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Al-Bazi A, Madi F, Monshar AA, Eliya Y, Adediran T, Khudir KA. Modelling the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 exposure in closed-environments using agent-based modelling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/20479700.2023.2189555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Al-Bazi
- Aston Business School, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Faris Madi
- Faculty of Engineering, Environment and Computing, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Yousif Eliya
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Tunde Adediran
- Faculty of Engineering, Environment and Computing, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Khaled Al Khudir
- Faculty of Engineering, Environment and Computing, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
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Gonçalves‐Ferri WA, Coca KP, Martins‐Celini FP, Chang Y, Ferreira RS, de Siqueira Caldas JP, Ferreira RD, Marques PF, Sonini TCB, Moraes VCC, de Carvalho Pelicia SM, Nunes LM, Contrucci BA, Suzuki EK, Magalhães M, de Jesus Hartmann Nader P, de Lima Mota Ferreira DM, Javorsky JB, de Fátima Afonso Dias L, Cavasin BPD, de Mesquita ARA, de Oliveira Pinto RM, Fonseca LMM, da Silva Gherardi‐Donato EC, Aragon DC, Roosch A. Protective measures feasibility for infants of low income SARS-CoV-2 positive breastfeeding mothers: a prospective multicenter cohort study. J Nurs Manag 2022; 30:4064-4070. [PMID: 36205220 PMCID: PMC9874786 DOI: 10.1111/jonm.13854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim was to evaluate the feasibility of protective measures for infants of low-income SARS-CoV-2 positive breastfeeding mothers. BACKGROUND Breastfeeding mothers with SARS-CoV-2 positive should avoid exposing the infant through protective measures (PM), but it could be challenging in a low-income population. METHODS A prospective, multicenter study was conducted between July and October 2020 (BRACOVID). The participants were recruited at birth and interviewed through a structured questionnaire at seven and 14 days in the home environment. The feasibility of PM during breastfeeding at home was defined by guidelines recommendations (mask using, handwashing, and distancing from newborn when not breastfeeding). Three groups according to the feasibility of guidelines: complete guidelines feasibility (CG): all PM; partial guidelines feasibility (PG): at least one PM feasible; no guidelines (NG): infeasibility to all of PM. Flu-like neonatal symptoms, mothers' breastfeeding practices. We evaluated the association between PM feasibility and socioeconomic factors. RESULTS 117 infected mothers from 17 Brazilian hospitals were enrolled. 47 (40%) mothers followed all recommendations, 14 (11.9%) could not practice at least one recommendation, and 50 (42.7%) did not execute any of them. The breastfeeding rate was 98%. Factors associated with infeasibility were monthly family income < 92.7 dollars/person, high housing density (>1 inhabitant/room), teenage mothers, responsive feeding, and poor schooling. Regarding infants' flu-like symptoms, 5% presented symptoms at fourteen days (NG group). CONCLUSION The guidelines were not applied to infants of SARs-CoV-positive mothers in 54.6% of the dyads since the recommendations were unviable in their environments. During pandemics, we should look for feasible and effective guidelines to protect neonates from low-income populations. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT Poor socioeconomic conditions lead to the unfeasibility of protective measures for infants of low-income SARS-CoV-2 positive breastfeeding mothers during the isolation period in the pandemics. The orientations and the support provided to dyad should consider the socioeconomic factors to guide feasible measures in the home environment and promote adequate protections; only an individual approach will allow a safe environment for low-income infants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly Pereira Coca
- Departamento de Enfermagem na Saúde da Mulher, Ana Abrão Breastfeeding CenterUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Yan‐Shing Chang
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative CareKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Duarte Ferreira
- Saúde da criança e do AdolescenteFaculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Estado do AmazonasManausBrazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruno Antunes Contrucci
- Departament of PediatricsFaculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio PretoSão José do Rio PretoBrazil
