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Zhou S, Long N, Moeser M, Hill CS, Samoff E, Mobley V, Frost S, Bayer C, Kelly E, Greifinger A, Shone S, Glover W, Clark M, Eron J, Cohen M, Swanstrom R, Dennis AM. Use of Next-Generation Sequencing in a State-Wide Strategy of HIV-1 Surveillance: Impact of the SARS-COV-2 Pandemic on HIV-1 Diagnosis and Transmission. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:1758-1765. [PMID: 37283544 PMCID: PMC10733719 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic posed an unpreceded threat to the management of other pandemics such as human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in the United States. The full impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the HIV-1 pandemic needs to be evaluated. METHODS All individuals with newly reported HIV-1 diagnoses from NC State Laboratory of Public Health were enrolled in this prospective observational study, 2018-2021. We used a sequencing-based recency assay to identify recent HIV-1 infections and to determine the days postinfection (DPI) for each person at the time of diagnosis. RESULTS Sequencing used diagnostic serum samples from 814 individuals with new HIV-1 diagnoses spanning this 4-year period. Characteristics of individuals diagnosed in 2020 differed from those in other years. People of color diagnosed in 2021 were on average 6 months delayed in their diagnosis compared to those diagnosed in 2020. There was a trend that genetic networks were more known for individuals diagnosed in 2021. We observed no major integrase resistance mutations over the course of the study. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 pandemic may contribute to the spread of HIV-1. Public health resources need to focus on restoring HIV-1 testing and interrupting active, ongoing, transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntai Zhou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nathan Long
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matt Moeser
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Collin S Hill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erika Samoff
- North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victoria Mobley
- North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Simon Frost
- Microsoft Health Futures, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, USA
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cara Bayer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kelly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Annalea Greifinger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Scott Shone
- North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - William Glover
- North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Clark
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joseph Eron
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Myron Cohen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ann M Dennis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Kabaghe AN, Stephens R, Payne D, Theu J, Luhanga M, Chalira D, Arons MM, O'Malley G, Thomson KA, Nyangulu M, Nyirenda R, Patel P, Wadonda-Kabondo N. HIV Recent Infection and Past HIV Testing History Among Newly HIV-Diagnosed 15-24-Year-Olds in Malawi: An Analysis of 2019-2022 HIV Recent Infection Surveillance Data. AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR AIDS EDUCATION 2023; 35:4-19. [PMID: 37406145 DOI: 10.1521/aeap.2023.35.suppa.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Awareness of HIV status in Malawi is 88.3% and lowest among 15-24-year-olds (76.2%). There is a need to understand HIV testing history and transmission in this age group. We analyzed pooled HIV surveillance data to describe testing history and HIV recent infection among 8,389 HIV-positive 15-24-year-olds from 251 sites in Malawi between 2019 and 2022. Most HIV-positive 15-24-year-olds were female; aged 23-24 years; rural residents; and diagnosed at voluntary counseling and testing. No prior HIV testing was reported in 43.5% and 32.9% of 15-19-year-olds and males, respectively. Overall, 4.9% of HIV-positive diagnoses were classified as recent HIV infections, with the highest proportions among breastfeeding women (8.2%); persons tested at sexually transmitted infection clinics (9.0%); persons with a prior negative test within 6 months (13.0%); and 17-18-year-olds (7.3%). Tailored and innovative HIV prevention and testing strategies for young adolescents, young males, and pregnant and breastfeeding women are needed for HIV epidemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reno Stephens
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Danielle Payne
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Joe Theu
- International Training and Education Center for Health (I-TECH), University of Washington, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Misheck Luhanga
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Davie Chalira
- International Training and Education Center for Health (I-TECH), University of Washington, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Melissa M Arons
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gabrielle O'Malley
- International Training and Education Center for Health (I-TECH), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kerry A Thomson
- International Training and Education Center for Health (I-TECH), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mtemwa Nyangulu
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - Pragna Patel
