| | - Karen Schou Møller
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Mwemezi Kabululu
- Tanzania Livestock Research Institute (TALIRI)-Uyole, Mbeya P.O. Box 6191, Tanzania;
| | - Charles E. Makasi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam 11101, Tanzania; (B.N.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Pascal Magnussen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Emmanuel Bottieau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Emmanuel Abatih
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Sciences and Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | | | - Helena Ngowi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3021, Tanzania;
| | | | - Kabemba E. Mwape
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (K.E.M.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gideon Zulu
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (K.E.M.); (G.Z.)
- Eastern Provincial Health Office, Ministry of Health, Lusaka 30205, Zambia
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Andrea S. Winkler
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (V.S.); (D.S.); (A.S.W.)
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (S.G.)
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18
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Holst C, Sukums F, Ngowi B, Diep LM, Kebede TA, Noll J, Winkler AS. Digital Health Intervention to Increase Health Knowledge Related to Diseases of High Public Health Concern in Iringa, Tanzania: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e25128. [PMID: 33885369 PMCID: PMC8103301 DOI: 10.2196/25128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditionally, health promotion and health education have been provided to communities in the global south in the form of leaflets or orally by health care workers. Digital health interventions (DHIs) such as digital health messages accessed by smartphones have the potential to reach more people at a lower cost and to contribute to strengthening of health care systems. The DHI in this study focuses on disseminating digital health education regarding 3 disease complexes of high public health concern: HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and Taenia solium (neuro)cysticercosis or taeniasis, a parasitic zoonotic disease that requires a One Health approach. The DHI presents the participants with animated health videos (animations) and provides access to information spots (InfoSpots) with a free-of-charge digital health platform containing messages about health to rural Tanzanian communities. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to measure the effect of the DHI on health knowledge uptake and retention over time in the rural communities. METHODS This is a mixed methods study including a nonrandomized controlled trial and qualitative interviews conducted in rural Tanzania. A health platform containing digital health messages for the communities was developed prior to the study. The health messages consist of text, pictures, quizzes, and animations of everyday stories, aimed at disease prevention and early treatment. The baseline and immediate postintervention assessments were completed in Iringa, Tanzania in May 2019. The participants were interviewed by enumerators and completed questionnaires regarding health knowledge. Participants in the intervention group were exposed to 3 different health animations once on a tablet device. The participants' health knowledge was assessed again immediately after the exposure. The first follow-up survey was undertaken in August 2019. The InfoSpots with the digital health platform were thereafter launched in the intervention villages in November 2019. Qualitative interviews were undertaken in February 2020. The second follow-up was completed in June 2020. RESULTS A total of 600 participants have been enrolled in the trial. We will assess (1) the difference in knowledge scores between baseline and the immediate postintervention assessments in the intervention group and (2) the difference in knowledge scores between the intervention and control groups at baseline, 3 and 6 months post-DHI rollout. Since a randomized design did not prove feasible, potential confounders (eg, age, gender, education, and time of exposure) may be introduced, and results will be adjusted. Data analysis for the 35 qualitative interviews is currently ongoing, and perspectives and experiences related to use and nonuse of the InfoSpots are being explored. CONCLUSIONS The data have been collected, and the analysis is ongoing in this digital health study, aimed at evaluating the effects of a DHI based on relevant health messages. The publications of results can be expected this year. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03808597; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03808597. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR1-10.2196/25128.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Holst
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Felix Sukums
- Directorate of ICT, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Bernard Ngowi
- Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Lien My Diep
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Josef Noll
- Basic Internet Foundation, Kjeller, Norway
- Department of Technology Systems, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea Sylvia Winkler
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Global Health, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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19
