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Panda N, Desaraju S, Panigrahy RP, Ghosh U, Saxena S, Singh P, Panda B. Menstrual health and hygiene amongst adolescent girls and women of reproductive age: a study of practices and predictors, Odisha, India. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:144. [PMID: 38408979 PMCID: PMC10898167 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-024-02894-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menstruation is a major physiological change in a woman's life, but lack of knowledge, poor practices, socio-cultural barriers, poor access to products and their improper disposal have significant consequences on health, dignity and well-being of women and adolescent girls. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices related to menstrual health and hygiene amongst females of 10-49 years of age; explore the experiences and challenges of women during menstruation; and identify the key predictors of healthy menstrual health and hygiene. METHODS Using a cross-sectional study design, we adopted a mixed methods approach for data collection. For quantitative household survey, a total of 921 respondents were selected from three districts of Odisha. Qualitative findings through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews supplemented the survey findings and helped to identify the barriers affecting good menstrual practices. Epi data version 2.5 and R 4.2.2 was used for data entry and data analysis, respectively. Descriptive statistics was used to calculate proportion, mean and standard deviation; Chi square test was used to measure the association between categorical variables. Bivariate and multivariate logistics analyses were done to identify predictors of healthy menstrual health and hygiene. For qualitative data analysis, thematic analysis approach was adopted using software Atlas.ti 8. RESULTS For 74.3% respondents, mothers were the primary source of information; about 61% respondents were using sanitary pad. The mean age at menarche was 12.9 years and almost 46% of respondents did not receive any information about menstruation before menarche. Lower age and education up to higher secondary level or above had statistically significant associations with the knowledge about menstruation. Age, caste, respondent's education, mother's education, sanitation facility, availability of water, accessibility and affordability for sanitary pads were found to be strongly associated with good menstrual hygiene practices. CONCLUSION Traditional beliefs regarding menstruation still persists at the community level. Educating mothers, increasing awareness about safe menstrual hygiene, providing adequate water and sanitation facilities and ensuring proper disposal of menstruation products need priority attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishisipa Panda
- PHFI-Indian Institute of Public Health, Bhubaneswar, India
- KIIT School of Public Health, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | | | - Upasona Ghosh
- PHFI-Indian Institute of Public Health, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Pratibha Singh
- PHFI-Indian Institute of Public Health, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Bhuputra Panda
- PHFI-Indian Institute of Public Health, Bhubaneswar, India.
- KIIT School of Public Health, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India.
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Shah SF, Punjani NS, Rizvi SN, Sheikh SS, Jan R. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Menstrual Hygiene among Girls in Ghizer, Gilgit, Pakistan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:6424. [PMID: 37510656 PMCID: PMC10378792 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20146424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Menstrual hygiene is a critical issue encountered by women and girls of reproductive age that negatively affects their health and empowerment. It is still deemed a taboo subject in several parts of the world, and girls hesitate to discuss menstruation with their family members, friends, or schoolteachers, which creates hurdles when they experience their menarche. Girls residing in rural areas encounter more problems, since they lack proper resources and knowledge to manage their menstruation in school as well as at home. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the menstrual hygiene of girls residing in rural areas of Gilgit, Pakistan. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional design was used to assess the study questions. The consecutive sampling technique was applied to recruit 300 female participants from remote areas of Gilgit, Pakistan, who were 13 to 22 years old. A pre-tested questionnaire was utilized to collect the data, and SPSS version 21.0 was used to analyze them. RESULTS The study found that more than half of the participants had a poor level of knowledge and practices and negative attitudes towards menstrual hygiene. This could be due to many cultural and social factors associated with menstrual hygiene. CONCLUSIONS The study concluded that the study participants were not knowledgeable about menstrual hygiene. They had poor practices and attitudes regarding menstrual hygiene. Hence, it is recommended that frequent sessions should be conducted by healthcare workers to enhance the knowledge of parents, teachers, and young girls, to increase their positive attitudes and practices regarding menstrual hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanober Fazal Shah
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Karachi 75950, Pakistan
| | | | - Syeda Naghma Rizvi
