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Megasari NLA, Khairunisa SQ, Arizandy RY, Wijaksana IKE, Wungu CDK. Cytokine profiles of mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infected and recovered pre-vaccinated individuals residing in Indonesia. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17257. [PMID: 38646483 PMCID: PMC11032655 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence suggests the involvement of cytokine-mediated inflammation, in clinical severity and death related to SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially among pre-vaccinated individuals. An increased risk of death was also described among SARS-CoV-2 recovered individuals, which might be correlated with prolonged inflammatory responses. Despite being among the countries with the highest cumulative deaths due to COVID-19, evidence regarding cytokine profiles among SARS-CoV-2 infected and recovered pre-vaccinated individuals in Indonesia is scarce. Thus, this study aimed to describe the cytokines profiles of pre-vaccinated individuals residing in Indonesia, with mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection and those who recovered. Methods Sixty-one sera from 24 hospitalized patients with mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection, 24 individuals recovered from asymptomatic-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 13 healthy controls unexposed to SARS-CoV-2 were used in this study. Quantification of serum cytokine levels, including IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, TNF-α, CCL-2, CCL-3, CCL-4, and CXCL-13, was performed using a Luminex multi-analyte-profiling (xMAP)-based assay. Results The levels of IL-8 along with CCL-2 and CCL-4, were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.01) in hospitalized patients with mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection and recovered individuals compared to healthy controls. However, no significant difference was observed in these cytokine levels between infected and recovered individuals. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in several other cytokine levels, including IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, CCL-3, and CXCL-13, among all groups. Conclusion IL-8, CCL-2, and CCL-4 were significantly elevated in pre-vaccinated Indonesian individuals with mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection and those who recovered. The cytokine profiles described in this study might indicate inflammatory responses not only among SARS-CoV-2 infected, but also recovered individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Luh Ayu Megasari
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Postgraduate School, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | | | - I. Komang Evan Wijaksana
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Department of Physiology and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Bakos T, Kozma GT, Szebeni J, Szénási G. Eculizumab suppresses zymosan-induced release of inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IFN-γ and IL-2 in autologous serum-substituted PBMC cultures: Relevance to cytokine storm in Covid-19. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115294. [PMID: 37567071 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cytokine storm (CS) is a major contributor to the fatal outcome of severe infectious diseases, including Covid-19. Treatment with the complement (C) C5 inhibitor eculizumab was beneficial in end-stage Covid-19, however, the mechanism of this effect is unknown. To clarify this, we analyzed the relationship between C activation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a PBMC model. METHODS Human PBMC with or without 20 % autologous serum was incubated with C3a, C5a, zymosan or zymosan-pre-activated serum (ZAS) for 24 h with or without eculizumab or the C5a receptor antagonist, DF2593A. C activation (sC5b-9) and 9 inflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA. RESULTS In serum-free unstimulated PBMC only IL-8 release could be measured during incubation. Addition of C5a increased IL-8 secretion only, ZAS induced both IL-2 and IL-8, while zymosan led to significant production of all cytokines, most abundantly IL-8. In the presence of serum the above effects were greatly enhanced, and the zymosan-induced rises of IL-1α, IL-1β IFN-γ and IL-2 were significantly attenuated by eculizumab but not by DF2593a. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight the complexity of interrelationships between C activation and cytokine secretion under different experimental conditions. The clinically relevant findings include the abundant formation of the chemokine IL-8, which was stimulated by C5a, and the suppression of numerous inflammatory cytokines by eculizumab, which explains its therapeutic efficacy in severe Covid-19. These data strengthen the clinical relevance of the applied PBMC model for drug screening against CS, enabling the separation of complex innate immune cross-talks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Bakos
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - János Szebeni
- SeroScience LTD., Budapest, Hungary; Nanomedicine Research and Education Center, Department of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1089, Hungary; Department of Nanobiotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Miskolc University, Miskolc 2880, Hungary; School of Chemical Engineering and Translational Nanobioscience Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, the Republic of Korea
| | - Gábor Szénási
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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3
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Rajput M, Thakur N. Editorial: Advances in host-pathogen interactions for diseases in animals and birds. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1282110. [PMID: 37766859 PMCID: PMC10520279 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1282110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mrigendra Rajput
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
