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Cabanas E, González-Lamas J. Varieties of Happiness: Mapping Lay Conceptualizations of Happiness in a Spanish Sample. Psychol Rep 2024; 127:688-720. [PMID: 36214260 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221133011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Research on lay conceptions of happiness is essential to determine what is investigated in happiness studies. Whereas psychological investigation has traditionally emphasized the importance of studying people's everyday conceptions and their relation to cultural and social factors to advance psychological theory, this line of research is still largely overlooked in the field. The Spanish context has also received very limited attention in the area. To fill these gaps, this paper examined 547 lay definitions of happiness in a sample of Spanish participants. The aims of the study were threefold. First, to map and classify the definitions elicited through an open-ended question using a bottom-up approach. Second, to analyze the relationship of happiness definitions with different sociodemographic factors. Third, to explore the relationship between happiness conceptualizations and two different happiness measures. The final classification yielded 39 codes, 15 categories, and 3 overarching types of definitions. Three main findings resulted from the study. First, happiness emerged as a highly heterogeneous concept characterized by diverse social, psychological, and theoretical descriptions. Social types of definitions stood out in the sample. Second, most definitions varied significantly with sociodemographic factors. Third, happiness scores tended to show no significant association with happiness definitions. Implications derived from these results were discussed. Altogether, the paper highlights the value of exploring lay conceptions of happiness to advance toward a more comprehensive and fine-grained understanding of what happiness means for -and, to a certain extent, of how it is experienced by- people of different cultural backgrounds and social settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Cabanas
- Faculty of Education, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Krys K, Kostoula O, van Tilburg WAP, Mosca O, Lee JH, Maricchiolo F, Kosiarczyk A, Kocimska-Bortnowska A, Torres C, Hitokoto H, Liew K, Bond MH, Lun VMC, Vignoles VL, Zelenski JM, Haas BW, Park J, Vauclair CM, Kwiatkowska A, Roczniewska M, Witoszek N, Işık İ, Kosakowska-Berezecka N, Domínguez-Espinosa A, Yeung JC, Górski M, Adamovic M, Albert I, Pavlopoulos V, Fülöp M, Sirlopu D, Okvitawanli A, Boer D, Teyssier J, Malyonova A, Gavreliuc A, Serdarevich U, Akotia CS, Appoh L, Mira DMA, Baltin A, Denoux P, Esteves CS, Gamsakhurdia V, Garðarsdóttir RB, Igbokwe DO, Igou ER, Kascakova N, Klůzová Kracˇmárová L, Kronberger N, Barrientos PE, Mohoricć T, Murdock E, Mustaffa NF, Nader M, Nadi A, van Osch Y, Pavlović Z, Polácˇková Šolcová I, Rizwan M, Romashov V, Røysamb E, Sargautyte R, Schwarz B, Selecká L, Selim HA, Stogianni M, Sun CR, Wojtczuk-Turek A, Xing C, Uchida Y. Happiness Maximization Is a WEIRD Way of Living. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2024:17456916231208367. [PMID: 38350096 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231208367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Psychological science tends to treat subjective well-being and happiness synonymously. We start from the assumption that subjective well-being is more than being happy to ask the fundamental question: What is the ideal level of happiness? From a cross-cultural perspective, we propose that the idealization of attaining maximum levels of happiness may be especially characteristic of Western, educated, industrial, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societies but less so for others. Searching for an explanation for why "happiness maximization" might have emerged in these societies, we turn to studies linking cultures to their eco-environmental habitat. We discuss the premise that WEIRD cultures emerged in an exceptionally benign ecological habitat (i.e., faced relatively light existential pressures compared with other regions). We review the influence of the Gulf Stream on the Northwestern European climate as a source of these comparatively benign geographical conditions. We propose that the ecological conditions in which WEIRD societies emerged afforded them a basis to endorse happiness as a value and to idealize attaining its maximum level. To provide a nomological network for happiness maximization, we also studied some of its potential side effects, namely alcohol and drug consumption and abuse and the prevalence of mania. To evaluate our hypothesis, we reanalyze data from two large-scale studies on ideal levels of personal life satisfaction-the most common operationalization of happiness in psychology-involving respondents from 61 countries. We conclude that societies whose members seek to maximize happiness tend to be characterized as WEIRD, and generalizing this across societies can prove problematic if adopted at the ideological and policy level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuba Krys
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences
| | - Olga Kostoula
- Institute of Psychology, Johannes Kepler University Linz
| | | | - Oriana Mosca
- Department of Education, Psychology, and Philosophy, University of Cagliari
| | - J Hannah Lee
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Northwest
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kongmeng Liew
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury
| | - Michael H Bond
- Department of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business, Hong Kong Polytechnic University
| | | | | | | | | | - Joonha Park
- Graduate School of Management, NUCB Business School
| | - Christin-Melanie Vauclair
- Centre for Psychological Research and Social Intervention (CIS-Iscte), Iscte-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa
| | | | - Marta Roczniewska
- SWPS University
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Medical Management Centre, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Nina Witoszek
- Centre for Development and the Environment, University of Oslo
| | - İdil Işık
- Psychology Department, Bahçeşehir University
| | | | | | | | - Maciej Górski
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw