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Karachi 75950, Pakistan
| | | | - Rafat Jan
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Karachi 75950, Pakistan
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Degefu S, Tadesse A, Ashagir K, Ezo E. Assessment of menstrual hygiene management practice and associated factors among prisoners in South Nation Nationalities and peoples region, Ethiopia. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16224. [PMID: 37274653 PMCID: PMC10238586 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Menstrual hygiene management practice is the requirements and necessities; such as the use of a sanitary pad or clean and mushy absorbents, sufficient washing of the genital area, proper disposal of the used absorbents, and other special needs for the women during menstruation. Objective To assess menstrual hygiene management practice and associated factors among prisoners in south Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region, Ethiopia, 2022. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 1 to July 30/2022. The total sample size was 605 and a simple random sampling technique was used to select prison institutions and women. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews. Data were entered using Epi data 4.6 version and analyzed by using SPSS version 26 software. Multicollinearity was checked and the goodness of fit test was done by using the Hosmer Lemeshow model of goodness fit test. Univariate analysis was done and variables with p value less than 0.25 were taken to bivariate logistic regression analysis. Adjusted odds ratio with the 95% confidence interval was considered and statistical significance was at a p-value less than 0.05 in bivariate logistic regression analysis. Result The prevalence of menstrual hygiene management practice was 50.6% (95% CI 47.3-54.4). Age 19-29 years old [AOR: 5.03, 95% CI 1.73-14.62], educational status; not formally educated [AOR: 0.05, 95% CI 0.02-0.13], educational status; primary level [AOR: 0.17, 95% CI 0.07-0.39], previous occupation; student [AOR: 2.56, 95% CI 1.06-6.21], previous occupation; a private employee [AOR: 4.11, 95% CI 1.48-11.42], previous occupation; government employee [AOR: 3.46, 95% CI 1.18-10.14], absence of support from family [AOR: 0.14, 95% CI 0.08-0.24] and absence of work engagement in prison [AOR: 0.44, 95% CI 0.25-0.78] were associated with MHMP. Conclusion In this study, about five from ten women in prison practice menstrual hygiene management. Age, educational status, previous occupation, support from family, and work engagement in prison were important risk factors for MHMP. Therefore, support from family and engaging the women to work in prison institutions may increase the MHMP in prison institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindu Degefu
- Department of Nursing College of Medicine and Health Science, Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia
| | - Aster Tadesse
- Department of Nursing College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Ethiopia
| | - Kidist Ashagir
- Department of Nursing College of Medicine and Health Science, Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia
| | - Elias Ezo
- Department of Comprehensive Nursing School of Nursing College of Medicine and Health Science, Wachemo University, Ethiopia
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Gebre W, Kidane EM, Negussie YM, Getahun MS, Bekele NT, Gurara AM. Assessment of menstrual hygiene management knowledge, practice, and associated factors among girls in Boset District, Ethiopia: a school-based cross-sectional study. Contracept Reprod Med 2023; 8:34. [PMID: 37259164 DOI: 10.1186/s40834-023-00233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent girls, particularly in lower socioeconomic settings, lack adequate knowledge of menstrual hygiene management and have subpar hygiene habits. Likewise, the factors related to it have not been well addressed, and schoolgirls are facing a range of challenges. To develop effective intervention approaches, a context-specific assessment of menstrual hygiene practices is useful. Thus, this study aimed to assess menstrual hygiene management knowledge, practice, and associated factors among girls in the Boset district, Ethiopia. METHODS A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Boset district secondary schools among 629 randomly selected girls using the multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected using a self-administered, structured questionnaire. The collected data were entered into Epi-info version 7 and analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to model the association between dependent and independent variables. An adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were used to measure the strength of the association, and a p-value < 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. RESULT Of the total study participants, 51.2% (95% CI: 46.6-55.8%) had an appropriate practice of menstrual hygiene and 57.9% (95% CI: 53.3-62.5%) had good knowledge status on menstrual hygiene management. Being an urban resident (AOR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.20-2.80), having a mother with a secondary and above educational level (AOR = 3.4, 95% CI: 2.07-5.57), earning regular pocket money (AOR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.45-3.313), and discussing menstrual issues with parents and friends (AOR = 3.65, 95% CI: 2.327-5.727) were associated with good practice of menstrual hygiene. CONCLUSION In this study, nearly half of the school girls had good practice and knowledge of menstrual hygiene management. Educating mothers and promoting discussion about menstrual hygiene management issues, especially in rural areas, should be priority actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondimagegn Gebre
