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Riester O, Kaiser L, Laufer S, Deigner HP. Rapid Phenotypic Antibiotics Susceptibility Analysis by a 3D Printed Prototype. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308806. [PMID: 38528800 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
One of the most important public health concerns is the increase in antibiotic-resistant pathogens and corresponding treatment of associated infections. Addressing this challenge requires more efficient use of antibiotics, achievable by the use of evidence-based, effective antibiotics identified by antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST). However, the current standard method of phenotypic AST used for this purpose requires 48 h or more from sample collection to result. Until results are available, broad-spectrum antibiotics are used to avoid delaying treatment. The turnaround time must therefore be shortened in order for the results to be available before the second administration of antibiotics. The phenotypic electrochemical AST method presented here identifies effective antibiotics within 5-10 h after sampling. Spiked serum samples, including polymicrobial samples, with clinically relevant pathogens and respective concentrations commonly found in bloodstream infections (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) are used. Direct loading of the test with diluted serum eliminates the need for a pre-culture, as required by existing methods. Furthermore, by combining several electrochemical measurement procedures with computational analysis, allowing the method to be used both online and offline, the AST achieves a sensitivity of 94.44% and a specificity of 95.83% considering each replicate individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Riester
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, 78054, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lars Kaiser
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, 78054, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery & Development (TüCAD2), 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- IFIT Cluster of Excellence EXC 2180 'Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies', University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, 78054, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
- Faculty of Science, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- EXIM Department, Fraunhofer Institute IZI (Leipzig), Schillingallee 68, 18057, Rostock, Germany
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2
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Hegde S, Khanipov K, Hornett EA, Nilyanimit P, Pimenova M, Saldaña MA, de Bekker C, Golovko G, Hughes GL. Interkingdom interactions shape the fungal microbiome of mosquitoes. Anim Microbiome 2024; 6:11. [PMID: 38454530 PMCID: PMC10921588 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-024-00298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mosquito microbiome is an important modulator of vector competence and vectoral capacity. Unlike the extensively studied bacterial microbiome, fungal communities in the mosquito microbiome (the mycobiome) remain largely unexplored. To work towards getting an improved understanding of the fungi associated with mosquitoes, we sequenced the mycobiome of three field-collected and laboratory-reared mosquito species (Aedes albopictus, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus). RESULTS Our analysis showed both environment and host species were contributing to the diversity of the fungal microbiome of mosquitoes. When comparing species, Ae. albopictus possessed a higher number of diverse fungal taxa than Cx. quinquefasciatus, while strikingly less than 1% of reads from Ae. aegypti samples were fungal. Fungal reads from Ae. aegypti were < 1% even after inhibiting host amplification using a PNA blocker, indicating that this species lacked a significant fungal microbiome that was amplified using this sequencing approach. Using a mono-association mosquito infection model, we confirmed that mosquito-derived fungal isolates colonize Aedes mosquitoes and support growth and development at comparable rates to their bacterial counterparts. Strikingly, native bacterial taxa isolated from mosquitoes impeded the colonization of symbiotic fungi in Ae. aegypti suggesting interkingdom interactions shape fungal microbiome communities. CONCLUSION Collectively, this study adds to our understanding of the fungal microbiome of different mosquito species, that these fungal microbes support growth and development, and highlights that microbial interactions underpin fungal colonization of these medically relevent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanand Hegde
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle, UK.
