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Yon T, Réveillon D, Sibat M, Holland C, Litaker RW, Nascimento SM, Rossignoli AE, Riobó P, Hess P, Bertrand S. Targeted and non-targeted mass spectrometry to explore the chemical diversity of the genus Gambierdiscus in the Atlantic Ocean. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 222:114095. [PMID: 38631521 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus have been associated with ciguatera, the most common non-bacterial fish-related intoxication in the world. Many studies report the presence of potentially toxic Gambierdiscus species along the Atlantic coasts including G. australes, G. silvae and G. excentricus. Estimates of their toxicity, as determined by bio-assays, vary substantially, both between species and strains of the same species. Therefore, there is a need for additional knowledge on the metabolite production of Gambierdiscus species and their variation to better understand species differences. Using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, toxin and metabolomic profiles of five species of Gambierdiscus found in the Atlantic Ocean were reported. In addition, a molecular network was constructed aiming at annotating the metabolomes. Results demonstrated that G. excentricus could be discriminated from the other species based solely on the presence of MTX4 and sulfo-gambierones and that the variation in toxin content for a single strain could be up to a factor of two due to different culture conditions between laboratories. While untargeted analyses highlighted a higher variability at the metabolome level, signal correction was applied and supervised multivariate statistics performed on the untargeted data set permitted the selection of 567 features potentially useful as biomarkers for the distinction of G. excentricus, G. caribaeus, G. carolinianus, G. silvae and G. belizeanus. Further studies will be required to validate the use of these biomarkers in discriminating Gambierdiscus species. The study also provided an overview about 17 compound classes present in Gambierdiscus, however, significant improvements in annotation are still required to reach a more comprehensive knowledge of Gambierdiscus' metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Yon
- Ifremer, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | | | - Manoëlla Sibat
- Ifremer, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Chris Holland
- Beaufort Laboratory, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, NOAA, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- CSS, Inc. Under Contract to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - Silvia M Nascimento
- Laboratório de Microalgas Marinhas, Departamento de Ecologia e Recursos Marinhos, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro 22290-240, Brazil
| | - Araceli E Rossignoli
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Ocenográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radiofaro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Samuel Bertrand
- Nantes Université, Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, F-44000 Nantes, France; ThalassOMICS Metabolomics Facility, Plateforme Corsaire, Biogenouest, 44311 Nantes, France
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2
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Richlen ML, Horn K, Uva V, Fachon E, Heidmann SL, Smith TB, Parsons ML, Anderson DM. Gambierdiscus species diversity and community structure in St. Thomas, USVI and the Florida Keys, USA. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 131:102562. [PMID: 38212087 PMCID: PMC11137678 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is a widespread and complex poisoning syndrome caused by the consumption of fish or invertebrates contaminated with a suite of potent neurotoxins collectively known as ciguatoxins (CTXs), which are produced by certain benthic dinoflagellates species in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. Due to the complex nature of this HAB problem, along with a poor understanding of toxin production and entry in the coral reef food web, the development of monitoring, management, and forecasting approaches for CP has lagged behind those available for other HAB syndromes. Over the past two decades, renewed research on the taxonomy, physiology, and toxicology of CP-causing dinoflagellates has advanced our understanding of the species diversity that exists within these genera, including identification of highly toxic species (so called "superbugs") that likely contribute disproportionately to ciguatoxins entering coral reef food webs. The recent development of approaches for molecular analysis of field samples now provide the means to investigate in situ community composition, enabling characterization of spatio-temporal species dynamics, linkages between toxic species abundance and toxin flux, and the risk of ciguatoxin prevalence in fish. In this study we used species-specific fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) probes to investigate Gambierdiscus species composition and dynamics in St. Thomas (USVI) and the Florida Keys (USA) over multiple years (2018-2020). Within each location, samples were collected seasonally from several sites comprising varying depths, habitats, and algal substrates to characterize community structure over small spatial scales and across different host macrophytes. This approach enabled the quantitative determination of communities over spatiotemporal gradients, as well as the selective enumeration of species known to exhibit high toxicity, such as Gambierdiscus silvae. The investigation found differing community structure between St. Thomas and Florida Keys sites, driven in part by differences in the distribution of toxin-producing species G. silvae and G. belizeanus, which were present throughout sampling sites in St. Thomas but scarce or absent in the Florida Keys. This finding is significant given the high toxicity of G. silvae, and may help explain