- Department of Public Health, Rift Valley University, Adama, Ethiopia
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Melaku A, Addis T, Mengistie B, Kanno GG, Adane M, Kelly-Quinn M, Ketema S, Hailu T, Bedada D, Ambelu A. Menstrual hygiene management practices and determinants among schoolgirls in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: The urgency of tackling bottlenecks - Water and sanitation services. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15893. [PMID: 37180900 PMCID: PMC10172776 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) service provision and improving schoolgirls' hygienic practices in schools are among the major challenges for low and middle income countries, including Ethiopia, in meeting the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. This study was conducted to assess schoolgirls' MHM practices and what influences those practices in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 401 adolescent schoolgirls and 98 school directors that were selected using a multistage sampling method. Pretested semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaires and observational checklists were used to collect data. Results During menstruation, about 90% of schoolgirls used commercially made disposable sanitary pads. However, only 45.9% of girls had access to emergency pads from their schools. Of the 98 directors, 79 (80.6%) responded that they had MHM provisions for schoolgirls. However, 42 (42.9%) schools had no water and soap in the pad changing rooms/toilets, and 70% lacked a covered dustbin for disposal/storage of soiled sanitary pads. Besides, more than 55% of the schools practiced open burning and dumping to dispose of used menstrual materials. More than half of the schools had no sanitary pad changing rooms, three-quarters of them lack MHM education, and only 2.5% had a bathing area. The location of schools (AOR = 5.44, 95% CI: (2.34-12.66)), health club availability (AOR = 3.14, 95% CI: (1.53, 6.42)), being informed about MHM before menarche (AOR = 2.04, 95% CI: (1.04, 4.00)), and availability of emergency sanitary pad at schools (AOR = 2.59, 95% CI: (1.36, 4.91)) were significantly associated with the status of schoolgirls menstrual hygiene practices. Conclusions About one-quarter of the schoolgirls had poor menstrual hygiene practices. Being a student in inner-city schools, attending a school that had a health club, being informed about MHM before menarche, and having access to emergency pads from schools were the determinant factors for good menstrual hygiene practices. However, most schools lack water, soap, and a covered dustbin in the pad changing rooms/toilets. Moreover, only a few schools provided MHM education and emergency pads. Improving water and sanitation services along with tailored MHM education are urgently needed to circumvent unsafe MHM practices among adolescent schoolgirls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abayneh Melaku
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Taffere Addis
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Corresponding author. Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, P.0.Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Bezatu Mengistie
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girum Gebremeskel Kanno
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Health and Medical Science, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Metadel Adane
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Mary Kelly-Quinn
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sisay Ketema
- Mizan Aman Health Science Collage, Mizan, Ethiopia
| | | | - Dinaol Bedada
- School of Public Health, Selale University, Selale, Ethiopia
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Anbesu EW, Asgedom DK. Menstrual hygiene practice and associated factors among adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:33. [PMID: 36604734 PMCID: PMC9817285 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menstrual hygiene has not received adequate attention in Sub-Saharan Africa, and there is a lack of regional representative data. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of good menstrual hygiene practices and associated factors among adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS In this study, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines were used to develop the review manuscript. Online electronic databases, such as PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, and CINAHL, were searched to retrieve available studies. The database search was conducted from January 1 to May 17, 2022. The selection, quality assessment, and data extraction of the studies were performed. Quality assessment of the studies was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were performed based on country, study area, and sample size. Publication bias was examined by funnel plots and Egger's test. The statistical analysis was conducted using STATA version 14 software and RevMan software, and statistical significance was declared at a p value of less than 0.05. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020165628. RESULTS A total of 229 studies were retrieved, and 14 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of good menstrual hygiene practices was 45% (95% CI, (37, 53). Adolescents from urban residences (OR = 3.03, 95% CI (2.3, 3.97)), able to afford menstrual sanitary products (OR = 2.17, 95% CI (1.42, 3.3)), and from educated mothers (OR = 2.33, 95% CI (1.32, 4.12)) were associated with increased odds of good menstrual hygiene practice. CONCLUSION The pooled prevalence of menstrual hygiene practices was low compared to the SDG 6.2 target by 2030. "Achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations". Therefore, improving the accessibility of a safe water supply, hygiene, sanitation facilities and affordability of menstrual products and promoting maternal education are mandatory and should be part of government-level public health policy to prevent related health issues, loss of economic output and education opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsay Woldu Anbesu