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Kabululu ML, Johansen MV, Mlangwa JED, Mkupasi EM, Braae UC, Trevisan C, Colston A, Cordel C, Lightowlers MW, Ngowi HA. Performance of Ag-ELISA in the diagnosis of Taenia solium cysticercosis in naturally infected pigs in Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:534. [PMID: 33109255 PMCID: PMC7590492 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taenia solium is a zoonotic parasite responsible for neurocysticercosis—a major cause of late-onset acquired epilepsy in humans. Lack of affordable, specific and sensitive diagnostic tools hampers control of the parasite. This study assessed the performance of an antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ag-ELISA) in the diagnosis of viable T. solium cysticercosis in naturally infected slaughter-age pigs in an endemic area in Tanzania. Methods A total of 350 pigs were bled before they were slaughtered and their carcases examined. Serum was analyzed for circulating antigens by using a monoclonal antibody-based B158/B60 Ag-ELISA. Each carcase was examined for the presence of Taenia hydatigena cysticerci and half carcase musculature together with the whole brain, head muscles, tongue, heart and diaphragm were sliced with fine cuts (< 0.5 cm) to reveal and enumerate T. solium cysticerci. Half carcase dissection can detect at least 84% of infected pigs. Prevalence and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated in Stata 12. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios were determined. Results Twenty–nine pigs (8.3%, 95% CI: 5.6–11.7%) had viable T. solium cysticerci while 11 pigs had T. hydatigena cysticerci (3.1%, 95% CI: 1.6–5.5%). No co-infection was observed. Sixty-eight pigs (19.4%, 95% CI: 15.4–20%) tested positive on Ag-ELISA; of these, 24 had T. solium cysticerci and 7 had T. hydatigena cysticerci. Sensitivity and specificity were determined to be 82.7% and 86.3%, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were 35.2% and 98.2%, respectively. Likelihood ratios for positive and negative Ag-ELISA test results were 6.0 and 0.2, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the titre of circulating antigens and intensity of T. solium cysticerci (r(348) = 0.63, P < 0.001). Conclusions The Ag-ELISA test characteristics reported in this study indicate that the test is more reliable in ruling out T. solium cysticercosis in pigs, than in confirming it. Hence, a negative result will almost certainly indicate that a pig has no infection, but a positive result should always be interpreted with caution. Estimates of T. solium prevalence based on Ag-ELISA results should, therefore, be adjusted for test performance characteristics and occurrence of T. hydatigena.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria V Johansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - James E D Mlangwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ernatus M Mkupasi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Uffe C Braae
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Chiara Trevisan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Angela Colston
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Claudia Cordel
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
| | - Marshall W Lightowlers
- UVet, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Helena A Ngowi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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20
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Kabululu ML, Ngowi HA, Mlangwa JED, Mkupasi EM, Braae UC, Trevisan C, Colston A, Cordel C, Johansen MV. Endemicity of Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs from Mbeya Rural and Mbozi districts, Tanzania. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:325. [PMID: 32883326 PMCID: PMC7470673 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02543-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis is a disease of substantial economic and public health importance particularly in low-income countries. The disease was reported to be endemic in Mbeya Rural and Mbozi districts, in the southern highlands of Tanzania, the major pig production area in the country. In 2008, using B158/B60 antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ag-ELISA), porcine cysticercosis prevalence of up to 32% was reported in the districts. A number of interventions have been implemented in selected villages including an integrated approach consisting of improving pig confinement and selective treatment of pigs with oxfendazole. Mass drug administration with praziquantel targeting schistosomiasis, with an expected effect on T. solium, was also provided to school-age children in the area. This study aimed at providing an update on prevalence and intensities of porcine cysticercosis; and assessing farmers' knowledge, attitudes and practices which could be associated to disease transmission in the area. The study involved a questionnaire survey conducted using face-to-face household interviews with 890 consenting farmers; and carcass dissections performed on 282 pigs randomly selected from the surveyed households. RESULTS Twenty-six pigs (9.2%) were infected with T. solium; of which two-thirds (65.4%) had light to moderate infection intensities (1-1000 cysticerci), and one-third (34.6%) had heavy intensities (> 1000 cysticerci). Questionnaire results showed that only 5.7% of the respondents perceived T. solium cysticercosis to be an important disease in pigs. About 18.5% of the respondents were aware of T. solium taeniasis, but 32% of them were unaware of how the infection is acquired. Half of the respondents had seen cysticerci in pork, of whom 61% were not aware that consumption of infected pork could cause taeniasis. Latrines were observed to often (90%) lack doors with 45% considered accessible to pigs. CONCLUSIONS This study provided an evidence that the disease was still endemic in the area. Poor knowledge of farmers, attitudes, and risky practices responsible for disease perpetuation were also revealed. A One Health approach targeting the whole area incorporating improvement of farmer knowledge regarding disease transmission needs to be trialed as a feasible approach to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwemezi L Kabululu
- Tanzania Livestock Research Institute (TALIRI) - Uyole, Mbeya, Tanzania.