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Laatifi M, Douzi S, Ezzine H, Asry CE, Naya A, Bouklouze A, Zaid Y, Naciri M. Explanatory predictive model for COVID-19 severity risk employing machine learning, shapley addition, and LIME. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5481. [PMID: 37015978 PMCID: PMC10071246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 threatens global public health and impedes the operation of healthcare systems. Several studies have been conducted to confirm SARS-CoV-2 infection and examine its risk factors. To produce more effective treatment options and vaccines, it is still necessary to investigate biomarkers and immune responses in order to gain a deeper understanding of disease pathophysiology. This study aims to determine how cytokines influence the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We measured the plasma levels of 48 cytokines in the blood of 87 participants in the COVID-19 study. Several Classifiers were trained and evaluated using Machine Learning and Deep Learning to complete missing data, generate synthetic data, and fill in any gaps. To examine the relationship between cytokine storm and COVID-19 severity in patients, the Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) and the LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations) model were applied. Individuals with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection had elevated plasma levels of VEGF-A, MIP-1b, and IL-17. RANTES and TNF were associated with healthy individuals, whereas IL-27, IL-9, IL-12p40, and MCP-3 were associated with non-Severity. These findings suggest that these cytokines may promote the development of novel preventive and therapeutic pathways for disease management. In this study, the use of artificial intelligence is intended to support clinical diagnoses of patients to determine how each cytokine may be responsible for the severity of COVID-19, which could lead to the identification of several cytokines that could aid in treatment decision-making and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Laatifi
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Ecology and Genome, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Samira Douzi
- IPSS Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis Research Team, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Hind Ezzine
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Ecology and Genome, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
- Public Health International Consultant, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Chadia El Asry
- Faculty of Sciences, IPSS Laboratory, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdellah Naya
- Department of Biology, Immunology, and Biodiversity Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Bouklouze
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis Research Team, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Younes Zaid
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Ecology and Genome, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
- Department of Biology, Immunology, and Biodiversity Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
- Research Center of Abulcasis, University of Health Sciences, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mariam Naciri
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Ecology and Genome, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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Fernandes de Souza WD, da Fonseca DM, Sartori A. COVID-19 and Multiple Sclerosis: A Complex Relationship Possibly Aggravated by Low Vitamin D Levels. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050684. [PMID: 36899820 PMCID: PMC10000583 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an exceptionally transmissible and pathogenic coronavirus that appeared at the end of 2019 and triggered a pandemic of acute respiratory disease, known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 can evolve into a severe disease associated with immediate and delayed sequelae in different organs, including the central nervous system (CNS). A topic that deserves attention in this context is the complex relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we initially described the clinical and immunopathogenic characteristics of these two illnesses, accentuating the fact that COVID-19 can, in defined patients, reach the CNS, the target tissue of the MS autoimmune process. The well-known contribution of viral agents such as the Epstein-Barr virus and the postulated participation of SARS-CoV-2 as a risk factor for the triggering or worsening of MS are then described. We emphasize the contribution of vitamin D in this scenario, considering its relevance in the susceptibility, severity and control of both pathologies. Finally, we discuss the experimental animal models that could be explored to better understand the complex interplay of these two diseases, including the possible use of vitamin D as an adjunct immunomodulator to treat them.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Danilo Fernandes de Souza
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Denise Morais da Fonseca
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Alexandrina Sartori
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil
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Ramatillah DL, Michael M, Khan K, Natasya N, Sinaga E, Hartuti S, Fajriani N, Farrukh MJ, Gan SH. Factors Contributing to Chronic Kidney Disease following COVID-19 Diagnosis in Pre-Vaccinated Hospitalized Patients. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020433. [PMID: 36851310 PMCID: PMC9966430 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aim to evaluate the factors that may contribute to the development of chronic kidney disease following COVID-19 infection among hospitalized patients in two private hospitals in Jakarta, Indonesia. This is a retrospective cohort study between March 2020 and September 2021. Patient selection was conducted with a convenience sampling. All patients (n = 378) meeting the inclusion criteria during the study period were enrolled. Various sociodemographic, laboratory test, and diagnostic parameters were measured before the determination of their correlation with the outcome of COVID-19 infection. In this study, all pre-vaccinated patients with COVID-19 had no history of chronic kidney disease (CKD) prior to hospital admission. From this number, approximately 75.7% of the patients developed CKD following COVID-19 diagnosis. Overall, significant correlations were established between the clinical outcome and the CKD status (p = 0.001). Interestingly, there was a significant correlation between serum creatinine level, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and CKD (p < 0.0001). Oxygen saturation (p = 0.03), admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) (p < 0.0001), and sepsis (p = 0.005) were factors that were significantly correlated with CKD status. Additionally, the type of antibiotic agent used was significantly correlated with CKD (p = 0.011). While 82.1% of patients with CKD survived, the survival rate worsened if the patients had complications from hyperuricemia (p = 0.010). The patients who received levofloxacin and ceftriaxone had the highest (100%) survival rate after approximately 50 days of treatment. The patients who received the antiviral agent combination isoprinosine + oseltamivir + ivermectin fared better (100%) as compared to those who received isoprinosine + favipiravir (8%). Factors, such as hyperuricemia and the antibiotic agent used, contributed to CKD following COVID-19 hospitalization. Interestingly, the patients who received levofloxacin + ceftriaxone and the patients without sepsis fared the best. Overall, patients who develop CKD following COVID-19 hospitalization have a low survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Laila Ramatillah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta, North Jakarta 14350, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael Michael
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta, North Jakarta 14350, Indonesia
| | - Kashifullah Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nia Natasya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta, North Jakarta 14350, Indonesia
| | - Elizabeth Sinaga
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta, North Jakarta 14350, Indonesia
| | - Silvy Hartuti
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta, North Jakarta 14350, Indonesia
| | - Nuzul Fajriani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta, North Jakarta 14350, Indonesia
| | | | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
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Almada L, Angiolini SC, Dho ND, Dutto J, Gazzoni Y, Manzone-Rodríguez C, Marín C, Ponce NE, Arroyo DS, Quiróz JN, Iribarren P, Cerbán FM, Morón G, Amezcua Vesely MC, Cervi L, Chiapello LS, Fozzatti L, Icely PA, Maccioni M, Montes CL, Motrán CC, Rodríguez-Galán MC, Stempin CC, Viano ME, Mena C, Bertone M, Abiega CD, Escudero D, Kahn A, Caeiro JP, Maletto BA, Acosta Rodríguez EV, Gruppi A, Sotomayor CE. Different cytokine and chemokine profiles in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 during the first and second outbreaks from Argentina show no association with clinical comorbidities. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1111797. [PMID: 36817433 PMCID: PMC9929547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1111797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 severity has been linked to an increased production of inflammatory mediators called "cytokine storm". Available data is mainly restricted to the first international outbreak and reports highly variable results. This study compares demographic and clinical features of patients with COVID-19 from Córdoba, Argentina, during the first two waves of the pandemic and analyzes association between comorbidities and disease outcome with the "cytokine storm", offering added value to the field. Methods We investigated serum concentration of thirteen soluble mediators, including cytokines and chemokines, in hospitalized patients with moderate and severe COVID-19, without previous rheumatic and autoimmune diseases, from the central region of Argentina during the first and second infection waves. Samples from healthy controls were also assayed. Clinical and biochemical parameters were collected. Results Comparison between the two first COVID-19 waves in Argentina highlighted that patients recruited during the second wave were younger and showed less concurrent comorbidities than those from the first outbreak. We also recognized particularities in the signatures of systemic cytokines and chemokines in patients from both infection waves. We determined that concurrent pre-existing comorbidities did not have contribution to serum concentration of systemic cytokines and chemokines in COVID-19 patients. We also identified immunological and biochemical parameters associated to inflammation which can be used as prognostic markers. Thus, IL-6 concentration, C reactive protein level and platelet count allowed to discriminate between death and discharge in patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 only during the first but not the second wave. Conclusions Our data provide information that deepens our understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis linking demographic features of a COVID-19 cohort with cytokines and chemokines systemic concentration, presence of comorbidities and different disease outcomes. Altogether, our findings provide information not only at local level by delineating inflammatory/anti-inflammatory response of patients but also at international level addressing the impact of comorbidities and the infection wave in the variability of cytokine and chemokine production upon SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Almada
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sofía Carla Angiolini
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Daniel Dho
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jeremías Dutto
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Yamila Gazzoni
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Clarisa Manzone-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Constanza Marín
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Eric Ponce
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniela Soledad Arroyo
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan Nahuel Quiróz