| | - Edson Koji Suzuki
- Unidade Materno InfantilHospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de MaríliaMaríliaBrazil
| | - Maurício Magalhães
- Serviço de Neonatologia da Unidade Pediatria e PuericulturaFaculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anelise Roosch
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil
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Paganelli AI, Velmovitsky PE, Miranda P, Branco A, Alencar P, Cowan D, Endler M, Morita PP. A conceptual IoT-based early-warning architecture for remote monitoring of COVID-19 patients in wards and at home. INTERNET OF THINGS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 18:100399. [PMID: 38620637 PMCID: PMC8023791 DOI: 10.1016/j.iot.2021.100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, health services around the globe are struggling. An effective system for monitoring patients can improve healthcare delivery by avoiding in-person contacts, enabling early-detection of severe cases, and remotely assessing patients' status. Internet of Things (IoT) technologies have been used for monitoring patients' health with wireless wearable sensors in different scenarios and medical conditions, such as noncommunicable and infectious diseases. Combining IoT-related technologies with early-warning scores (EWS) commonly utilized in infirmaries has the potential to enhance health services delivery significantly. Specifically, the NEWS-2 has been showing remarkable results in detecting the health deterioration of COVID-19 patients. Although the literature presents several approaches for remote monitoring, none of these studies proposes a customized, complete, and integrated architecture that uses an effective early-detection mechanism for COVID-19 and that is flexible enough to be used in hospital wards and at home. Therefore, this article's objective is to present a comprehensive IoT-based conceptual architecture that addresses the key requirements of scalability, interoperability, network dynamics, context discovery, reliability, and privacy in the context of remote health monitoring of COVID-19 patients in hospitals and at home. Since remote monitoring of patients at home (essential during a pandemic) can engender trust issues regarding secure and ethical data collection, a consent management module was incorporated into our architecture to provide transparency and ensure data privacy. Further, the article details mechanisms for supporting a configurable and adaptable scoring system embedded in wearable devices to increase usefulness and flexibility for health care professions working with EWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Iyda Paganelli
- Informatics Departament, Pontifical Catholic University, Rua Marquês de São Vicente 225-Gávea, Rio de Janeiro 22541-041, Brazil
| | - Pedro Elkind Velmovitsky
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Pedro Miranda
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Adriano Branco
- Informatics Departament, Pontifical Catholic University, Rua Marquês de São Vicente 225-Gávea, Rio de Janeiro 22541-041, Brazil
| | - Paulo Alencar
- David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Donald Cowan
- David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Markus Endler
- Informatics Departament, Pontifical Catholic University, Rua Marquês de São Vicente 225-Gávea, Rio de Janeiro 22541-041, Brazil
| | - Plinio Pelegrini Morita
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Research Institute for Aging, University of Waterloo, 250 Laurelwood Drive, Waterloo, ON N2J 0E2, Canada
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- eHealth Innovation, Techna Institute, University Health Network, R. Fraser Elliott Building, 4th Floor, 190 Elizabeth St, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Health Sciences Building 155 College Street, 6th floor, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
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Fluck D, Rankin S, Lewis A, Robin J, Rees J, Finch J, Jones Y, Jones G, Kelly K, Murray P, Wood M, Fry CH, Han TS. Comparison of characteristics and outcomes of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 during wave 1 and wave 2 of the current pandemic. Intern Emerg Med 2022; 17:675-684. [PMID: 34637079 PMCID: PMC8505475 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-021-02842-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study of patients admitted with COVID-19, we examined differences between the two waves in patient characteristics and outcomes. Data were collected from the first COVID-19 admission to the end of study (01/03/2020-31/03/2021). Data were adjusted for age and sex and presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Among 12,471 admissions, 1452 (11.6%) patients were diagnosed with COVID-19. On admission, the mean (± SD) age of patients with other causes was 68.3 years (± 19.8) and those with COVID-19 in wave 1 was 69.4 years (± 18.0) and wave 2 was 66.2 years (± 18.4). Corresponding ages at discharge were 67.5 years (± 19.7), 63.9 years (± 18.0) and 62.4 years (± 18.0). The highest proportion of total admissions was among the oldest group (≥ 80 years) in wave 1 (35.0%). When compared with patients admitted with other causes, those admitted with COVID-19 in wave 1 and in wave 2 were more frequent in the 40-59 year band: 20.8, 24.6 and 30.0%; consisted of more male patients: 47.5, 57.6 and 58.8%; and a high LACE (Length of stay, Acuity of admission, Comorbidity and Emergency department visits) index (score ≥ 10): 39.4, 61.3 and 50.3%. Compared to wave-2 patients, those admitted in wave 1 had greater risk of death in hospital: OR = 1.58 (1.18-2.12) and within 30 days of discharge: OR = 2.91 (1.40-6.04). Survivors of COVID-19 in wave 1 stayed longer in hospital (median = 6.5 days; interquartile range = 2.9-12.0) as compared to survivors from wave 2 (4.5 days; interquartile range = 1.9-8.7). Patient characteristics differed significantly between the two waves of COVID-19 pandemic. There was an improvement in outcomes in wave 2, including shorter length of stay in hospital and reduction of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fluck
- Department of Cardiology, Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford Road, Chertsey, Surrey, KT16 0PZ, UK
| | - Suzanne Rankin
- Department of Acute Medicine, Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford Road, Chertsey, Surrey, KT16 0PZ, UK
| | - Andrea Lewis
- Department of Acute Medicine, Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford Road, Chertsey, Surrey, KT16 0PZ, UK
| | - Jonathan Robin
- Department of Acute Medicine, Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford Road, Chertsey, Surrey, KT16 0PZ, UK
| | - Jacqui Rees
- Department of Quality, Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford Road, Chertsey, Surrey, KT16 0PZ, UK
| | - Jo Finch
- Department of Quality, Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford Road, Chertsey, Surrey, KT16 0PZ, UK
| | - Yvonne Jones
- Department of Quality, Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford Road, Chertsey, Surrey, KT16 0PZ, UK
| | - Gareth Jones
- Department of Quality, Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford Road, Chertsey, Surrey, KT16 0PZ, UK
| | - Kevin Kelly
- Department of Quality, Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford Road, Chertsey, Surrey, KT16 0PZ, UK
| | - Paul Murray
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford Road, Chertsey, Surrey, KT16 0PZ, UK
| | - Michael Wood
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford Road, Chertsey, Surrey, KT16 0PZ, UK
| | - Christopher Henry Fry
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Thang Sieu Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford Road, Chertsey, Surrey, KT16 0PZ, UK.
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.
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5
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Shanka MS, Menebo MM. When and How Trust in Government Leads to Compliance with COVID-19 Precautionary Measures. JOURNAL OF BUSINESS RESEARCH 2022; 139:1275-1283. [PMID: 34744211 PMCID: PMC8559780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the risks of COVID-19, some people ignore the COVID-19 precautionary measures, endangering public health. We aimed to investigate how and in what conditions trust in government and health authorities encourage individuals to comply with COVID-19 precautionary measures. Based on a sample of 664 respondents, we found that an increase in the level of trust in government is associated with higher compliance with COVID-19 precautionary measures. We also found that problem awareness mediates the effect of trust in government on compliance with COVID-19 precautionary measures. In addition, we examined whether individualistic orientation moderates the mediating effect of problem awareness. We found that individualistic orientation mitigates the mediating effect of problem awareness in the relationship between trust in government and compliance behavior. The findings of this study have the potential to inform policy and practice by addressing the ways in which compliance with COVID-19 precautionary measures can be improved.