| | - Helena A Ngowi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - James E D Mlangwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ernatus M Mkupasi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Uffe C Braae
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Chiara Trevisan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Angela Colston
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Claudia Cordel
- Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
| | - Maria V Johansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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21
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Garcia HH, Gonzalez AE, Gilman RH. Taenia solium Cysticercosis and Its Impact in Neurological Disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 33:e00085-19. [PMID: 32461308 PMCID: PMC7254859 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00085-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium neurocysticercosis (NCC) is endemic in most of the world and contributes significantly to the burden of epilepsy and other neurological morbidity. Also present in developed countries because of immigration and travel, NCC is one of few diseases targeted for eradication. This paper reviews all aspects of its life cycle (taeniasis, porcine cysticercosis, human cysticercosis), with a focus on recent advances in its diagnosis, management, and control. Diagnosis of taeniasis is limited by poor availability of immunological or molecular assays. Diagnosis of NCC rests on neuroimaging findings, supported by serological assays. The treatment of NCC should be approached in the context of the particular type of infection (intra- or extraparenchymal; number, location, and stage of lesions) and has evolved toward combined symptomatic and antiparasitic management, with particular attention to modulating inflammation. Research on NCC and particularly the use of recently available genome data and animal models of infection should help to elucidate mechanisms of brain inflammation, damage, and epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector H Garcia
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Armando E Gonzalez
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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22
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McCormick DW, Bacha JM, El-Mallawany NK, Kovarik CL, Slone JS, Campbell LR. Disseminated cysticercosis and Kaposi sarcoma in a child with HIV/AIDS: A case report. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:309. [PMID: 32334521 PMCID: PMC7183726 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical manifestations of extraneural infection with the pork tapeworm Taenia solium typically affect the muscles, eyes, alimentary canal, and/or subcutaneous tissues. Children living with HIV are at increased risk for more widespread and severe manifestations of food-borne opportunistic infections, including T. solium, due to fluctuating levels of immunosuppression. We present a case of disseminated T. solium in a HIV-positive child with Kaposi sarcoma living in Tanzania with cysticercosis presenting as widespread subcutaneous nodules. Case presentation A 4-year-old HIV-positive boy in Southern Tanzania presented for evaluation of > 30 violaceous skin lesions, few subcutaneous nodules, and a circumferential violaceous penile lesion which rapidly grew after initiation of ART. The patient was clinically diagnosed with Kaposi sarcoma and started on chemotherapy with bleomycin, vincristine, and doxorubicin. He completed 10 cycles of chemotherapy, with full resolution of the violaceous skin and penile lesions but persistence of his subcutaneous nodules, thus paclitaxel was added. After 12 additional cycles of paclitaxel, his subcutaneous nodules enlarged, and biopsy of a scapular subcutaneous nodule was performed. Histopathology revealed a cystic structure with a central larval scolex and serrated spiral canal consistent with T. solium, which confirmed a diagnosis of disseminated cysticercosis. He completed a 10-day course of praziquantel and albendazole with resolution of the subcutaneous nodules. Conclusions Disseminated cysticercosis is an unusual opportunistic infection which can present as subcutaneous nodules without other typical cysticercosis symptoms. Immunosuppression – from HIV and/or chemotherapy – may unmask cysticercosis in children in endemic regions and result in more severe manifestations of this disease. Cysticercosis should remain on a clinician’s differential for subcutaneous nodules, especially in children living with HIV. Cysticercosis can mimic Kaposi sarcoma, and histopathology is essential to accurately diagnose and manage patients with concerning skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W McCormick
- Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza BCM 620, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA.