| | - Kamil Khanipov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Emily A Hornett
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Pornjarim Nilyanimit
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine , Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Maria Pimenova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Miguel A Saldaña
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Charissa de Bekker
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - George Golovko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Grant L Hughes
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
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3
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LaReau JC, Hyde J, Brackney DE, Steven B. Introducing an environmental microbiome to axenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes documents bacterial responses to a blood meal. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0095923. [PMID: 38014951 PMCID: PMC10734439 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00959-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The blood meal of the female mosquito serves as a nutrition source to support egg development, so is an important aspect of its biology. Yet, the roles the microbiome may play in blood digestion are poorly characterized. We employed axenic mosquitoes to investigate how the microbiome differs between mosquitoes reared in the insectary versus mosquitoes that acquire their microbiome from the environment. Environmental microbiomes were more diverse and showed larger temporal shifts over the course of blood digestion. Importantly, only bacteria from the environmental microbiome performed hemolysis in culture, pointing to functional differences between bacterial populations. These data highlight that taxonomic differences between the microbiomes of insectary-reared and wild mosquitoes are potentially also related to their functional ecology. Thus, axenic mosquitoes colonized with environmental bacteria offer a way to investigate the role of bacteria from the wild in mosquito processes such as blood digestion, under controlled laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn C. LaReau
- Department of Environmental Science and Forestry, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Josephine Hyde
- Department of Environmental Science and Forestry, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Doug E. Brackney
- Department of Entomology, Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Blaire Steven
- Department of Environmental Science and Forestry, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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4
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Harrison RE, Yang X, Eum JH, Martinson VG, Dou X, Valzania L, Wang Y, Boyd BM, Brown MR, Strand MR. The mosquito Aedes aegypti requires a gut microbiota for normal fecundity, longevity and vector competence. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1154. [PMID: 37957247 PMCID: PMC10643675 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes shift from detritus-feeding larvae to blood-feeding adults that can vector pathogens to humans and other vertebrates. The sugar and blood meals adults consume are rich in carbohydrates and protein but are deficient in other nutrients including B vitamins. Facultatively hematophagous insects like mosquitoes have been hypothesized to avoid B vitamin deficiencies by carryover of resources from the larval stage. However, prior experimental studies have also used adults with a gut microbiota that could provision B vitamins. Here, we used Aedes aegypti, which is the primary vector of dengue virus (DENV), to ask if carryover effects enable normal function in adults with no microbiota. We show that adults with no gut microbiota produce fewer eggs, live longer with lower metabolic rates, and exhibit reduced DENV vector competence but are rescued by provisioning B vitamins or recolonizing the gut with B vitamin autotrophs. We conclude carryover effects do not enable normal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby E Harrison
- Department of Entomology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xiushuai Yang
- Department of Entomology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jai Hoon Eum
- Department of Entomology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Vincent G Martinson
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Dou
- Department of Entomology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Luca Valzania
- Institut Curie, 20 Rue d'Ulm, 75238, Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Entomology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Bret M Boyd
- Center for Biological Data Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Mark R Brown
- Department of Entomology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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5
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Hyde J, Brackney DE, Steven B. Three species of axenic mosquito larvae recruit a shared core of bacteria in a common garden experiment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0077823. [PMID: 37681948 PMCID: PMC10537770 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00778-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe the generation of two new species of axenic mosquito, Aedes albopictus and Aedes triseriatus. Along with Aedes aegypti, axenic larvae of these three species were exposed to an environmental water source to document the assembly of the microbiome in a common garden experiment. Additionally, the larvae were reared either individually or combinatorially with the other species to characterize the effects of co-rearing on the composition of the microbiome. We found that the microbiome of the larvae was composed of a relatively low-diversity collection of bacteria from the colonizing water. The abundance of bacteria in the water was a poor predictor of their abundance in the larvae, suggesting the larval microbiome is made up of a subset of relatively rare aquatic bacteria. We found 11 bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) that were conserved among ≥90% of the mosquitoes sampled, including 2 found in 100% of the larvae, pointing to a conserved core of bacteria capable of colonizing all three species of mosquito. Yet, the abundance of these ASVs varied widely between larvae, suggesting individuals harbored largely unique microbiome structures, even if they overlapped in membership. Finally, larvae reared in a tripartite mix of the host-species consistently showed a convergence