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Mohloanyane T, Olivier D, Labhardt ND, Amstutz A. Recent HIV infections among newly diagnosed individuals living with HIV in rural Lesotho: Secondary data from the VIBRA cluster-randomized trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277812. [PMID: 36409754 PMCID: PMC9678280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV recency assays are used to distinguish recently acquired infection from long-term infection among individuals newly diagnosed with HIV. Since 2015, the World Health Organisation recommends the use of an algorithm to assess recency of infections which is based on an HIV recency assay and viral load (VL) quantification. We determined the proportion of recent HIV infections among participants of the VIBRA (Village-Based Refill of Antiretroviral therapy) cluster-randomized trial in Lesotho and assessed risk factors for these recent infections. METHODS The VIBRA trial recruited individuals living with HIV and not taking antiretroviral therapy during a door-to-door HIV testing campaign in two rural districts (Butha-Buthe and Mokhotlong). Samples were collected from participants newly diagnosed and tested for HIV recency using the Asanté HIV-1 Rapid Recency Assay and VL using the Roche Cobas System. Clinical and socio-demographic data were extracted from the trial database. Univariate analysis was conducted to determine factors associated with recent compared to long-term infection. RESULTS Participants were recruited from August 2018 to May 2019 and 184 patient-samples included in this study. The majority were female (108 [59%]) with a median age of 36 years (interquartile range 30-50 years). We found 13 (7.0%) recent infections, while 171 (93.0%) were classified as long-term HIV infections. No conclusive evidence for risk factors of recent infection was found. CONCLUSIONS During door-to-door testing among a general population sample in rural Lesotho, 7% of those who were newly diagnosed had acquired HIV in the preceding 6 months. More efforts and research are needed to curb ongoing transmissions in these rural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsepang Mohloanyane
- Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa,* E-mail:
| | - Dedre Olivier
- Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
| | - Niklaus Daniel Labhardt
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Research, Basel, Switzerland,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Amstutz
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Research, Basel, Switzerland,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Msukwa MT, MacLachlan EW, Gugsa ST, Theu J, Namakhoma I, Bangara F, Blair CL, Payne D, Curran KG, Arons M, Namachapa K, Wadonda N, Kabaghe AN, Dobbs T, Shanmugam V, Kim E, Auld A, Babaye Y, O'Malley G, Nyirenda R, Bello G. Characterising persons diagnosed with HIV as either recent or long-term using a cross-sectional analysis of recent infection surveillance data collected in Malawi from September 2019 to March 2020. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e064707. [PMID: 36153024 PMCID: PMC9511604 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In Malawi, a recent infection testing algorithm (RITA) is used to characterise infections of persons newly diagnosed with HIV as recent or long term. This paper shares results from recent HIV infection surveillance and describes distribution and predictors. SETTING Data from 155 health facilities in 11 districts in Malawi were pooled from September 2019 to March 2020. PARTICIPANTS Eligible participants were ≥13 years, and newly diagnosed with HIV. Clients had RITA recent infections if the rapid test for recent infection (RTRI) test result was recent and viral load (VL) ≥1000 copies/mL; if VL was <1000 copies/mL the RTRI result was reclassified as long-term. Results were stratified by age, sex, pregnancy/breastfeeding status and district. RESULTS 13 838 persons consented to RTRI testing and 12 703 had valid RTRI test results and VL results after excluding clients not newly HIV-positive, RTRI negative or missing data (n=1135). A total of 12 365 of the 12 703 were included in the analysis after excluding those whose RTRI results were reclassified as long term (n=338/784 or 43.1%). The remainder, 446/12 703 or 3.5%, met the definition of RITA recent infection. The highest percentage of recent infections was among breastfeeding women (crude OR (COR) 3.2; 95% CI 2.0 to 5.0), young people aged 15-24 years (COR 1.6; 95% CI 1.3 to 1.9) and persons who reported a negative HIV test within the past 12 months (COR 3.3; 95% CI 2.6 to 4.2). Factors associated with recent infection in multivariable analysis included being a non-pregnant female (adjusted OR (AOR) 1.4; 95% CI 1.2 to 1.8), a breastfeeding female (AOR 2.2; 95% CI 1.4 to 3.5), aged 15-24 years (AOR 1.6; 95% CI 1.3 to 1.9) and residents of Machinga (AOR 2.0; 95% CI 1.2 to 3.5) and Mzimba (AOR 2.4; 95% CI 1.3 to 4.5) districts. CONCLUSIONS Malawi's recent HIV infection surveillance system demonstrated high uptake and identified sub-populations of new HIV diagnoses with a higher percentage of recent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malango T Msukwa
- Department of Global Health, I-TECH, University of Washington, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Ellen W MacLachlan
- Department of Global Health, I-TECH, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Salem T Gugsa
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joe Theu
- Department of Global Health, I-TECH, University of Washington, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Ireen Namakhoma
- Department of Global Health, I-TECH, University of Washington, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Fred Bangara
- Department of Global Health, I-TECH, University of Washington, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Christopher L Blair
- Department of Global Health, I-TECH, University of Washington, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Danielle Payne
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Kathryn G Curran
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melissa Arons
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Khumbo Namachapa
- Department of HIV and AIDS, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Central Region, Malawi
| | - Nellie Wadonda
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - Trudy Dobbs
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Evelyn Kim
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Andrew Auld
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Yusuf Babaye
- Department of Global Health, I-TECH, University of Washington, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Gabrielle O'Malley
- Department of Global Health, I-TECH, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rose Nyirenda
- Department of HIV and AIDS, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Central Region, Malawi
| | - George Bello
- Department of Global Health, I-TECH, University of Washington, Lilongwe, Malawi
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