| | - Jason M Bacha
- Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza BCM 620, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA.,Baylor International Pediatric AIDS Initiative (BIPAI) at Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation - Tanzania, Pediatrics, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Nader K El-Mallawany
- Baylor College of Medicine - Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carrie L Kovarik
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J S Slone
- Baylor College of Medicine - Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Liane R Campbell
- Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza BCM 620, Houston, TX, 77030-3411, USA.,Baylor International Pediatric AIDS Initiative (BIPAI) at Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation - Tanzania, Pediatrics, Mbeya, Tanzania
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23
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Schmidt V, O’Hara MC, Ngowi B, Herbinger KH, Noh J, Wilkins PP, Richter V, Kositz C, Matuja W, Winkler AS. Taenia solium cysticercosis and taeniasis in urban settings: Epidemiological evidence from a health-center based study among people with epilepsy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007751. [PMID: 31809501 PMCID: PMC6897529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In Africa, urbanization is happening faster than ever before which results in new implications for transmission of infectious diseases. For the zoonotic parasite Taenia solium, a major cause of acquired epilepsy in endemic countries, the prevalence in urban settings is unknown. The present study investigated epidemiological, neurological, and radiological characteristics of T. solium cysticercosis and taeniasis (TSCT) in people with epilepsy (PWE) living in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, one of the fastest growing cities worldwide. A total of 302 PWE were recruited from six health centers in the Kinondoni district of Dar es Salaam. Serological testing for T. solium cysticercosis-antigen (Ag) and -antibodies (Abs) and for T. solium taeniasis-Abs was performed in all PWE. In addition, clinical and radiological examinations that included cranial computed tomography (CT) were performed. With questionnaires, demographic data from study populations were collected, and factors associated with TSCT were assessed. Follow-up examinations were conducted in PWE with TSCT. T. solium cysticercosis-Ag was detected in three (0.99%; 95% CI: 0–2.11%), -Abs in eight (2.65%; 95% CI: 0.84–4.46%), and taeniasis-Abs in five (1.66%; 95% CI: 0.22–3.09%) of 302 PWE. Six PWE (1.99%; 95% CI: 0.41–3.56%) were diagnosed with neurocysticercosis (NCC). This study demonstrates the presence of TSCT in Dar es Salaam, however, NCC was only associated with a few cases of epilepsy. The small fraction of PWE with cysticercosis- and taeniasis-Abs may suggest that active transmission of T. solium plays only a minor role in Dar es Salaam. A sufficiently powered risk analysis was hampered by the small number of PWE with TSCT; therefore, further studies are required to determine the exact routes of infection and risk behavior of affected individuals. Taenia solium cysticercosis and taeniasis is a zoonotic disease complex which affects thousands of people in sub-Saharan Africa. This parasite has a human-pig life cycle and has been considered a public health problem mainly in rural areas. As African towns and suburbs grow rapidly and disproportionally, adequate infrastructure such as sewage systems and clean water often lack while population density, trade, and travel increase. This may lead to the appearance of parasitic diseases formerly considered `rural´ in urban settings. In this study, we searched for evidence of T. solium infections in the Kinondoni district of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. We focused on people with epilepsy (PWE) since epilepsy is one of the most common and severe disorders associated with T. solium neurocysticercosis and tested all of them serologically for T. solium cysticercosis and taeniasis. We further investigated neurological and radiological characteristics. Our findings show that in our study area in Dar es Salaam 2.65% of PWE had contracted T. solium infection at some stage. Neurocysticercosis, as confirmed by neuroimaging, was found only in 1.99% of PWE. This, in combination with the relatively small number of PWE detected with taeniasis antibodies (1.66%), points towards the fact that active transmission of T. solium seems to play only a minor role in this urban setting, suggesting that infections may mainly be contracted in rural areas. Further large-scale studies are required to investigate the infection pathways and risk behavior related to T. solium infections within urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Marie-Claire O’Hara
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Elbe Klinikum Stade, Stade, Germany
| | - Bernard Ngowi
- Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Karl-Heinz Herbinger
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine (DITM), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - John Noh
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Patricia Procell Wilkins
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Vivien Richter
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Evangelical Hospital Alsterdorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kositz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Schwitzerland
| | - William Matuja
- Department of Neurology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Andrea Sylvia Winkler
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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