in the structure of their microbiome, indicating that multi-species interactions between hosts potentially lead to shifts in the composition of their respective microbiomes. IMPORTANCE This study is the first report of the axenic (free of external microbes) rearing of two species of mosquito, Aedes albopictus and Aedes triseriatus. Our previous report of axenic Aedes aegypti brings the number of axenic species to three. We designed a method to perform a common garden experiment to characterize the bacteria the three species of axenic larvae assemble from their surroundings. Furthermore, species could be reared in isolation or in multi-species combinations to assess how host-species interactions influence the composition of the microbiome. We found all three species recruited a common core of bacteria from their rearing water, with a large contingent of rare and sporadically detected bacteria. Finally, we also show that co-rearing of mosquito larvae leads to a coalescence in the composition of their microbiome, indicating that host-species interactions potentially influence the composition of the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Hyde
- Department of Environmental Science and Forestry, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Doug E. Brackney
- Department of Entomology, Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Blaire Steven
- Department of Environmental Science and Forestry, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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6
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Villegas LEM, Radl J, Dimopoulos G, Short SM. Bacterial communities of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes differ between crop and midgut tissues. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011218. [PMID: 36989328 PMCID: PMC10085046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiota studies of Aedes aegypti and other mosquitoes generally focus on the bacterial communities found in adult female midguts. However, other compartments of the digestive tract maintain communities of bacteria which remain almost entirely unstudied. For example, the Dipteran crop is a food storage organ, but few studies have looked at the microbiome of crops in mosquitoes, and only a single previous study has investigated the crop in Ae. aegypti. In this study, we used both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods to compare the bacterial communities in midguts and crops of laboratory reared Ae. aegypti. Both methods revealed a trend towards higher abundance, but also higher variability, of bacteria in the midgut than the crop. When present, bacteria from the genus Elizabethkingia (family Weeksellaceae) dominated midgut bacterial communities. In crops, we found a higher diversity of bacteria, and these communities were generally dominated by acetic acid bacteria (family Acetobacteriaceae) from the genera Tanticharoenia and Asaia. These three taxa drove significant community structure differences between the tissues. We used FAPROTAX to predict the metabolic functions of these communities and found that crop bacterial communities were significantly more likely to contain bacteria capable of methanol oxidation and methylotrophy. Both the presence of acetic acid bacteria (which commonly catabolize sugar to produce acetic acid) and the functional profile that includes methanol oxidation (which is correlated with bacteria found with natural sources like nectar) may relate to the presence of sugar, which is stored in the mosquito crop. A better understanding of what bacteria are present in the digestive tract of mosquitoes and how these communities assemble will inform how the microbiota impacts mosquito physiology and the full spectrum of functions provided by the microbiota. It may also facilitate better methods of engineering the mosquito microbiome for vector control or prevention of disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Radl
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - George Dimopoulos
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Short
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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7
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Rawat N, Sabu B, Jamwal R, Devi PP, Yadav K, Raina HS, Rajagopal R. Understanding the role of insects in the acquisition and transmission of antibiotic resistance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159805. [PMID: 36461578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a global healthcare threat that requires a comprehensive assessment. Poorly regulated antibiotic stewardship in clinical and non-clinical settings has led to a horizontal dissemination of AR. A variety of often neglected elements facilitate the circulation of AR from antibiotic sinks like concentrated animal feeding operations and healthcare settings to other environments that include healthy human communities. Insects are one of those elements that have received underwhelming attention as vectors of AR, despite their well-known role in transmitting clinically relevant pathogens. We here make an exhaustive attempt to highlight the role of insects as zoonotic reservoirs of AR by discussing the available literature and deriving realistic inferences. We review the AR associated with insects housing various human-relevant environments, namely, animal farm industry, edible-insects enterprise, healthcare institutes, human settlements, agriculture settings and the wild. We also provide evidence-based accounts of the events of the transmission of AR from insects to humans. We evaluate the clinical threats associated with insect-derived AR and propose the adoption of more sophisticated strategies to understand and mitigate future AR concerns facilitated by insects. Future works include a pan-region assessment of insects for AR in the form of AR bacteria (ARB) and AR determinants (ARDs) and the introduction of modern techniques like whole-genome sequencing, metagenomics, and in-silico modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Rawat
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Benoy Sabu
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rohit Jamwal
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Pukhrambam Pushpa Devi
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Karuna Yadav
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Harpreet Singh Raina
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India; Department of Zoology, Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Raman Rajagopal
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India.