| | | | - Isabelle Albert
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg
| | | | - Márta Fülöp
- Institute of Psychology, Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church
- Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - David Sirlopu
- Faculty of Psychology and Humanities, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción
| | | | - Diana Boer
- Institute of Psychology, University of Koblenz
| | - Julien Teyssier
- Département Psychologie Clinique Du Sujet, Université Toulouse II
| | - Arina Malyonova
- Department of General and Social Psychology, Dostoevsky Omsk State University
| | | | | | - Charity S Akotia
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Ghana
| | - Lily Appoh
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University
| | | | - Arno Baltin
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University
| | - Patrick Denoux
- Département Psychologie Clinique Du Sujet, Université Toulouse II
| | - Carla Sofia Esteves
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Católica Lisbon Research Unit in Business and Economics
| | | | | | | | - Eric R Igou
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick
| | - Natalia Kascakova
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University
- Psychiatric Clinic Pro Mente Sana, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | | | - Tamara Mohoricć
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka
| | - Elke Murdock
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg
| | - Nur Fariza Mustaffa
- Department of Business Administration, International Islamic University Malaysia
| | - Martin Nader
- Department of Psychological Studies, Universidad ICESI
| | - Azar Nadi
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences
| | - Yvette van Osch
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University
| | - Zoran Pavlović
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruta Sargautyte
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Vilnius University
| | - Beate Schwarz
- Department of Applied Psychology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences
| | | | | | | | - Chien-Ru Sun
- Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University
| | | | - Cai Xing
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China
| | - Yukiko Uchida
- Institute for the Future of Human Society, Kyoto University
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3
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Mayer JD, Bryan VM. On Personality Measures and Their Data: A Classification of Measurement Approaches and Their Recommended Uses. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2024:10888683231222519. [PMID: 38314773 DOI: 10.1177/10888683231222519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
We employ a new approach for classifying methods of personality measurement such as self-judgment, mental ability, and lifespace measures and the data they produce. We divide these measures into two fundamental groups: personal-source data, which arise from the target person's own reports, and external-source data, which derive from the areas surrounding the person. These two broad classes are then further divided according to what they target and the response processes that produce them. We use the model to organize roughly a dozen kinds of data currently employed in the field. With this classification system in hand, we describe how much we might expect two types of measures of the same attribute to converge-and explain why methods often yield somewhat different results. Given that each measurement method has its own strengths and weaknesses, we examine the pros and cons of selecting a given type of measure to assess a specific area of personality.
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4
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Lu H, Song Y, Wang X, Liu J. The neural correlates of perceived social support and its relationship to psychological well-being. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 17:1295668. [PMID: 38259632 PMCID: PMC10800560 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1295668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Perceived social support is considered to play a significant role in promoting individuals' health and well-being, and yet the neural correlates of perceived social support were not fully understood. An exploration of the neural correlates of individual differences in the SPS can help us to gain more comprehensive understanding about the neural correlates of perceived social support. What's more, our study will explore the relationship among perceived social support, brain regions, and psychological well-being, which may provide new insights into the neural correlates underlying the relationship between perceived social support and psychological well-being from the perspective of cognitive neuroscience. Methods Herein, we used the Social Provisions Scale to assess individuals' perceived social support, and magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure the gray matter (GM) volume of the whole brain. What's more, we also measured psychological well-being using the Psychological Well-Being Scale, and mediation analysis was used to explore the relationship among perceived social support, brain regions, and psychological well-being. Results The voxel-based morphometry analysis of the whole brain revealed that perceived social support was positively correlated with GM volume of the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG). The finding indicated that a person with greater GM volume in the left MTG perceived more social support. More importantly, the left MTG GM volume observed above was also associated with psychological well-being, and the link between the two was mediated by perceived social support. Discussion These results revealed the importance of MTG for perceived social support and psychological well-being, and also suggested that perceived social support might explain the relationship between MTG and psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhua Lu
- School of Marxism, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiying Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence, Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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5