differences in fish toxicity and CP incidence between St. Thomas and Florida. Intrasite comparisons along a depth gradient found higher concentrations of Gambierdiscus spp. at deeper locations. Among the macrophytes sampled, Dictyota may be a likely vector for toxin transfer based on their widespread distribution, apparent colonization by G. silvae, and palatability to at least some herbivore grazers. Given its ubiquity throughout both study regions and sites, this taxa may also serve as a refuge, accumulating high concentrations of Gambierdiscus and other benthic dinoflagellates, which in turn can serve as source populations for highly palatable and ephemeral habitats nearby, such as turf algae. These studies further demonstrate the successful application of FISH probes in examining biogeographic structuring of Gambierdiscus communities, targeting individual toxin-producing species, and characterizing species-level dynamics that are needed to describe and model ecological drivers of species abundance and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy L Richlen
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - Kali Horn
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Victoria Uva
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Evangeline Fachon
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sarah L Heidmann
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 00802, USA
| | - Tyler B Smith
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 00802, USA
| | - Michael L Parsons
- The Water School, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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Ruvindy R, Barua A, Bolch CJS, Sarowar C, Savela H, Murray SA. Genomic copy number variability at the genus, species and population levels impacts in situ ecological analyses of dinoflagellates and harmful algal blooms. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:70. [PMID: 37422553 PMCID: PMC10329664 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-023-00274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
The application of meta-barcoding, qPCR, and metagenomics to aquatic eukaryotic microbial communities requires knowledge of genomic copy number variability (CNV). CNV may be particularly relevant to functional genes, impacting dosage and expression, yet little is known of the scale and role of CNV in microbial eukaryotes. Here, we quantify CNV of rRNA and a gene involved in Paralytic Shellfish Toxin (PST) synthesis (sxtA4), in 51 strains of 4 Alexandrium (Dinophyceae) species. Genomes varied up to threefold within species and ~7-fold amongst species, with the largest (A. pacificum, 130 ± 1.3 pg cell-1 /~127 Gbp) in the largest size category of any eukaryote. Genomic copy numbers (GCN) of rRNA varied by 6 orders of magnitude amongst Alexandrium (102- 108 copies cell-1) and were significantly related to genome size. Within the population CNV of rRNA was 2 orders of magnitude (105 - 107 cell-1) in 15 isolates from one population, demonstrating that quantitative data based on rRNA genes needs considerable caution in interpretation, even if validated against locally isolated strains. Despite up to 30 years in laboratory culture, rRNA CNV and genome size variability were not correlated with time in culture. Cell volume was only weakly associated with rRNA GCN (20-22% variance explained across dinoflagellates, 4% in Gonyaulacales). GCN of sxtA4 varied from 0-102 copies cell-1, was significantly related to PSTs (ng cell-1), displaying a gene dosage effect modulating PST production. Our data indicate that in dinoflagellates, a major marine eukaryotic group, low-copy functional genes are more reliable and informative targets for quantification of ecological processes than unstable rRNA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rendy Ruvindy
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Abanti Barua
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Christopher J S Bolch
- Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, 7248, TAS, Australia
| | - Chowdhury Sarowar
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW, Australia
| | - Henna Savela
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Finnish Environment Institute, Marine Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shauna A Murray
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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Tartaglione L, Loeffler CR, Miele V, Varriale F, Varra M, Monti M, Varone A, Bodi D, Spielmeyer A, Capellacci S, Penna A, Dell'Aversano C. Dereplication of Gambierdiscusbalechii extract by LC-HRMS and in vitro assay: First description of a putative ciguatoxin and confirmation of 44-methylgambierone. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 319:137940. [PMID: 36702405 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Marine toxins have a significant impact on seafood resources and human health. Up to date, mainly based on bioassays results, two genera of toxic microalgae, Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa have been hypothesized to produce a suite of biologically active compounds, including maitotoxins (MTXs) and ciguatoxins (CTXs) with the latter causing ciguatera poisoning (CP) in humans. The global ubiquity of these microalgae and their ability to produce (un-)known bioactive compounds, necessitates strategies for screening, identifying, and reducing the number of target algal species and compounds selected for structural elucidation. To accomplish this task, a dereplication process is necessary to screen and profile algal extracts, identify target compounds, and support the discovery of novel bioactive chemotypes. Herein, a dereplication strategy was applied to a crude extract of a G. balechii culture to investigate for bioactive compounds with relevance to CP using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, in vitro cell-based bioassay, and a combination thereof via a bioassay-guided micro-fractionation. Three biologically