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8
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Of Cockroaches and Symbionts: Recent Advances in the Characterization of the Relationship between Blattella germanica and Its Dual Symbiotic System. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020290. [PMID: 35207577 PMCID: PMC8878154 DOI: 10.3390/life12020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic stable symbioses are widespread in all groups of eukaryotes, especially in insects, where symbionts have played an essential role in their evolution. Many insects live in obligate relationship with different ecto- and endosymbiotic bacteria, which are needed to maintain their hosts’ fitness in their natural environment, to the point of even relying on them for survival. The case of cockroaches (Blattodea) is paradigmatic, as both symbiotic systems coexist in the same organism in two separated compartments: an intracellular endosymbiont (Blattabacterium) inside bacteriocytes located in the fat body, and a rich and complex microbiota in the hindgut. The German cockroach Blattella germanica is a good model for the study of symbiotic interactions, as it can be maintained in the laboratory in controlled populations, allowing the perturbations of the two symbiotic systems in order to study the communication and integration of the tripartite organization of the host–endosymbiont–microbiota, and to evaluate the role of symbiotic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in host control over their symbionts. The importance of cockroaches as reservoirs and transmission vectors of antibiotic resistance sequences, and their putative interest to search for AMPs to deal with the problem, is also discussed.
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9
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Zouache K, Martin E, Rahola N, Gangue MF, Minard G, Dubost A, Van VT, Dickson L, Ayala D, Lambrechts L, Moro CV. Larval habitat determines the bacterial and fungal microbiota of the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6526867. [PMID: 35147188 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito larvae are naturally exposed to microbial communities present in a variety of larval development sites. Several earlier studies have highlighted that the larval habitat influences the composition of the larval bacterial microbiota. However, little information is available on their fungal microbiota, i.e. the mycobiota. In this study, we provide the first simultaneous characterization of the bacterial and fungal microbiota in field-collected Aedes aegypti larvae and their respective aquatic habitats. We evaluated whether the microbial communities associated with the breeding site may affect the composition of both the bacterial and fungal communities in Ae. aegypti larvae. Our results show a higher similarity in microbial community structure for both bacteria and fungi between larvae and the water in which larvae develop than between larvae from different breeding sites. This supports the hypothesis that larval habitat is a major factor driving microbial composition in mosquito larvae. Since the microbiota plays an important role in mosquito biology, unravelling the network of interactions that operate between bacteria and fungi is essential to better understand the functioning of the mosquito holobiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Zouache
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Edwige Martin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nil Rahola
- CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon.,UMR MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Guillaume Minard
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Audrey Dubost
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Van Tran Van
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laura Dickson
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR2000, Insect-Virus Interactions Unit, Paris, France.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Diego Ayala
- CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon.,UMR MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Louis Lambrechts
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR2000, Insect-Virus Interactions Unit, Paris, France
| | - Claire Valiente Moro
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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10
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Kasabe UI, Kale KB, Rode NR, Shelar AV, Patil RH, Mhaske PC, Chaskar MG. Synthesis and antifungal screening of tetramethyl hexahydro-1 H-xanthene-1,8(2 H)-dione derivatives as potential inhibitors of morphogenesis and biofilm formation in Candida albicans. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04168a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of hexahydro-1H-xanthene-1,8(2H)-dione derivatives were synthesized. All the derivatives were screened for their anti-virulence properties against Candida albicans. In silico studies were performed to corroborate the experimentally observed facts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh I. Kasabe
- Department of Chemistry, Baburaoji Gholap College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune), Sangvi, Pune-411027, India
| | - Kishor B. Kale
- Department of Chemistry, Nowrosjee Wadia College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune), Pune-411001, India
| | - Nitin R. Rode
- Department of Chemistry, Nowrosjee Wadia College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune), Pune-411001, India
| | - Amruta V. Shelar
- Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411007, India
| | - Rajendra H. Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411007, India
| | - Pravin C. Mhaske
- Department of Chemistry, Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune), Pune-411030, India
| | - Manohar G. Chaskar
