1
|
Robinson E. Veganism and body weight: An N of 1 self-experiment. Physiol Behav 2023; 270:114301. [PMID: 37474086 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The causal effect that veganism has on body weight has not been scientifically examined. An N of 1 self-experiment was conducted in which blinded body weight and additional behavioural and psychological measures were assessed during two phases of vegan vs. non-vegan lifestyle adherence. In study phase 1, body weight change was -0.8 kg over 1 month of veganism (vs. +0.5 kg non-vegan month). In study phase 2, weight change was -1.2 kg over two veganism months (vs. +1.6 kg non-vegan months). Behavioural and psychological measures were similar during vegan vs. non-vegan periods. Veganism appeared to reduce body weight in this N of 1 self-experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Robinson
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Allman-Farinelli M, Boljevac B, Vuong T, Hekler E. Nutrition-Related N-of-1 Studies Warrant Further Research to Provide Evidence for Dietitians to Practice Personalized (Precision) Medical Nutrition Therapy: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071756. [PMID: 37049595 PMCID: PMC10097352 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
N-of-1 trials provide a higher level of evidence than randomized controlled trials for determining which treatment works best for an individual, and the design readily accommodates testing of personalized nutrition. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize nutrition-related studies using an N-of-1 design. The inclusion criterion was adult participants; the intervention/exposure was any nutrient, food, beverage, or dietary pattern; the comparators were baseline values, a control condition untreated or placebo, or an alternate treatment, alongside any outcomes such as changes in diet, body weight, biochemical outcomes, symptoms, quality of life, or a disease outcome resulting from differences in nutritional conditions. The information sources used were Medline, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Central, and PsychInfo. The quality of study reporting was assessed using the Consort Extension for N-of-1 trials (CENT) statement or the STrengthening Reporting of OBservational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines, as appropriate. From 211 articles screened, a total of 7 studies were included and were conducted in 5 countries with a total of 83 participants. The conditions studied included prediabetes, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, weight management, and investigation of the effect of diet in healthy people. The quality of reporting was mostly adequate, and dietary assessment quality varied from poor to good. The evidence base is small, but served to illustrate the main characteristics of N-of-1 study designs and considerations for moving research forward in the era of personalized medical nutrition therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Allman-Farinelli
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Brianna Boljevac
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Tiffany Vuong
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Eric Hekler
- The Design Lab, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cahoon DS, Shertukde SP, Nirmala N, Lau J, Lichtenstein AH. Perspective: Appraisal of the Evidence Base to Update DRI Values-Lessons from the Past, Thoughts for the Future. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:975-981. [PMID: 35404437 PMCID: PMC9340966 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Updating evidence-based nutrient guidance is challenging. One set of recommendations for which a robust evidence base is essential is the DRIs. In the past 10 y, DRI values for 4 essential nutrients have been re-evaluated in 2 groups: vitamin D and calcium, and sodium and potassium. To support the work of the committees tasked with evaluating the available evidence, the federal agencies that sponsor the DRI reviews contracted with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality to perform systematic reviews on predefined questions for these nutrient groups. Our aims were to tabulate the studies included in these systematic reviews and then, within the context of prespecified outcomes, summarize the totality of the available evidence and identify areas for consideration to maximize the value of the end products for future DRI committees. For the outcomes of interest, the available studies did not tend to report age data consistent with the current DRI categories. For some life stage categories, particularly pregnancy and lactation, there is a dearth of data. A wide range of study interventions were used, making it challenging to combine data to accurately derive or re-evaluate DRI values. There is also an under-representation of data on race/ethnicity and overweight/obesity, which is of concern, given the shifting demographic in the US and Canadian populations. Moving forward, it may be advantageous to develop a process to prospectively target research funding for studies designed to generate data that will most closely support re-evaluation of DRI values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S Cahoon
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA,Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shruti P Shertukde
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nanguneri Nirmala
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Lau