- grid.459905.40000 0004 4684 7098Department of Public Health, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
| | - Dejen Kahsay Asgedom
- grid.459905.40000 0004 4684 7098Department of Public Health, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
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Daniel N, Kejela G, Fantahun F, Desalegn M, Guteta F. Menstrual hygiene management practice and its associated factors among in-school adolescent girls in Western Ethiopia. Contracept Reprod Med 2023; 8:1. [PMID: 36597101 PMCID: PMC9809129 DOI: 10.1186/s40834-022-00196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent girls should practice good menstrual hygiene to enhance their health and educational attainment. However, socio-cultural restrictions and limited water, sanitation, and hygiene in school environments continued to make it difficult for in school adolescent females to practice good menstrual hygiene management. So, the main aim of this study was to assess menstrual hygiene management practice and its associated factors among in-school adolescent girls in the secondary schools of Gimbi town, western Ethiopia. METHODS A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 378 adolescent girls in Gimbi town secondary schools. The study participants were selected by using stratified random sampling techniques. Pretested self-administered Afan Oromo questionnaire with sociodemographic characteristics, information and knowledge about menstruation, and practice of menstrual hygiene management, as well as observational checklist to assess school environment were used to collect the data. Data were cleaned, coded, and entered into Epi-info version 7.2.0.4 and exported to SPSS version 25 for statistical analysis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with the practice of menstrual hygiene management and P-values less than 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. RESULTS Out of 378 respondents, 163 (43.1%) (38-48) of adolescent girls had good menstrual hygiene management practice. Being urban resident (AOR = 3.48, (95% C.I:1.99-6.08), having mother with secondary level of education (AOR = 2.71, 95%CI: 1.15,6.42), having mother with educational level of college and above (AOR = 3.30, 95%CI1.28,8.50), having discussion about menstruation with parents (AOR = 2.42,95%CI:1.45,4.04), and having knowledge about menstruation (AOR = 2.94, 95% CI: 1.69-5.13) were factors associated with good menstrual hygiene management practice. CONCLUSION In this study, good menstrual hygiene management practice is low among in school adolescent girls. Place of residence, maternal educational level, discussion about menstrual issue with parent, and having knowledge about menstruation were factors associated with good menstrual management practice. Stakeholders should give appropriate awareness and health education related to menstrual hygiene for adolescent girls at all levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naol Daniel
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Gemechu Kejela
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Firehiwot Fantahun
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Markos Desalegn
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Fantahun Guteta
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
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Usman Adam M, Kpeebi Y, Usman Adam B, Adams A, Sahabi S. Beyond access to adequate WASH facilities: Menstrual hygiene practices of high school adolescent girls. J Adolesc 2022; 95:617-626. [PMID: 36578221 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Menstrual hygiene has been a major problem facing Adolescent Girls at all levels of education in developing countries. Yet, it has not received the needed attention. METHODOLOGY This study uses univariate analysis to investigate the menstrual hygiene practices of adolescent girls in Ghana, with the adoption of the Menstrual Practices Questionnaire (MPQ). A sample of 167 randomly selected adolescent girls (mean age of 14.5) from five high schools in Ghana were surveyed one time. The survey was administered in a community where access to adequate WASH facilities is sorely lacking. RESULTS Despite inadequate access to WASH facilities, majority of the girls' menstrual practices are hygienic. However, for a significant proportion of the girls, changing of menstrual materials (47.5%), washing of genitals (70.3%) and hands (70.9%), disposal of menstrual wastes (27.7%), sterilization of menstrual materials (31.4%), and management of cramps (64.5%) were found to be inadequate, poor, unhygienic, and unhealthy. Bridging this gap requires community-wide sensitization and adequate provision of WASH facilities. CONCLUSION Inadequate access to WASH facilities may not be as huge a hindrance to observing good menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls as reported in conventional literature. Sociocultural factors such as religion and culture might explain this phenomenon. The study therefore recommends further studies to explore factors influencing this phenomenon which would hopefully provide an idiosyncratic genesis that might go a long way in shaping the otherwise "biased" perspectives with which religion and culture are viewed in the menstrual hygiene discourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muwaffaq Usman Adam