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Ortiz EL, Saúl LA, Botella L. Editorial: Exploring human subjectivity. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1146775. [PMID: 36860779 PMCID: PMC9969842 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1146775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Laso Ortiz
- Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico,*Correspondence: Esteban Laso Ortiz ✉
| | - Luis Angel Saúl
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Botella
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i l'Esport Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
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Vranceanu AM, Bakhshaie J, Reichman M, Ring D. A Call for Interdisciplinary Collaboration to Promote Musculoskeletal Health: The Creation of the International Musculoskeletal Mental and Social Health Consortium (I-MESH). J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2022; 29:709-715. [PMID: 34605997 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-021-09827-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite increasing recognition of psychosocial factors in musculoskeletal conditions, its impact on reducing the global toll of musculoskeletal symptoms has been only incremental. It is time to bring together clinicians and researchers with heterogeneous backgrounds, unified by a commitment to reduce the global impact of musculoskeletal illness by addressing mental and social health factors. In 2020, we initiated the International Musculoskeletal Mental and Social Health Consortium. Our current key priority areas are: (1) Develop best practices for uniform terminology, (2) Understand barriers to mental and social health care for musculoskeletal conditions, (3) Develop clinical and research resources. The purpose of this paper is to render a call to interdisciplinary collaboration on the psychological aspects of musculoskeletal health. We believe this international interdisciplinary collaboration is pivotal to the advancement of the biopsychosocial model of musculoskeletal care and has the potential to improve the health of individuals with musculoskeletal conditions globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Vranceanu
- Integrated Brain Health Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 1 Bowdoin Square, 1st Floor, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Jafar Bakhshaie
- Integrated Brain Health Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 1 Bowdoin Square, 1st Floor, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Mira Reichman
- Integrated Brain Health Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 1 Bowdoin Square, 1st Floor, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - David Ring
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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7
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Smith PB, Bond MH. Four Decades of Challenges by Culture to Mainstream Psychology: Finding Ways Forward. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00220221221084041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over 5 days at the Nag’s Head Conference Center, USA in 1987, social and cross-cultural psychologists discussed what would be required if research relating to culture were to gain greater attention from psychology in general, and in particular from what was perceived at the time as its mainstream. The criteria for gaining greater credibility laid down by three leading social psychologists proved daunting in relation to the cross-cultural work presented at the meeting but subsequently inspired cross-culturalists to “raise their game.” In this paper, we describe these crucial challenges and how they have been addressed more recently by cross-cultural psychologists. We assess the extent to which studies focused on cultural differences are now thoughtfully represented in social, personality, and organizational psychology by briefly surveying the content of a single year’s issues of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Journal of International Business Studies, and the Journal of Personality in relation to the concurrent content of the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. We identify the perils of assimilation to psychology in general by diluting the concept of culture and by tyrannizing research with over-specified criteria of statistical rectitude. We also identify studies published in top-rated journals that have nonetheless advanced our field. We reiterate the need for defensible measures of cultural difference and methods for identifying and examining them as a basis for multi-level explanations of cultural effects and cultural change. We conclude by proposing a gold standard for assaying cross-cultural studies of psychological processes and outcomes.
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8
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Urano Y, Ikeda T, Mearns J. Receiving assistance in emotion regulation: A preliminary investigation. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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9
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Hitokoto H, Adeclas J. Harmony and Aversion in the Face of a Pandemic
1. JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 64:222-243. [PMID: 35599957 PMCID: PMC9115224 DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While the survival function of culture against infectious disease has been investigated, little is known about its psychological processes under the real‐world threat of infection. Here, we compare the subjective COVID‐19‐related symptoms of Japanese and French adults during the spring of 2021. We tested two regression models describing the downregulation of symptoms by germ aversion, and by interdependent happiness, together with relational mobility and demographics. We regard germ aversion as an individualized fending‐off process marked by discomfort with the general other in the face of possible infection. We regard interdependent happiness as a relational safeguarding process against possible infection. Results suggest that the effect of germ aversion differed across nations, negatively explaining symptoms in Japan but not in France, and that the effect of interdependent happiness was shared. A possible psychological mechanism whereby collectivist culture suppresses infection in the face of the pandemic is discussed.