active fractions exhibiting CTX-like and MTX-like toxicity were identified. A naturally incurred fish extract (Sphyraena barracuda) was used for confirmation where standards were unavailable. Using this approach, a putative I/C-CTX congener in G. balechii was identified for the first time, 44-methylgambierone was confirmed at 8.6 pg cell-1, and MTX-like compounds were purported. This investigative approach can be applied towards other harmful algal species of interest. The identification of a microalgal species herein, G. balechii (VGO920) which was found capable of producing a putative I/C-CTX in culture is an impactful advancement for global CP research. The large-scale culturing of G. balechii could be used as a source of I/C-CTX reference material not yet commercially available, thus, fulfilling an analytical gap that currently hampers the routine determination of CTXs in various environmental and human health-relevant matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Christopher R Loeffler
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy; Institute for Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology "G. Salvatore," National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valentina Miele
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Varriale
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Michela Varra
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcello Monti
- Institute for Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology "G. Salvatore," National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Varone
- Institute for Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology "G. Salvatore," National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Dorina Bodi
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Astrid Spielmeyer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Samuela Capellacci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Campus E. Mattei, Urbino, Italy
| | - Antonella Penna
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Campus E. Mattei, Urbino, Italy
| | - Carmela Dell'Aversano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, 90133, Italy
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5
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Tester PA, Litaker RW, Soler-Onís E, Fernández-Zabala J, Berdalet E. Using artificial substrates to quantify Gambierdiscus and other toxic benthic dinoflagellates for monitoring purposes. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 120:102351. [PMID: 36470606 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Collecting methods generally used to determine cell abundances of toxic benthic dinoflagellates (BHAB) use cells dislodged from either macrophytes or artificial substrates. This article compares the advantages of the macrophyte and artificial substrate methods and discusses which method is more appropriate for use in monitoring programs that focus on toxic BHAB species identification and quantification. The concept of benthic dinoflagellate "preference" for specific macrophytes was also reviewed. Examination of data from 75 field studies showed macrophytes with higher surface area per unit biomass harbored higher concentrations of Gambierdiscus cells. There was no definitive evidence that cells were actively selecting one macrophyte over another. This observation supports the use of artificial substrates (AS) as a means of assessing cell abundances in complex habitats because cell counts are normalized to a standardized surface area, not macrophyte biomass. The artificial substrate method represents the most robust approach, currently available, for collecting toxic, benthic dinoflagellates for a cell-based early warning system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- CSS Inc., Under Contract to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Rd., Beaufort, NC, 28516, USA
| | - Emilio Soler-Onís
- Observatorio Canario de Algas Nocivas (OCHAB), FCPCT-ULPGC, Parque Científico Tecnológico Marino de Taliarte, C/ Miramar, 121. 35214 Taliarte, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain; Grupo de Ecofisiología Marina (EOMAR), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Juan Fernández-Zabala
- Observatorio Canario de Algas Nocivas (OCHAB), FCPCT-ULPGC, Parque Científico Tecnológico Marino de Taliarte, C/ Miramar, 121. 35214 Taliarte, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain; Grupo de Ecofisiología Marina (EOMAR), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Elisa Berdalet
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Stuart J, Smith KF, Rhodes L, Murray JS, Viallon J, Henry K, Darius HT, Murray SA, De Azevedo CD, Argyle P, Chinain M. Geographical distribution, molecular and toxin diversity of the dinoflagellate species Gambierdiscus honu in the Pacific region. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 118:102308. [PMID: 36195424 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An increase in cases of ciguatera poisoning (CP) and expansion of the causative species in the South Pacific region highlight the need for baseline data on toxic microalgal species to help identify new areas of risk and manage known hot spots. Gambierdiscus honu is a toxin producing and potential CP causing dinoflagellate species, first described in 2017. Currently no high-resolution geographical distribution, intraspecific genetic variation or toxin production diversity data is available for G. honu. This research aimed to further characterize G. honu by investigating its distribution using species-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction assays at 25 sites in an area spanning ∼8000 km of the Coral Sea/Pacific Ocean, and assessing intraspecific genetic variation, toxicity and toxin production of isolated strains. Assessment of genetic variation of the partial rRNA operon of isolates demonstrated no significant intraspecific population structure, in addition to a lack of adherence to isolation by distance (IBD) model of evolution. The detected distribution of G. honu in the Pacific region was within the expected tropical to temperate latitudinal ranges of 10° to -30° and extended from Australia to French Polynesia. In the lipophilic fractions, the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) showed no ciguatoxin (CTX)-like activity for nine of the 10 isolates, and an atypical pattern for CAWD233 isolate which showed cytotoxic activity in OV- and OV+ conditions. In the same way, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis confirmed no Pacific-CTXs (CTX-3B, CTX-3C, CTX-4A, CTX-4B) were produced by the ten strains. The CBA-N2a assessment of the hydrophilic fractions showed moderate to high cytotoxicity in both OV- and OV+ condition for all the strains showing a cytotoxic profile similar to that of gambierone. Indeed, this study is the first to show the cytotoxic activity of gambierone on mouse neuroblastoma cells while no cytotoxicity was observed when 44-MG was analysed at the same concentrations using the CBA-N2a. Analysis of the hydrophilic via LC-MS/MS confirmed production of gambierone in all isolates, ranging from 2.1 to 38.1 pg/cell, with 44-methylgambierone (44-MG) also produced by eight of the isolates, ranging from 0.3 to 42.9 pg/cell. No maitotoxin-1 was detected in any of the isolates. Classification of the G. honu strains according to the quantities of gambierone produced aligned with the classification of their cytotoxicity using the CBA-N2a. Finally, no maitotoxin-1 (MTX) was detected in any of the isolates. This study shows G. honu is widely distributed within the Pacific region with no significant intraspecific population structure present. This aligns with the view of microalgal populations as global metapopulations, however more in-depth assessment with other genetic markers could detect further structure. Toxicity diversity across 10 isolates assessed did not display any geographical patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqui Stuart
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand.
| | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lesley Rhodes
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - J Sam Murray
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé - UMR EIO, Laboratoire des Biotoxines Marines, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Kevin Henry
- Institut Louis Malardé - UMR EIO, Laboratoire des Biotoxines Marines, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - H Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé - UMR EIO, Laboratoire des Biotoxines Marines, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | | | | | - Phoebe Argyle
- University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé - UMR EIO, Laboratoire des Biotoxines Marines, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
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Ajani PA, Henriquez-Nunez HF, Verma A, Nagai S, Uchida H, Tesoriero MJ, Farrell H, Zammit A, Brett S, Murray SA. Mapping the development of a Dinophysis bloom in a shellfish aquaculture area using a novel molecular qPCR assay. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 116:102253. [PMID: 35710205 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhetic shellfish toxins produced by certain species of the marine dinoflagellate Dinophysis can accumulate in shellfish in high concentrations, representing a significant food safety issue worldwide. This risk is routinely managed by monitoring programs in shellfish producing areas, however the methods used to detect these harmful marine microbes are not usually automated nor conducted onsite, and are often expensive and require specialized expertise. Here we designed a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay based on the ITS-5.8S ribosomal region of Dinophysis spp. and evaluated its specificity, efficiency, and sensitivity to detect species belonging to this genus. We designed and tested twenty sets of primers pairs using three species of Dinophysis - D. caudata, D. fortii and D. acuminata. We optimized a qPCR assay using the primer pair that sufficiently amplified each of the target species (Dacu_11F/Dacu_11R), and tested this assay for cross-reactivity with other dinoflagellates and diatoms in the laboratory (11 species) and in silico 8 species (15 strains) of Dinophysis, 3 species of Ornithocercus and 2 species of Phalacroma. The qPCR assay returned efficiencies of 92.4% for D. caudata, 91.3% for D fortii, and 91.5% for D. acuminata, while showing no cross-reactivity with other phytoplankton taxa. Finally, we applied this assay to a D. acuminata bloom which occurred in an oyster producing estuary in south eastern Australia, and compared cell numbers inferred by qPCR to those determined by microscopy counts (max abund. ∼6.3 × 103 and 5.3 × 103 cells L-1 respectively). Novel molecular tools such as qPCR have the potential to be used on-farm, be automated, and provide an early warning for the management of harmful algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope A Ajani
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; Food Agility CRC Ltd, 175 Pitt St, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
| | - Hernan F Henriquez-Nunez
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; Food Agility CRC Ltd, 175 Pitt St, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Arjun Verma
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; Food Agility CRC Ltd, 175 Pitt St, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- Coastal and Inland Fisheries Ecosystems Division, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency. 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Hajime Uchida
- Seafood Safety and Technology Division, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Matthew J Tesoriero
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; Food Agility CRC Ltd, 175 Pitt St, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Hazel Farrell