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Iribarren
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fabio Marcelo Cerbán
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Morón
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Carolina Amezcua Vesely
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Cervi
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Silvina Chiapello
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Fozzatti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paula Alejandra Icely
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariana Maccioni
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carolina Lucia Montes
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Cristina Motrán
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Rodríguez-Galán
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cinthia Carolina Stempin
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Estefanía Viano
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristian Mena
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariana Bertone
- Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba (IUCBC), Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudio Daniel Abiega
- Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba (IUCBC), Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daiana Escudero
- Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba (IUCBC), Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adrián Kahn
- Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba (IUCBC), Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Caeiro
- Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba (IUCBC), Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Belkys Angélica Maletto
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eva Virginia Acosta Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adriana Gruppi
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Elena Sotomayor
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
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8
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Mocanu A, Lazureanu VE, Laza R, Marinescu AR, Cut TG, Sincaru SV, Marza AM, Popescu IM, Herlo LF, Nelson-Twakor A, Rivis M, Bratosinand F, Porosnicu TM, Mederle AO. Laboratory Findings and Clinical Outcomes of ICU-admitted COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Assessment of Particularities Identified among Romanian Minorities. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13020195. [PMID: 36836429 PMCID: PMC9967597 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Roma population accounts for over 3% (approximately 10 to 15 million) of Romania's permanent population, and it represents one of Europe's most impoverished populations. Due to poverty and unemployment, Romania's Roma minority may have diminished access to healthcare and preventive medicine. The limited existing evidence suggests that the European Roma group has been at a higher risk of becoming ill and dying during the pandemic owing to their lifestyle choices, socioeconomic circumstances, and genetic pathophysiological traits. As a result, the purpose of the present research was to investigate the link between the inflammatory markers implicated and the clinical progression of COVID-19 in Roma patients who were brought to the intensive care unit. We considered 71 Roma patients admitted to the ICU with SARS-CoV-2 infection and 213 controls from the general population with the same inclusion criteria. The body mass index of patients was statistically significantly higher among Roma patients, with more than 57% being overweight, compared with 40.7% in the control group. Frequent smoking was more prevalent in patients of Roma ethnicity admitted to the ICU and the number of comorbidities. We observed a significantly higher proportion of severe imaging features at admission in the group of cases, although this difference may have been associated with the higher prevalence of smoking in this group. The mean duration of hospitalization was longer by 1.8 days than the control group. Elevated ESR levels were observed in 54.0% of Roma patients at admission, compared with 38.9% in the control group. Similarly, 47.6% of them had elevated CRP levels. IL-6 increased significantly at the time of ICU admission, similarly to the significant rise in the CRP levels, compared with the general population. However, the proportion of intubated patients and mortality did not differ significantly. On multivariate analysis, the Roma ethnicity significantly influenced the CRP (β = 1.93, p-value = 0.020) and IL-6 (β = 1.85, p-value = 0.044). It is necessary to plan different healthcare strategies aimed at special populations, such as the Roma ethnicity, to prevent the reduced disparities presented in in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Mocanu
- Department XIII, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Voichita Elena Lazureanu
- Department XIII, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Ruxandra Laza
- Department XIII, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Adelina Raluca Marinescu
- Department XIII, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Talida Georgiana Cut
- Department XIII, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Suzana-Vasilica Sincaru
- Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases and Transplantation, Strada Gheorghe Maricescu, 540327 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Adina Maria Marza
- Department of Surgery, Multidisciplinary Center for Research, Evaluation, Diagnosis and Therapies in Oral Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Irina-Maria Popescu
- Department XIII, Discipline of Epidemiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Lucian-Flavius Herlo
- Department of Surgery, Ineu City Hospital, Republicii Street 2, 315300 Arad, Romania
| | - Andreea Nelson-Twakor
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 900527 Constanta, Romania
| | - Mircea Rivis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Oral Surgery, Multidisciplinary Center for Research, Evaluation, Diagnosis and Therapies in Oral Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Felix Bratosinand
- Department XIII, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Tamara Mirela Porosnicu