- Department of City and Metropolitan Planning, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Yetimoni Kpeebi
- Department of Geography, Geology, and Planning, Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Bahija Usman Adam
- Institute of Education, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Central, Ghana
| | - Aisha Adams
- Department of Planning, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti, Ghana
| | - Sakina Sahabi
- Department of Economics, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Sahiledengle B, Atlaw D, Kumie A, Beressa G, Tekalegn Y, Zenbaba D, Woldeyohannes D, Desta F, Assefa T, Bogale D, Nugusu F, Agho KE. Earning pocket money and girls' menstrual hygiene management in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:271. [PMID: 35787677 PMCID: PMC9254547 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many adolescent girls in Ethiopia and elsewhere missed school during their monthly cycles due to a lack of affordable menstrual absorbent materials or money to buy sanitary pads. So far, few studies have looked into the relationship between earning pocket money and maintaining good menstrual hygiene. Hence, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the best available evidence regarding the association between earning pocket money and menstrual hygiene management among adolescents in Ethiopia. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, Hinari, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, POPLINE, African Journal Online, Direct of Open Access Journals, and Google Scholar for studies examining the association between earning pocket money and menstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls in Ethiopia, without restriction in a publication year. The Joanna Briggs Institute quality assessment tool for the cross-sectional studies was used to assess the quality of included studies. A prefabricated checklist, including variables: first author, publication year, sample size, type of questionnaire, and the region was used to extract data from the selected articles. A random-effect meta-analysis model was used to estimate the pooled odds ratio (OR) of the association between earning pocket money and menstrual hygiene management. The heterogeneity and publication bias was assessed by using I2 test statistics and Egger's test, respectively. RESULTS Data from nine studies involving 4783 adolescent girls were extracted. The meta-analysis revealed that adolescent girls who earned pocket money from their parents or relative had 1.64 times higher odds of having good menstrual hygiene management than their counterparts [pooled OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.16-2.34, I2:66.7%, n = 7 (number of studies)]. Similarly, the likelihood of having good menstrual hygiene management was lower by 49% among adolescent girls who did not receive any pocket money from their parents compared to their counterparts (pooled OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.35-0.74, I2:48.4%, n = 2). CONCLUSIONS The findings revealed that adolescent girls who earned pocket money were more likely to practice good menstrual hygiene management. Progress toward better menstrual hygiene will necessitate consideration of this factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biniyam Sahiledengle
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia.
| | - Daniel Atlaw
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Madda Walabu University, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Abera Kumie
- Department of Community Health, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Beressa
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Tekalegn
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Demisu Zenbaba
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Demelash Woldeyohannes
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Fikreab Desta
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Assefa
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Bogale
- College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asela, Ethiopia
| | - Fikadu Nugusu
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Kingsley Emwinyore Agho
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2571, Australia.,Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), Campbelltown Campus, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2571, Australia
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Anaba EA, Udofia EA, Manu A, Daniels AA, Aryeetey R. Use of reusable menstrual management materials and associated factors among women of reproductive age in Ghana: analysis of the 2017/18 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:92. [PMID: 35346152 PMCID: PMC8962551 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of unsafe materials to collect menstrual blood predisposes women and girls to infections. There is a paucity of literature on the utilization of reusable menstrual materials in sub-Saharan Africa. This study examined factors associated with the use of reusable menstrual management materials among women of reproductive age in Ghana. Findings from this study can inform menstrual health programmes and reproductive health policy to address menstrual hygiene and specific areas of emphasis.