- NSW Food Authority, NSW Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 232, Taree 2430, Australia
| | - Anthony Zammit
- NSW Food Authority, NSW Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 232, Taree 2430, Australia
| | - Steve Brett
- Microalgal Services, 308 Tucker Rd, Ormond 3204, Australia
| | - Shauna A Murray
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; Food Agility CRC Ltd, 175 Pitt St, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
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8
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Elleuch J, Ben Amor F, Barkallah M, Haj Salah J, Smith KF, Aleya L, Fendri I, Abdelkafi S. q-PCR-based assay for the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia selliformis monitoring along the Tunisian coasts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:57486-57498. [PMID: 34089447 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Karenia selliformis is a marine dinoflagellate responsible for fish-kill events. Its presence has been reported along the Tunisian coasts (south-eastern Mediterranean Sea) since the 1990s. In the present study, a quantitative-PCR assay, based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) molecular marker, was developed to detect and quantify K. selliformis in environmental bivalve mollusk samples and in seawater samples. The assay was optimized, and its specificity was confirmed using cross-reactivity experiments against microalgal species commonly found on the Tunisian coasts and/or closely related to K. selliformis. Calibration curves were performed by tenfold dilutions of plasmid DNA harboring target sequence and genomic DNA, attaining a limit of detection of around 5 copies of target DNA per reaction, far below one K. selliformis cell per reaction. The field application of the developed assay showed a powerful detection capability. Thus, the designed assay could contribute to the deployment of in-field diagnostic tools for K. selliformis blooms monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihen Elleuch
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et Microbiologie, Equipe Biotechnologie des Algues, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Faten Ben Amor
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et Microbiologie, Equipe Biotechnologie des Algues, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Barkallah
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et Microbiologie, Equipe Biotechnologie des Algues, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Jihen Haj Salah
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et Microbiologie, Equipe Biotechnologie des Algues, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, F-25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Imen Fendri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies des Plantes appliquées à l'Amélioration des Cultures, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Slim Abdelkafi
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et Microbiologie, Equipe Biotechnologie des Algues, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
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9
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Ajani PA, Verma A, Kim JH, Woodcock S, Nishimura T, Farrell H, Zammit A, Brett S, Murray SA. Using qPCR and high-resolution sensor data to model a multi-species Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) bloom in southeastern Australia. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 108:102095. [PMID: 34588117 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms, including those caused by the toxic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia, can have significant impacts on human health, ecosystem functioning and ultimately food security. In the current study we characterized a bloom of species of Pseudo-nitzschia that occurred in a south-eastern Australian oyster-growing estuary in 2019. Using light microscopy, combined with molecular (ITS/5.8S and LSU D1-D3 rDNA regions) and toxicological evidence, we observed the bloom to consist of multiple species of Pseudo-nitzschia including P. cf. cuspidata, P. hasleana, P. fraudulenta and P. multiseries, with P. cf. cuspidata being the only species that produced domoic acid (3.1 pg DA per cell). As several species of Pseudo-nitzschia co-occurred, only one of which produced DA, we developed a rapid, sensitive and efficient quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay to detect only species belonging to the P. pseudodelicatissima complex Clade I, to which P. cf. cuspidata belongs, and this indicated that P. cuspidata or closely related strains may have dominated the Pseudo-nitzschia community at this time. Finally, using high resolution water temperature and salinity sensor data, we modeled the relationship between light microscopy determined abundance of P. delicatissima group and environmental variables (temperature, salinity, rainfall) at two sites within the estuary. A total of eight General Linear Models (GLMs) explaining between 9 and 54% of the deviance suggested that the temperature (increasing) and/or salinity (decreasing) data were generally more predictive of high cell concentrations than the rainfall data at both sites, and that overall, cell concentrations were more predictive at the more oceanic site than the more upstream site, using this method. We conclude that the combination of rapid molecular methods such as qPCR and real-time sensor data modeling, can provide a more rapid and effective early warning of harmful algal blooms of species of Pseudo-nitzschia, resulting in more beneficial regulatory and management outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope A Ajani
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; Food Agility CRC Ltd, 81 Broadway, Ulitmo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Arjun Verma
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; Food Agility CRC Ltd, 81 Broadway, Ulitmo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Jin Ho Kim