- Department of Chemistry, Baburaoji Gholap College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune), Sangvi, Pune-411027, India
- Dean, Science and Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411007, India
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11
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Fofana A, Gendrin M, Romoli O, Yarbanga GAB, Ouédraogo GA, Yerbanga RS, Ouédraogo JB. Analyzing gut microbiota composition in individual Anopheles mosquitoes after experimental treatment. iScience 2021; 24:103416. [PMID: 34901787 PMCID: PMC8637483 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiota of Anopheles mosquitoes influences malaria transmission. Antibiotics ingested during a blood meal impact the mosquito microbiome and malaria transmission, with substantial differences between drugs. Here, we assessed if amoxicillin affects the gut mosquito microbiota. We collected Anopheles larvae in Burkina Faso, kept them in semi-field conditions, and offered a blood meal to adult females. We tested the impact of blood supplementation with two alternative amoxicillin preparations on microbiota composition, determined by high-throughput sequencing in individual gut samples. Our analysis detected four major genera, Elizabethkingia, Wigglesworthia, Asaia, and Serratia. The antibiotic treatment significantly affected overall microbiota composition, with a specific decrease in the relative abundance of Elizabethkingia and Asaia during blood digestion. Besides its interest on the influence of amoxicillin on the mosquito microbiota, our study proposes a thorough approach to report negative-control data of high-throughput sequencing studies on samples with a reduced microbial load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminata Fofana
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso 1091, Burkina Faso
| | - Mathilde Gendrin
- Microbiota of Insect Vectors Group, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana.,Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Department of Insect Vectors, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ottavia Romoli
- Microbiota of Insect Vectors Group, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 97306 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | | | - Rakiswende Serge Yerbanga
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Institut des Sciences et Techniques, 2779 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Jean-Bosco Ouédraogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Institut des Sciences et Techniques, 2779 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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12
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Steven B, Hyde J, LaReau JC, Brackney DE. The Axenic and Gnotobiotic Mosquito: Emerging Models for Microbiome Host Interactions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:714222. [PMID: 34322111 PMCID: PMC8312643 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.714222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing availability of modern research tools has enabled a revolution in studies of non-model organisms. Yet, one aspect that remains difficult or impossible to control in many model and most non-model organisms is the presence and composition of the host-associated microbiota or the microbiome. In this review, we explore the development of axenic (microbe-free) mosquito models and what these systems reveal about the role of the microbiome in mosquito biology. Additionally, the axenic host is a blank template on which a microbiome of known composition can be introduced, also known as a gnotobiotic organism. Finally, we identify a "most wanted" list of common mosquito microbiome members that show the greatest potential to influence host phenotypes. We propose that these are high-value targets to be employed in future gnotobiotic studies. The use of axenic and gnotobiotic organisms will transition the microbiome into another experimental variable that can be manipulated and controlled. Through these efforts, the mosquito will be a true model for examining host microbiome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaire Steven
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Josephine Hyde
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jacquelyn C. LaReau
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Doug E. Brackney
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
- Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
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13
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Domínguez-Santos R, Pérez-Cobas AE, Cuti P, Pérez-Brocal V, García-Ferris C, Moya A, Latorre A, Gil R. Interkingdom Gut Microbiome and Resistome of the Cockroach Blattella germanica. mSystems 2021; 6:6/3/e01213-20. [PMID: 33975971 PMCID: PMC8125077 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01213-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cockroaches are intriguing animals with two coexisting symbiotic systems, an endosymbiont in the fat body, involved in nitrogen metabolism, and a gut microbiome whose diversity, complexity, role, and developmental dynamics have not been fully elucidated. In this work, we present a metagenomic approach to study Blattella germanica populations not treated, treated with kanamycin, and recovered after treatment, both naturally and by adding feces to the diet, with the aim of better understanding the structure and function of its gut microbiome along the development as well as the characterization of its resistome.IMPORTANCE For the first time, we analyze the interkingdom hindgut microbiome of this species, including bacteria, fungi, archaea, and viruses. Network analysis reveals putative cooperation between core bacteria that could be key for ecosystem equilibrium. We also show how antibiotic treatments alter microbiota diversity and function, while both features are restored after one untreated generation. Combining data from B. germanica treated with three antibiotics, we have characterized this species' resistome. It includes genes involved in resistance to several broad-spectrum antibiotics frequently used in the clinic. The presence of genetic elements involved in DNA mobilization indicates that they can be transferred among microbiota partners. Therefore, cockroaches can be considered reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and potential transmission vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Domínguez-Santos