Methods We analysed secondary data from the 2017/18 Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. Descriptive statistics were employed to compute frequencies and percentages, while Chi-square and complex sample Binomial Logistic Regression was conducted to identify factors associated with the use of reusable menstrual materials. Results Half (52%) of the respondents were below 30 years old; mean (± sd) = 30.7(9.0). Thirteen percent used reusable materials to collect menstrual blood during their last period. Women aged 45–49 years (AOR = 5.34; 95% CI 3.47–8.19) were 5 times more likely to manage menstruation with reusable materials compared with those aged 15–19 years (p < 0.05). Women classified in the middle wealth quintile (AOR = 0.66; 95% CI 0.50–0.88) were 34% less likely to use reusable materials to collect menstrual blood compared with women in the poorest wealth quintile (p < 0.05). Also, women who were exposed to television (AOR = 0.78; 95% CI 0.61–0.99) had less odds of using reusable materials compared with women who were not exposed to television (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study showed that the use of reusable menstrual materials was influenced by socio-demographic factors, economic factors and exposure to mass media. Therefore, policies and programmes aimed at promoting menstrual health should focus on less privileged women. The mass media presents an opportunity for communicating menstrual hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Anongeba Anaba
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Emilia Asuquo Udofia
- Department of Community Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Adom Manu
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Anita Anima Daniels
- Department of Public Administration and Health Services Management, Business School, College of Humanities, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Richmond Aryeetey
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Abstract
Background Disposal and washing facilities and services for menstrual materials are often designed based upon technical specifications rather than an in-depth understanding of what drives peoples’ choices of practices. Objectives and data sources This systematic review identified and summarised the main behavioural drivers pertaining to the choice of disposal and washing practices of menstrual materials through the thematic content analysis and study appraisal of 82 publications (80 studies) on menstrual health and hygiene published since 1999, reporting the outcomes of primary research across 26 countries. Results Disposal and washing behaviours are primarily driven by the physical state of sanitation facilities; however, this is intrinsically linked to taboos surrounding and knowledge of menstruation. Implications Using reasons given for disposal and washing practices by menstruators or those who know them well, or inferred by authors of the reviewed studies, we identify the key considerations needed to design facilities and services which best suit the desired behaviours of both planners and those who menstruate. Inclusivity The term menstruators is used throughout to encompass all those mentioned in the studies reviewed (girls and women); although no studies explicitly stated including non-binary or transgender participants, this review uses inclusive language that represents the spectrum of genders that may experience menstruation. Registration The review protocol is registered on PROSPERO: 42019140029.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dani Jennifer Barrington
- University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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MAMUK R, PARLAN H, ASİF E, DEVECİ M, AKDENİZ E. An Assessment of Menstrual and Genital Hygiene Behaviours among Adolescent Females at Gazimağusa, Northern Cyprus. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 2021. [DOI: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.909836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Talukdar K, Sonowal P, Saikia H. Sociodemographic factors and their association with menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls in Urban slums of Dibrugarh town, Assam. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:4446-4451. [PMID: 35280634 PMCID: PMC8884318 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_703_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: For good physical and mental health in adolescent girls, menstrual hygiene practices play an important role. Adolescent girls are incredibly susceptible to various physical and mental issues during this period, and sociodemographic factors play a crucial function in menstrual hygiene practices; thus, it is very critical to preserve good menstrual hygiene practices. Aim and Objectives: 1) to assess the knowledge and menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls and 2) to assess the sociodemographic factors influencing knowledge and menstrual hygiene practices. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in July–September 2019 among 150 adolescent girls. A predesigned, pretested questionnaire was used in the study. Descriptive statistics were applied in data analysis, and multivariate analysis was applied to find out the association. Results: Out of 150 adolescent girls, 78% belong to the Hindu religion and 76.7% are of nuclear family. In total, 28.7% mothers of adolescent girls are illiterate, and most of the adolescent girls (50%) belong to the 14–16-years age group; 38.7% adolescent girls belong to class V socioeconomic status. Multivariate analysis shows that Muslim religion has a significant association with knowledge regarding menstrual hygiene practices (OR: 2.846, P < 0.05) and sanitary disposal of absorbent by adolescent girls (OR: 2.528, P < 0.05). There is a significant association between joint family (type of family) and absorbent used by adolescent girls (OR: 0.253, P < 0.05). Conclusion: It is usually essential to enhance information and practices of good menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls so that they can lead a healthy productive life. Improvement of mothers’ knowledge is also a major area to be focused on.
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