- Intensive Care Unit, “Victor Babes” Hospital for Infectious Disease and Pneumology, Strada Gheorghe Adam 13, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexandru Ovidiu Mederle
- Department of Surgery, Multidisciplinary Center for Research, Evaluation, Diagnosis and Therapies in Oral Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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9
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Targeted Modulation of Interferon Response-Related Genes with IFN-Alpha/Lambda Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137248. [PMID: 35806255 PMCID: PMC9267116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) signaling resulting from external or internal inflammatory processes initiates the rapid release of cytokines and chemokines to target viral or bacterial invasion, as well as cancer and other diseases. Prolonged exposure to IFNs, or the overexpression of other cytokines, leads to immune exhaustion, enhancing inflammation and leading to the persistence of infection and promotion of disease. Hence, to control and stabilize an excessive immune response, approaches for the management of inflammation are required. The potential use of peptides as anti-inflammatory agents has been previously demonstrated. Our team discovered, and previously published, a 9-amino-acid cyclic peptide named ALOS4 which exhibits anti-cancer properties in vivo and in vitro. We suggested that the anti-cancer effect of ALOS4 arises from interaction with the immune system, possibly through the modulation of inflammatory processes. Here, we show that treatment with ALOS4 decreases basal cytokine levels in mice with chronic inflammation and prolongs the lifespan of mice with acute systemic inflammation induced by irradiation. We also show that pretreatment with ALOS4 reduces the expression of IFN alpha, IFN lambda, and selected interferon-response genes triggered by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C), a synthetic analog of viral double-stranded RNA, while upregulating the expression of other genes with antiviral activity. Hence, we conclude that ALOS4 does not prevent IFN signaling, but rather supports the antiviral response by upregulating the expression of interferon-response genes in an interferon-independent manner.
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10
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Mahmud N, Anik MI, Hossain MK, Khan MI, Uddin S, Ashrafuzzaman M, Rahaman MM. Advances in Nanomaterial-Based Platforms to Combat COVID-19: Diagnostics, Preventions, Therapeutics, and Vaccine Developments. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2431-2460. [PMID: 35583460 PMCID: PMC9128020 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2, a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus that emerged less than two years ago but has caused nearly 6.1 million deaths to date. Recently developed variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus have been shown to be more potent and expanded at a faster rate. Until now, there is no specific and effective treatment for SARS-CoV-2 in terms of reliable and sustainable recovery. Precaution, prevention, and vaccinations are the only ways to keep the pandemic situation under control. Medical and scientific professionals are now focusing on the repurposing of previous technology and trying to develop more fruitful methodologies to detect the presence of viruses, treat the patients, precautionary items, and vaccine developments. Nanomedicine or nanobased platforms can play a crucial role in these fronts. Researchers are working on many effective approaches by nanosized particles to combat SARS-CoV-2. The role of a nanobased platform to combat SARS-CoV-2 is extremely diverse (i.e., mark to personal protective suit, rapid diagnostic tool to targeted treatment, and vaccine developments). Although there are many theoretical possibilities of a nanobased platform to combat SARS-CoV-2, until now there is an inadequate number of research targeting SARS-CoV-2 to explore such scenarios. This unique mini-review aims to compile and elaborate on the recent advances of nanobased approaches from prevention, diagnostics, treatment to vaccine developments against SARS-CoV-2, and associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Mahmud
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka 1216,
Bangladesh
| | - Muzahidul I. Anik
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881,
United States
| | - M. Khalid Hossain
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering
Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580,
Japan
- Atomic Energy Research Establishment,
Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka 1349,
Bangladesh
| | - Md Ishak Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United
States
| | - Shihab Uddin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of
Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395,
Japan
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Md. Ashrafuzzaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka 1216,
Bangladesh
| | - Md Mushfiqur Rahaman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, NYU
Langone Health, New York, New York 10016, United
States
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11