- Department of Earth and Marine Science, College of Ocean Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Stephen Woodcock
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | | | - Hazel Farrell
- NSW Food Authority, NSW Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 232, Taree 2430, Australia
| | - Anthony Zammit
- NSW Food Authority, NSW Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 232, Taree 2430, Australia
| | - Steve Brett
- Microalgal Services, 308 Tucker Rd, Ormond 3204, Australia
| | - Shauna A Murray
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; Food Agility CRC Ltd, 81 Broadway, Ulitmo, NSW 2007, Australia
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10
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Loeffler CR, Tartaglione L, Friedemann M, Spielmeyer A, Kappenstein O, Bodi D. Ciguatera Mini Review: 21st Century Environmental Challenges and the Interdisciplinary Research Efforts Rising to Meet Them. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3027. [PMID: 33804281 PMCID: PMC7999458 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Globally, the livelihoods of over a billion people are affected by changes to marine ecosystems, both structurally and systematically. Resources and ecosystem services, provided by the marine environment, contribute nutrition, income, and health benefits for communities. One threat to these securities is ciguatera poisoning; worldwide, the most commonly reported non-bacterial seafood-related illness. Ciguatera is caused by the consumption of (primarily) finfish contaminated with ciguatoxins, potent neurotoxins produced by benthic single-cell microalgae. When consumed, ciguatoxins are biotransformed and can bioaccumulate throughout the food-web via complex pathways. Ciguatera-derived food insecurity is particularly extreme for small island-nations, where fear of intoxication can lead to fishing restrictions by region, species, or size. Exacerbating these complexities are anthropogenic or natural changes occurring in global marine habitats, e.g., climate change, greenhouse-gas induced physical oceanic changes, overfishing, invasive species, and even the international seafood trade. Here we provide an overview of the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century regarding the many facets of ciguatera, including the complex nature of this illness, the biological/environmental factors affecting the causative organisms, their toxins, vectors, detection methods, human-health oriented responses, and ultimately an outlook towards the future. Ciguatera research efforts face many social and environmental challenges this century. However, several future-oriented goals are within reach, including digital solutions for seafood supply chains, identifying novel compounds and methods with the potential for advanced diagnostics, treatments, and prediction capabilities. The advances described herein provide confidence that the tools are now available to answer many of the remaining questions surrounding ciguatera and therefore protection measures can become more accurate and routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Loeffler
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
- CoNISMa—National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Miriam Friedemann
- Department Exposure, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Astrid Spielmeyer
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Oliver Kappenstein
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Dorina Bodi
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
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11
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Durán-Vinet B, Araya-Castro K, Chao TC, Wood SA, Gallardo V, Godoy K, Abanto M. Potential applications of CRISPR/Cas for next-generation biomonitoring of harmful algae blooms: A review. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 103:102027. [PMID: 33980455 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Research on harmful algal and cyanobacterial blooms (HABs and CHABs) has risen dramatically due to their increasing global distribution, frequency, and intensity. These blooms jeopardize public health, ecosystem function, sustainability and can have negative economic impacts. Numerous monitoring programs have been established using light microscopy, liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS), ELISA, and spectrophotometry to monitor HABs/CHABs outbreaks. Recently, DNA/RNA-based molecular methods have been integrated into these programs to replace or complement traditional methods through analyzing environmental DNA and RNA (eDNA/eRNA) with techniques such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), sandwich hybridization assay (SHA), isothermal amplification methods, and microarrays. These have enabled the detection of rare or cryptic species, enhanced sample throughput, and reduced costs and the need for visual taxonomic expertise. However, these methods have limitations, such as the need for high capital investment in equipment or detection uncertainties, including determining whether organisms are viable. In this review, we discuss the potential of newly developed molecular diagnosis technology based on Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas proteins (CRISPR/Cas), which utilizes the prokaryotic adaptative immune systems of bacteria and archaea. Cas12 and Cas13-based platforms can detect both DNA and RNA with attomolar sensitivity within an hour. CRISPR/Cas diagnostic is a rapid, inexpensive, specific, and ultrasensitive technology that, with some further development, will provide many new platforms that can be used for HABs/CHABs biomonitoring and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Durán-Vinet
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 1145 Temuco, Chile; Bachelor of Biotechnology (Honours) Program, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 1145 Temuco, Chile.