- Center for Evidence Synthesis in Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abrahams M, O'Grady R, Prawitt J. Feasibility and acceptability of a mixed model digital study to explore the effect of a daily collagen peptide supplement on digestive symptoms in healthy females: findings from a pilot study. (Preprint). JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e36339. [PMID: 35639457 PMCID: PMC9198822 DOI: 10.2196/36339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Objective Methods Results Conclusions Trial Registration
Collapse
|
5
|
Griauzde DH, Standafer Lopez K, Saslow LR, Richardson CR. A Pragmatic Approach to Translating Low- and Very Low-Carbohydrate Diets Into Clinical Practice for Patients With Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Front Nutr 2021; 8:682137. [PMID: 34350205 PMCID: PMC8326333 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.682137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Across all eating patterns, individuals demonstrate marked differences in treatment response; some individuals gain weight and others lose weight with the same approach. Policy makers and research institutions now call for the development and use of personalized nutrition counseling strategies rather than one-size-fits-all dietary recommendations. However, challenges persist in translating some evidence-based eating patterns into the clinical practice due to the persistent notion that certain dietary approaches-regardless of individuals' preferences and health outcomes-are less healthy than others. For example, low- and very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets (VLCKDs)-commonly defined as 10-26% and <10% total daily energy from carbohydrate, respectively-are recognized as viable lifestyle change options to support weight loss, glycemic control, and reduced medication use. Yet, critics contend that such eating patterns are less healthy and encourage general avoidance rather than patient-centered use. As with all medical treatments, the potential benefits and risks must be considered in the context of patient-centered, outcome-driven care; this is the cornerstone of evidence-based medicine. Thus, the critical challenge is to identify and safely support patients who may prefer and benefit from dietary carbohydrate restriction. In this Perspective, we propose a pragmatic, 4-stepped, outcome-driven approach to help health professionals use carbohydrate-restricted diets as one potential tool for supporting individual patients' weight loss and metabolic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Hafez Griauzde
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Laura R. Saslow
- University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Witkamp RF. Nutrition to Optimise Human Health-How to Obtain Physiological Substantiation? Nutrients 2021; 13:2155. [PMID: 34201670 PMCID: PMC8308379 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Demonstrating in an unambiguous manner that a diet, let alone a single product, 'optimizes' health, presents an enormous challenge. The least complicated is when the starting situation is clearly suboptimal, like with nutritional deficiencies, malnutrition, unfavourable lifestyle, or due to disease or ageing. Here, desired improvements and intervention strategies may to some extent be clear. However, even then situations require approaches that take into account interactions between nutrients and other factors, complex dose-effect relationships etc. More challenging is to substantiate that a diet or a specific product optimizes health in the general population, which comes down to achieve perceived, 'non-medical' or future health benefits in predominantly healthy persons. Presumed underlying mechanisms involve effects of non-nutritional components with subtle and slowly occurring physiological effects that may be difficult to translate into measurable outcomes. Most promising strategies combine classical physiological concepts with those of 'multi-omics' and systems biology. Resilience-the ability to maintain or regain homeostasis in response to stressors-is often used as proxy for a particular health domain. Next to this, quantifying health requires personalized strategies, measurements preferably carried out remotely, real-time and in a normal living environment, and experimental designs other than randomized controlled trials (RCTs), for example N-of-1 trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renger F Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research (WUR), 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Manolov R, Tanious R, Onghena P. Quantitative Techniques and Graphical Representations for Interpreting Results from Alternating Treatment Design. Perspect Behav Sci 2021; 45:259-294. [DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
|
8
|
Is the N-of-1 method applicable in bodywork research? Lessons learned using a trial as a methodological pilot. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2021; 19:203-210. [PMID: 33583758 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
N-of-1 trial designs have rarely been used in bodywork research. Using a recent trial as a methodological pilot, critical issues related to the applicability of N-of-1 trials to bodywork are discussed. These include the issues of carry-over effects, bias-controlling approaches and statistical analysis. The discussion highlights the importance of mixed methods and draws some suggestions for a future research program. N-of-1 trials could be used to provide insights about some essential elements of bodywork modalities and their effectiveness.
Collapse
|