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (ISysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Paolo Cuti
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (ISysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Pérez-Brocal
- Genomics and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Ferris
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (ISysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (ISysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- Genomics and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (ISysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- Genomics and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Gil
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (ISysBio), University of Valencia and CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- Genomics and Health Area, Foundation for the Promotion of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
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14
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Dada N, Jupatanakul N, Minard G, Short SM, Akorli J, Villegas LM. Considerations for mosquito microbiome research from the Mosquito Microbiome Consortium. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:36. [PMID: 33522965 PMCID: PMC7849159 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00987-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been increasing interest in mosquito microbiome research, leading to large amounts of data on different mosquito species, with various underlying physiological characteristics, and from diverse geographical locations. However, guidelines and standardized methods for conducting mosquito microbiome research are lacking. To streamline methods in mosquito microbiome research and optimize data quality, reproducibility, and comparability, as well as facilitate data curation in a centralized location, we are establishing the Mosquito Microbiome Consortium, a collaborative initiative for the advancement of mosquito microbiome research. Our overall goal is to collectively work on unraveling the role of the mosquito microbiome in mosquito biology, while critically evaluating its potential for mosquito-borne disease control. This perspective serves to introduce the consortium and invite broader participation. It highlights the issues we view as most pressing to the community and proposes guidelines for conducting mosquito microbiome research. We focus on four broad areas in this piece: (1) sampling/experimental design for field, semi-field, or laboratory studies; (2) metadata collection; (3) sample processing, sequencing, and use of appropriate controls; and (4) data handling and analysis. We finally summarize current challenges and highlight future directions in mosquito microbiome research. We hope that this piece will spark discussions around this area of disease vector biology, as well as encourage careful considerations in the design and implementation of mosquito microbiome research. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nsa Dada
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Natapong Jupatanakul
- Protein-Ligand Engineering and Molecular Biology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Neung, Thailand
| | - Guillaume Minard
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sarah M Short
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Jewelna Akorli
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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15
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Gwenzi W, Chaukura N, Muisa-Zikali N, Teta C, Musvuugwa T, Rzymski P, Abia ALK. Insects, Rodents, and Pets as Reservoirs, Vectors, and Sentinels of Antimicrobial Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10010068. [PMID: 33445633 PMCID: PMC7826649 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in insects, rodents, and pets. Insects (e.g., houseflies, cockroaches), rodents (rats, mice), and pets (dogs, cats) act as reservoirs of AMR for first-line and last-resort antimicrobial agents. AMR proliferates in insects, rodents, and pets, and their skin and gut systems. Subsequently, insects, rodents, and pets act as vectors that disseminate AMR to humans via direct contact, human food contamination, and horizontal gene transfer. Thus, insects, rodents, and pets might act as sentinels or bioindicators of AMR. Human health risks are discussed, including those unique to low-income countries. Current evidence on human health risks is largely inferential and based on qualitative data, but comprehensive statistics based on quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) are still lacking. Hence, tracing human health risks of AMR to insects, rodents, and pets, remains a challenge. To safeguard human health, mitigation measures are proposed, based on the one-health approach. Future research should include human health risk analysis using QMRA, and the application of in-silico techniques, genomics, network analysis, and ’big data’ analytical tools to understand the role of household insects, rodents, and pets in the persistence, circulation, and health risks of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Mount. Pleasant, Harare P.O. Box MP167, Zimbabwe
- Correspondence: or (W.G.); or (A.L.K.A.)