| | - K Araya-Castro
- Doctoral Program in Science of Natural Resources, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 1145 Temuco, Chile
| | - T C Chao
- Institute of Environmental Change & Society, Department of Biology, University of Regina, Wascana Parkway, 3737 Regina, Canada
| | - S A Wood
- Coastal and Freshwater Group, Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
| | - V Gallardo
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 1145 Temuco, Chile; Bachelor of Biotechnology (Honours) Program, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 1145 Temuco, Chile
| | - K Godoy
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Microscopy and Flow Cytometry Unit, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 1145 Temuco, Chile
| | - M Abanto
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 1145 Temuco, Chile
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12
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Epibenthic Harmful Marine Dinoflagellates from Fuerteventura (Canary Islands), with Special Reference to the Ciguatoxin-Producing Gambierdiscus. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8110909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the ciguatoxin-producer benthic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus and other epibenthic dinoflagellates in the Canary Islands was examined in macrophyte samples obtained from two locations of Fuerteventura Island in September 2016. The genera examined included Coolia, Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, Prorocentrum, Scrippsiella, Sinophysis, and Vulcanodinium. Distinct assemblages among these benthic dinoflagellates and preferential macroalgal communities were observed. Vulcanodinium showed the highest cell concentrations (81.6 × 103 cells gr−1 wet weight macrophyte), followed by Ostreopsis (25.2 × 103 cells gr−1 wet weight macrophyte). These two species were most represented at a station (Playitas) characterized by turfy Rhodophytes. In turn, Gambierdiscus (3.8 × 103 cells gr−1 wet weight macrophyte) and Sinophysis (2.6 × 103 cells gr−1 wet weight macrophyte) were mostly found in a second station (Cotillo) dominated by Rhodophytes and Phaeophytes. The influence of macrophyte’s thallus architecture on the abundance of dinoflagellates was observed. Filamentous morphotypes followed by macroalgae arranged in entangled clumps presented more richness of epiphytic dinoflagellates. Morphometric analysis was applied to Gambierdiscus specimens. By large, G. excentricus was the most abundant species and G. australes occupied the second place. The toxigenic potential of some of the genera/species distributed in the benthic habitats of the Canary coasts, together with the already known presence of ciguatera in the region, merits future studies on possible transmission of their toxins in the marine food chain.