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Lamarca AP, de Almeida LGP, Francisco RDS, Lima LFA, Scortecci KC, Perez VP, Brustolini OJ, Sousa ESS, Secco DA, Santos AMG, Albuquerque GR, Mariano APM, Maciel BM, Gerber AL, Guimarães APDC, Nascimento PR, Neto FPF, Gadelha SR, Porto LC, Campana EH, Jeronimo SMB, Vasconcelos ATR. Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 tracks early interstate transmission of P.1 lineage and diversification within P.2 clade in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009835. [PMID: 34644287 PMCID: PMC8544873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sharp increase of COVID-19 cases in late 2020 has made Brazil the new epicenter of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The novel viral lineages P.1 (Variant of Concern Gamma) and P.2, respectively identified in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Rio de Janeiro, have been associated with potentially higher transmission rates and antibody neutralization escape. In this study, we performed the whole-genome sequencing of 185 samples isolated from three out of the five Brazilian regions, including Amazonas (North region), Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba and Bahia (Northeast region), and Rio de Janeiro (Southeast region) in order to monitor the spread of SARS-CoV-2 lineages in Brazil in the first months of 2021. Here, we showed a widespread dispersal of P.1 and P.2 across Brazilian regions and, except for Amazonas, P.2 was the predominant lineage identified in the sampled states. We estimated the origin of P.2 lineage to have happened in February, 2020 and identified that it has differentiated into new clades. Interstate transmission of P.2 was detected since March, but reached its peak in December, 2020 and January, 2021. Transmission of P.1 was also high in December and its origin was inferred to have happened in August 2020. We also confirmed the presence of lineage P.7, recently described in the southernmost region of Brazil, to have spread across the Northeastern states. P.1, P.2 and P.7 are descended from the ancient B.1.1.28 strain, which co-dominated the first phase of the pandemic in Brazil with the B.1.1.33 strain. We also identified the occurrence of a new lineage descending from B.1.1.33 that convergently carries the E484K mutation, N.9. Indeed, the recurrent report of many novel SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants in Brazil could be due to the absence of effective control measures resulting in high SARS-CoV2 transmission rates. Altogether, our findings provided a landscape of the critical state of SARS-CoV-2 across Brazil and confirm the need to sustain continuous sequencing of the SARS-CoV-2 isolates worldwide in order to identify novel variants of interest and monitor for vaccine effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra P. Lamarca
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | - Luiz G. P. de Almeida
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kátia Castanho Scortecci
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Pietta Perez
- Laboratório de Endemias, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Otavio J. Brustolini
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Sérgio Soares Sousa
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Danielle Angst Secco
- Laboratório de Histocompatibilidade e Criopreservação, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Angela Maria Guimarães Santos
- Laboratório de Histocompatibilidade e Criopreservação, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - George Rego Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Melo Mariano
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Bianca Mendes Maciel
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Alexandra L. Gerber
- Laboratório de Bioinformática, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Ricardo Nascimento
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical do Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Francisco Paulo Freire Neto
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical do Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Sandra Rocha Gadelha
- Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Luís Cristóvão Porto
- Laboratório de Histocompatibilidade e Criopreservação, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eloiza Helena Campana
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Selma Maria Bezerra Jeronimo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical do Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Sexual Exposure to HIV Infection during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM): A Multicentric Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189584. [PMID: 34574508 PMCID: PMC8470798 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The practice of sex with casual partners without the use of adequate prevention in the period of social distancing due to the COVID-19 pandemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) can expose them to the risk of infection by the HIV virus. To assess this, we conducted an online survey in April and May 2020 in the entire national territory of Brazil and Portugal. We used the snowball technique for sampling, associated with circulation in social networks, totaling 2934 participants. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to produce the adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR). Eight-hundred-and-forty-two (28.7%) MSM presented at-risk sexual exposure in this period. In general, the types of sexual practices that most increased the chances of sexual exposure were having multiple partners (aOR:14.045); having practiced chemsex (aOR:2.246) and group sex (aOR:2.431), as well as presenting a history of at-risk sexual exposure (aOR:5.136). When we consider each country separately, the chances are increased in Brazil since the probability of the outcome was increased in those who practiced group sex (aOR:5.928), had multiple partners (aOR:19.132), and reported a sexual history of at-risk exposure (aOR:8.861). Our findings indicate that practices that are classically associated with greater chances of engaging in risky sexual exposure to HIV infection were the factors that most increased the chances of acquiring the virus in the pandemic context.