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10
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Tan CS, Chong SL, Masanda AB, George S. Psychometric Qualities Evaluation of the Interdependent Happiness Scale across Malaysia, Philippines, and India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010187. [PMID: 35010446 PMCID: PMC8751005 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The nine-item Interdependent Happiness Scale (IHS; Hitokoto & Uchida, 2015) is a self-report of interpersonal happiness that focuses on three dimensions: relationship-oriented happiness, quiescent happiness, and ordinary happiness. Few studies have evaluated the psychometric properties of the IHS in diverse cultural backgrounds and the findings are inconsistent. This study investigated whether the IHS has sound psychometric qualities in three Asian countries. University students from Malaysia (n = 263), Philippines (n = 239), and India (n = 310) answered the IHS and self-rated creativity scale. Confirmatory factor analysis on each sample supported the nine-item second-order model with error covariances. The overall IHS score showed good reliability in all samples. The subscales, however, had mixed results except for the Indian sample. Similarly, the convergent validity test showed mixed results while discriminant validity is supported in all samples except for the quiescent happiness subscale in the Indian sample. Concurrent validity was established across three samples by showing a positive relationship with creativity score. The results highlight that the higher-order structure of the IHS is consistently supported in different cultural contexts. However, some of the items are perceived differently and require further improvement in enhancing the cross-cultural usability of the IHS to measure socially-oriented happiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Seng Tan
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, University Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Kampar 31900, Malaysia
| | - Shue-Ling Chong
- Department of Psychology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Argel Bondoc Masanda
- Guidance Services Unit, Office of Student Affairs, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Munoz 3119, Nueva Ecija, Philippines;
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Psychometric Characteristics of a Questionnaire Measuring Hopefulness: An Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis Approach. HEALTH SCOPE 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/jhealthscope.119157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: In the third millennium, which is called the information era, despite the technological growth and industrialization, lack of hopefulness is seen in the general population, especially among the youth. Therefore, hope is one of the critical issues that should be promoted among the youth. Objectives: This study was aimed at evaluating a hopefulness questionnaire among the youth. Methods: This cross-sectional study with an exploratory approach was carried out among the Iranian youth population in 2020. All students of Shahed University in Tehran (estimated as 5000 people) were considered the study population, 600 of whom were selected as the study sample by the simple random sampling method. For data collection, a researcher-made questionnaire was utilized. Data analysis was performed by SPSS v. 21 and LISREL v. 8.80. Alpha Cronbach coefficient was used to investigate the reliability of the questionnaire. Results: The results showed the adequate reliability of the hopefulness questionnaire. Also, the findings showed that three latent variables in the questionnaire had significantly larger values than the other factors. Therefore, with three latent factors, the hopefulness questionnaire was significantly saturated. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the 33 items of the questionnaire was 0.80. Conclusions: It was found that the questionnaire constructs are useful in predicting hopefulness intention. The scale consisted of three factors that did not completely replicate the factors found in previous studies. The use of this tool is recommended for all age groups.
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12
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Wang H, Xu M, Xie X, Dong Y, Wang W. Relationships Between Achievement Goal Orientations, Learning Engagement, and Academic Adjustment in Freshmen: Variable-Centered and Person-Centered Approaches. Front Psychol 2021; 12:767886. [PMID: 34803850 PMCID: PMC8596568 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.767886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Academic adjustment is a principal determining factor of undergraduate students' academic achievement and success. However, studies pay little attention to freshmen's antecedent variables of academic adjustment. This study aimed to examine the mechanisms underlying the relationship between achievement goal orientations and academic adjustment in freshmen using variable- and person-centered approaches. A sample of 578 freshmen (aged 18.29±1.04years, 58.5% female) completed questionnaires on achievement goal orientations, learning engagement, and academic adjustment. Latent profile analysis of achievement goal orientations revealed four groups: low-motivation (11.1%), approach-oriented (9.5%), average (52.8%), and multiple (26.6%). In the mediating analysis, results of the variable-centered approach showed that learning engagement mediated the effects of the mastery-approach and performance-avoidance goals on academic adjustment. For the person-centered approach, we selected the average type as the reference profile, and the analysis revealed that compared with the reference profile, learning engagement partially mediated the link between the approach-oriented profile and academic adjustment. The current study highlights the important role that achievement goal orientations and learning engagement play in academic adjustment. We discuss the implications and limitations of the findings.
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Kapoor H, Tagat A. Worry much? Preventive health behaviours related to worry across countries amid COVID-19. J Health Psychol 2021; 27:1125-1136. [PMID: 33673761 PMCID: PMC8685751 DOI: 10.1177/1359105321999090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between worry and health behaviours using an
online survey of 69,033 respondents from 32 countries. We hypothesized that past
health behaviours predicted worry experienced, which in turn predicted future
health behaviours, and included a metric of cultural distance from the US. Past
behaviours such as maintaining physical distance predicted higher worry, whereas
worry reduced the likelihood of going outside. Being culturally dissimilar to
the US was associated with lower worry. However, cultural distance was not
associated with future health behaviours. We analyse worry as an
approach-avoidance motivator of health behaviours from a cross-cultural
perspective, to facilitate effective health communication strategies.
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