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13
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Tudó À, Gaiani G, Rey Varela M, Tsumuraya T, Andree KB, Fernández-Tejedor M, Campàs M, Diogène J. Further advance of Gambierdiscus Species in the Canary Islands, with the First Report of Gambierdiscus belizeanus. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110692. [PMID: 33142836 PMCID: PMC7693352 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is a human food-borne poisoning that has been known since ancient times to be found mainly in tropical and subtropical areas, which occurs when fish or very rarely invertebrates contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) are consumed. The genus of marine benthic dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus produces CTX precursors. The presence of Gambierdiscus species in a region is one indicator of CP risk. The Canary Islands (North Eastern Atlantic Ocean) is an area where CP cases have been reported since 2004. In the present study, samplings for Gambierdiscus cells were conducted in this area during 2016 and 2017. Gambierdiscus cells were isolated and identified as G. australes, G. excentricus, G. caribaeus, and G. belizeanus by molecular analysis. In this study, G. belizeanus is reported for the first time in the Canary Islands. Gambierdiscus isolates were cultured, and the CTX-like toxicity of forty-one strains was evaluated with the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (neuro-2a CBA). G. excentricus exhibited the highest CTX-like toxicity (9.5-2566.7 fg CTX1B equiv. cell-1) followed by G. australes (1.7-452.6.2 fg CTX1B equiv. cell-1). By contrast, the toxicity of G. belizeanus was low (5.6 fg CTX1B equiv. cell-1), and G. caribaeus did not exhibit CTX-like toxicity. In addition, for the G. belizeanus strain, the production of CTXs was evaluated with a colorimetric immunoassay and an electrochemical immunosensor resulting in G. belizeanus producing two types of CTX congeners (CTX1B and CTX3C series congeners) and can contribute to CP in the Canary Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àngels Tudó
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Greta Gaiani
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Rey Varela
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Takeshi Tsumuraya
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8570, Japan;
| | - Karl B. Andree
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Margarita Fernández-Tejedor
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Mònica Campàs
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Rossignoli AE, Tudó A, Bravo I, Díaz PA, Diogène J, Riobó P. Toxicity Characterisation of Gambierdiscus Species from the Canary Islands. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020134. [PMID: 32098095 PMCID: PMC7076799 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, several outbreaks of ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) have been reported in the Canary Islands (central northeast Atlantic Ocean), confirming ciguatera as an emerging alimentary risk in this region. Five Gambierdiscus species, G. australes, G. excentricus, G. silvae, G. carolinianus and G. caribaeus, have been detected in macrophytes from this area and are known to produce the ciguatoxins (CTXs) that cause CFP. A characterization of the toxicity of these species is the first step in identifying locations in the Canary Islands at risk of CFP. Therefore, in this study the toxicity of 63 strains of these five Gambierdiscus species were analysed using the erythrocyte lysis assay to evaluate their maitotoxin (MTX) content. In addition, 20 of the strains were also analysed in a neuroblastoma Neuro-2a (N2a) cytotoxicity assay to determine their CTX-like toxicity. The results allowed the different species to be grouped according to their ratios of CTX-like and MTX-like toxicity. MTX-like toxicity was especially high in G. excentricus and G. australes but much lower in the other species and lowest in G. silvae. CTX-like toxicity was highest in G. excentricus, which produced the toxin in amounts ranging between 128.2 ± 25.68 and 510.6 ± 134.2 fg CTX1B equivalents (eq) cell−1 (mean ± SD). In the other species, CTX concentrations were as follows: G. carolinianus (100.84 ± 18.05 fg CTX1B eq cell−1), G. australes (31.1 ± 0.56 to 107.16 ± 21.88 fg CTX1B eq cell−1), G. silvae (12.19 ± 0.62 to 76.79 ± 4.97 fg CTX1B eq cell−1) and G. caribaeus (<LOD to 90.37 ± 15.89 fg CTX1B eq cell−1). Unlike the similar CTX-like toxicity of G. australes and G. silvae strains from different locations, G. excentricus and G. caribaeus differed considerably according to the origin of the strain. These differences emphasise the importance of species identification to assess the regional risk of CFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli E. Rossignoli
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Ocenográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radiofaro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-986492111; Fax: +34-986498626
| | - Angels Tudó
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; (A.T.); (J.D.)
| | - Isabel Bravo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Ocenográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radiofaro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Patricio A. Díaz
- Centro i~mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile;
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; (A.T.); (J.D.)
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Department of Photobiology and Toxinology of Phytoplankton, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain;
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15
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Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: The Risk from an Aotearoa/New Zealand Perspective. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12010050. [PMID: 31952334 PMCID: PMC7020403 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa species have been identified in Aotearoa/New Zealand's coastal waters and G. polynesiensis, a known producer of ciguatoxins, has been isolated from Rangitāhua/Kermadec Islands (a New Zealand territory). The warming of the Tasman Sea and the waters around New Zealand's northern subtropical coastline heighten the risk of Gambierdiscus proliferating in New Zealand. If this occurs, the risk of ciguatera fish poisoning due to consumption of locally caught fish will increase. Research, including the development and testing of sampling methods, molecular assays, and chemical and toxicity tests, will continue. Reliable monitoring strategies are important to manage and mitigate the risk posed by this emerging threat. The research approaches that have been made, many of which will continue, are summarised in this review.
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