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Catching A, Capponi S, Yeh MT, Bianco S, Andino R. Examining the interplay between face mask usage, asymptomatic transmission, and social distancing on the spread of COVID-19. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15998. [PMID: 34362936 PMCID: PMC8346500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19's high virus transmission rates have caused a pandemic that is exacerbated by the high rates of asymptomatic and presymptomatic infections. These factors suggest that face masks and social distance could be paramount in containing the pandemic. We examined the efficacy of each measure and the combination of both measures using an agent-based model within a closed space that approximated real-life interactions. By explicitly considering different fractions of asymptomatic individuals, as well as a realistic hypothesis of face masks protection during inhaling and exhaling, our simulations demonstrate that a synergistic use of face masks and social distancing is the most effective intervention to curb the infection spread. To control the pandemic, our models suggest that high adherence to social distance is necessary to curb the spread of the disease, and that wearing face masks provides optimal protection even if only a small portion of the population comply with social distance. Finally, the face mask effectiveness in curbing the viral spread is not reduced if a large fraction of population is asymptomatic. Our findings have important implications for policies that dictate the reopening of social gatherings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Catching
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Sara Capponi
- Functional Genomics and Cellular Engineering, AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, 95120, USA
- Center for Cellular Construction, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Ming Te Yeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Simone Bianco
- Functional Genomics and Cellular Engineering, AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, 95120, USA.
- Center for Cellular Construction, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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9
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Karimi SM, Salunkhe SS, White KB, Little BB, McKinney WP, Mitra R, Chen Y, Adkins ER, Barclay JA, Ezekekwu E, He CX, Hurst DM, Popescu MM, Swinney DN, Johnson DA, Hollenbach R, Moyer SS, DuPré NC. Prevalence of unmasked and improperly masked behavior in indoor public areas during the COVID-19 pandemic: Analysis of a stratified random sample from Louisville, Kentucky. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248324. [PMID: 34319978 PMCID: PMC8318281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Wearing a facial mask can limit COVID-19 transmission. Measurements of communities' mask use behavior have mostly relied on self-report. This study's objective was to devise a method to measure the prevalence of improper mask use and no mask use in indoor public areas without relying on self-report. A stratified random sample of retail trade stores (public areas) in Louisville, Kentucky, USA, was selected and targeted for observation by trained surveyors during December 14-20, 2020. The stratification allowed for investigating mask use behavior by city district, retail trade group, and public area size. The total number of visited public areas was 382 where mask use behavior of 2,080 visitors and 1,510 staff were observed. The average prevalence of mask use among observed visitors was 96%, while the average prevalence of proper use was 86%. In 48% of the public areas, at least one improperly masked visitor was observed and in 17% at least one unmasked visitor was observed. The average prevalence of proper mask use among staff was 87%, similar to the average among visitors. However, the percentage of public areas where at least one improperly masked staff was observed was 33. Significant disparities in mask use and its proper use were observed among both visitors and staff by public area size, retail trade type, and geographical area. Observing unmasked and improperly masked visitors was more common in small (less than 1500 square feet) public areas than larger ones, specifically in food and grocery stores as compared to other retail stores. Also, the majority of the observed unmasked persons were male and middle-aged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed M. Karimi
- Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sonali S. Salunkhe
- Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Kelsey B. White
- Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Bert B. Little
- Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - W. Paul McKinney
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Riten Mitra
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - YuTing Chen
- Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Emily R. Adkins
- Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Julia A. Barclay
- Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Emmanuel Ezekekwu
- Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Caleb X. He
- Department of Political Science, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Dylan M. Hurst
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Martha M. Popescu
- Department of Anthropology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Devin N. Swinney
- Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - David A. Johnson
- Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Hollenbach
- Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sarah S. Moyer
- Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Natalie C. DuPré
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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