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley 8300, South Africa;
| | - Norah Muisa-Zikali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Technology, School of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Private Bag, Chinhoyi 7724, Zimbabwe; or
| | - Charles Teta
- Future Water Institute, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa;
| | - Tendai Musvuugwa
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley 8300, South Africa;
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
- Integrated Science Association (ISA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Akebe Luther King Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Correspondence: or (W.G.); or (A.L.K.A.)
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16
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El-Shershaby MH, El-Gamal KM, Bayoumi AH, El-Adl K, Alswah M, Ahmed HEA, Al-Karmalamy AA, Abulkhair HS. The antimicrobial potential and pharmacokinetic profiles of novel quinoline-based scaffolds: synthesis and in silico mechanistic studies as dual DNA gyrase and DHFR inhibitors. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02838c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of pathogenic microbes to currently available antimicrobial agents has been considered a global alarming concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H. El-Shershaby
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Al-Azhar University
- Nasr City 11884
- Egypt
| | - Kamal M. El-Gamal
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Al-Azhar University
- Nasr City 11884
- Egypt
| | - Ashraf H. Bayoumi
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Al-Azhar University
- Nasr City 11884
- Egypt
| | - Khaled El-Adl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Al-Azhar University
- Cairo
- Egypt
| | - Mohamed Alswah
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Al-Azhar University
- Nasr City 11884
- Egypt
| | - Hany E. A. Ahmed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Al-Azhar University
- Nasr City 11884
- Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Karmalamy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Horus University - Egypt
- New Damietta
- Egypt
| | - Hamada S. Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Al-Azhar University
- Nasr City 11884
- Egypt
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17
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El-Shershaby MH, El-Gamal KM, Bayoumi AH, El-Adl K, Ahmed HEA, Abulkhair HS. Synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation, DNA gyrase inhibition, and in silico pharmacokinetic studies of novel quinoline derivatives. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 354:e2000277. [PMID: 33078877 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial evaluation of novel quinoline derivatives as DNA gyrase inhibitors. The preliminary antimicrobial activity was assessed against a panel of pathogenic microbes including Gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis), Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli), and fungal strains (Aspergillus fumigatus, Syncephalastrum racemosum, Geotrichum candidum, and Candida albicans). Compounds that revealed the best activity were subjected to further biological studies to determine their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against the selected pathogens as well as their in vitro activity against the E. coli DNA gyrase, to realize whether their antimicrobial action is mediated via inhibition of this enzyme. Four of the new derivatives (14, 17, 20, and 23) demonstrated a relatively potent antimicrobial activity with MIC values in the range of 0.66-5.29 μg/ml. Among them, compound 14 exhibited a particularly potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against most of the tested strains of bacteria and fungi, with MIC values in the range of 0.66-3.98 μg/ml. A subsequent in vitro investigation against the bacterial DNA gyrase target enzyme revealed a significant potent inhibitory activity of quinoline derivative 14, which can be observed from its IC50 value (3.39 μM). Also, a molecular docking study of the most active compounds was carried out to explore the binding affinity of the new ligands toward the active site of DNA gyrase enzyme as a proposed target of their activity. Furthermore, the ADMET profiles of the most highly effective derivatives were analyzed to evaluate their potentials to be developed as good drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H El-Shershaby
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kamal M El-Gamal
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf H Bayoumi
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled El-Adl
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hany E A Ahmed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamada S Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt
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18
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Synthesis and Antimicrobial Resistant Modulatory Activity of 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone Derivatives as Agents against Some ESKAPE Human Pathogens. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/2720697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A library of six novel phenylhydrazones were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial and resistance modulating activity against a panel of Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and fungal species. The compounds were produced in good yields of 60–92% w/w and characterized using melting point, UV-visible spectroscopy, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C, and DEPT-Q) techniques. Mass spectroscopy was used to confirm the identity of one of the most active compounds, 5 [SA5]. The phenylhydrazones showed activity against all the six selected microorganisms with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the most active compounds, 1 [BP1] and 5 [SA5], at 138 µM (Klebsiella pneumoniae) and 165 µM (Streptococcus pneumoniae), respectively. Compound 1 [BP1] further demonstrated a high resistance modulatory activity at 1.078 µM against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
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