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Elemam NM, Hammoudeh S, Salameh L, Mahboub B, Alsafar H, Talaat IM, Habib P, Siddiqui M, Hassan KO, Al-Assaf OY, Taneera J, Sulaiman N, Hamoudi R, Maghazachi AA, Hamid Q, Saber-Ayad M. Identifying Immunological and Clinical Predictors of COVID-19 Severity and Sequelae by Mathematical Modeling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:865845. [PMID: 35529862 PMCID: PMC9067542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence as a pandemic in March 2020, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outcome has been explored via several predictive models, using specific clinical or biochemical parameters. In the current study, we developed an integrative non-linear predictive model of COVID-19 outcome, using clinical, biochemical, immunological, and radiological data of patients with different disease severities. Initially, the immunological signature of the disease was investigated through transcriptomics analysis of nasopharyngeal swab samples of patients with different COVID-19 severity versus control subjects (exploratory cohort, n=61), identifying significant differential expression of several cytokines. Accordingly, 24 cytokines were validated using a multiplex assay in the serum of COVID-19 patients and control subjects (validation cohort, n=77). Predictors of severity were Interleukin (IL)-10, Programmed Death-Ligand-1 (PDL-1), Tumor necrosis factors-α, absolute neutrophil count, C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, blood urea nitrogen, and ferritin; with high predictive efficacy (AUC=0.93 and 0.98 using ROC analysis of the predictive capacity of cytokines and biochemical markers, respectively). Increased IL-6 and granzyme B were found to predict liver injury in COVID-19 patients, whereas interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), IL-1 receptor-a (IL-1Ra) and PD-L1 were predictors of remarkable radiological findings. The model revealed consistent elevation of IL-15 and IL-10 in severe cases. Combining basic biochemical and radiological investigations with a limited number of curated cytokines will likely attain accurate predictive value in COVID-19. The model-derived cytokines highlight critical pathways in the pathophysiology of the COVID-19 with insight towards potential therapeutic targets. Our modeling methodology can be implemented using new datasets to identify key players and predict outcomes in new variants of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M Elemam
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sarah Hammoudeh
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Laila Salameh
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Dubai Health Authority, Rashid Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam Mahboub
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Dubai Health Authority, Rashid Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Habiba Alsafar
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Emirates Bio-Research Centre, Ministry of Interior, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Iman M Talaat
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Peter Habib
- School of Information Technology and Computer Science (ITCS), Nile University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mehmood Siddiqui
- Dubai Health Authority, Rashid Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - Jalal Taneera
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nabil Sulaiman
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Azzam A Maghazachi
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maha Saber-Ayad
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,College of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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12
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Ahmad R, Haque M. Surviving the Storm: Cytokine Biosignature in SARS-CoV-2 Severity Prediction. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040614. [PMID: 35455363 PMCID: PMC9026643 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The world has been stricken mentally, physically, and economically by the COVID-19 virus. However, while SARS-CoV-2 viral infection results in mild flu-like symptoms in most patients, a number of those infected develop severe illness. These patients require hospitalization and intensive care. The severe disease can spiral downwards with eventual severe damage to the lungs and failure of multiple organs, leading to the individual’s demise. It is necessary to identify those who are developing a severe form of illness to provide early management. Therefore, it is crucial to learn about the mechanisms and chemical mediators that lead to critical conditions in SARS-CoV-2 infection. This paper reviews studies regarding the individual chemical mediators, pathways, and means that contribute to worsening health conditions in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Abstract A significant part of the world population has been affected by the devastating SARS-CoV-2 infection. It has deleterious effects on mental and physical health and global economic conditions. Evidence suggests that the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection may result in immunopathology such as neutrophilia, lymphopenia, decreased response of type I interferon, monocyte, and macrophage dysregulation. Even though most individuals infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus suffer mild symptoms similar to flu, severe illness develops in some cases, including dysfunction of multiple organs. Excessive production of different inflammatory cytokines leads to a cytokine storm in COVID-19 infection. The large quantities of inflammatory cytokines trigger several inflammation pathways through tissue cell and immune cell receptors. Such mechanisms eventually lead to complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, intravascular coagulation, capillary leak syndrome, failure of multiple organs, and, in severe cases, death. Thus, to devise an effective management plan for SARS-CoV-2 infection, it is necessary to comprehend the start and pathways of signaling for the SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced cytokine storm. This article discusses the current findings of SARS-CoV-2 related to immunopathology, the different paths of signaling and other cytokines that result in a cytokine storm, and biomarkers that can act as early signs of warning for severe illness. A detailed understanding of the cytokine storm may aid in the development of effective means for controlling the disease’s immunopathology. In addition, noting the biomarkers and pathophysiology of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection as early warning signs can help prevent severe complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahnuma Ahmad
- Department of Physiology, Medical College for Women and Hospital, Plot No 4 Road 8/9, Sector-1, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh;
| | - Mainul Haque
- Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: or
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