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Faust L, Caceres-Cardenas G, Martinez L, Huddart S, Vidal JR, Corilloclla-Torres R, Ayllon MC, Benedetti A, Pai M, Ugarte-Gil C. Tuberculosis case notifications and outcomes in Peruvian prisons prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national-level interrupted time series analysis. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2024; 33:100723. [PMID: 38800646 PMCID: PMC11117008 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2024.100723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted tuberculosis (TB) programs, making it urgent to focus TB elimination efforts on key populations. People experiencing incarceration are at high risk for TB, however, how COVID-19-related disruptions have impacted incarcerated populations with TB is unknown. Methods Using Peruvian National TB Program data from Jan 2018 to Dec 2021, an interrupted time series of drug-susceptible (DS) TB case notifications pre- and during COVID-19 was conducted (cut-off date: COVID-19 emergency declaration in Peru, 16 March 2020). The effect of TB care occurring pre-vs. during COVID-19 on TB treatment success in the incarcerated and non-incarcerated populations was explored using logistic regression. Findings DS-TB cases notified in prisons from Jan 2018 to Dec 2021 (n = 10,134) represented 10% of all cases notified in the country (n = 101,507). In the first week of COVID-19, DS-TB case notifications dropped by 61.2% (95% CI: 59.9-62.7%) in the non-incarcerated population and 17.7% (95% CI: 17.5-17.9%) among the incarcerated population. TB treatment success was significantly lower in people receiving TB care entirely during the COVID-19 pandemic vs. before COVID-19 in the non-incarcerated population (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.78-0.85), but not statistically significantly lower in the incarcerated population (OR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.76-1.01). Incarceration status was not found to modify the effect of COVID-19 period on TB treatment outcomes (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.92-1.25), although treatment success was higher in the incarcerated population (OR [incarcerated vs. not incarcerated, pre-COVID]: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.39-1.67). Interpretation Both incarcerated and non-incarcerated populations experienced a large drop in DS-TB case notifications (although higher in the non-incarcerated population). Lower TB treatment success among those receiving care during COVID-19 indicates significant TB service disruptions in the overall population. The finding that incarceration at time of diagnosis was associated with treatment success is plausible in Peru given increased screening and stricter treatment monitoring in prisons. Funding Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Funding Reference Number: 179418) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Faust
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Sophie Huddart
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
- UCSF Center for Tuberculosis, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Julia Rios Vidal
- Dirección De Control y Prevención de la Tuberculosis (DPCT), Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Perú
| | | | | | - Andrea Benedetti
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Madhukar Pai
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - César Ugarte-Gil
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public and Population Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Williams DB, Spinks B, Williams D, Lewis R, Bull F, Edwards A. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people experiencing incarceration: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e076451. [PMID: 38582532 PMCID: PMC11002388 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on people experiencing incarceration (PEI), focusing particularly on clinical outcomes compared with the general population. DESIGN Systematic review with narrative synthesis in accordance with the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination's good practice guidelines. DATA SOURCES Medline, Social Policy and Practice, Criminology Connection, ASSIA, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web Of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Cochrane COVID-19 reviews, COVID-19 Evidence Reviews and L*OVE COVID-19 Evidence databases were searched up to 21 October 2022. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES We included studies presenting data specific to adults ≥18 years experiencing incarceration, with exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection. All studies with a comparison group, regardless of study design and country were included. Studies with no comparison group data or not measuring clinical outcomes/health inequalities were excluded. Studies focussing on detained migrants, forensic hospitals, prison staff and those not in English were also excluded. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two reviewers extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Data underwent narrative synthesis using a framework analysis based on the objectives, for infection rates, testing, hospitalisation, mortality, vaccine uptake rates and mental health outcomes. There was no scope for meta-analysis, due to the heterogeneity of evidence available. RESULTS 4516 references were exported from the databases and grey literature searched, of which 55 met the inclusion criteria. Most were from the USA and were retrospective analyses. Compared with the general population, PEI were usually found to have higher rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection and poorer clinical outcomes. Conflicting data were found regarding vaccine uptake and testing rates compared with the general population. The mental health of PEI declined during the pandemic. Certain subgroups were more adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, such as ethnic minorities and older PEI. CONCLUSION PEI have poorer COVID-19 clinical outcomes than the general public, as shown by largely low-quality heterogenous evidence. Further high-quality research of continuing clinical outcomes and appropriate mitigating interventions is required to assess downstream effects of the pandemic on PEI. However, performing such research in the context of incarceration facilities is highly complex and potentially challenging. Prioritisation of resources for this vulnerable group should be a focus of national policy in the event of future pandemics. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42022296968.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bethany Spinks
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Denitza Williams
- Health and Care Research Wales Evidence Centre, Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ruth Lewis
- North Wales Centre for Primary Care Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Francesca Bull
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Adrian Edwards
- Health and Care Research Wales Evidence Centre, Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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LeMasters K, Brinkley-Rubinstein L. Covid-19 in US jails and prisons: implications for the next public health crisis. BMJ 2024; 384:e076975. [PMID: 38373786 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2023-076975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine LeMasters
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Adediran T, Zawitz C, Piriani A, Bendict E, Thiede S, Barbian H, Aroutcheva A, Green SJ, Welbel S, Weinstein RA, Snitkin E, Popovich KJ. Genomic Epidemiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in a County Jail. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofad675. [PMID: 38379564 PMCID: PMC10878058 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, correctional facilities are potential hotspots for transmission. We examined the genomic epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) early in the pandemic in one of the country's largest urban jails. Methods Existing SARS-CoV-2 isolates from 131 detainees at the Cook County Jail in Chicago, Illinois, from March 2020 through May 2020 were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing. Contemporaneous isolates from Rush University Medical Center (Chicago, Illinois) and the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) were used to identify genetic clusters containing only jail isolates. Transmission windows were identified for each pair of detainees using the date of the SARS-CoV-2-positive test and location data to determine if detainees overlapped in the jail, within a specific building, or within particular living units during transmission windows. Results We identified 29 jail-only clusters that contained 75 of the 132 SARS-CoV-2 isolates from detainees; of these clusters, 17 (58.6%) had individuals who overlapped in the jail during putative transmission windows. Focusing on specific buildings revealed that 2 buildings, a single- and double-cell style of housing. were associated with having detainees infected with similar SARS-CoV-2 genomes during their infectious time period (P < .001). Conclusions Our findings suggest that there was transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the jail, in the setting of extensive importation of COVID-19 from the community. Numerous infection control practices at intake and during incarceration were implemented in the jail to limit viral spread. Our study shows the importance of genomic analysis in this type of settings and how it can be utilized within infection control protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timileyin Adediran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Chad Zawitz
- Cermak Health Services of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Cook County Health, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ali Piriani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily Bendict
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Stephanie Thiede
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hannah Barbian
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Stefan J Green
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Robert A Weinstein
- Cook County Health, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Evan Snitkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kyle J Popovich
- Cook County Health, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Santoriello C, De Rosa C, Rufo C, Romano F, Termoli G, Fiorillo G, Caprio L, Vitolo M, Pagano AM. Suicide Risk Screening and Assessment before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic in New Inmates. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:100. [PMID: 38201006 PMCID: PMC10779268 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Suicide is the main cause of death in Italian prisons. The largest number of inmates who killed themselves was recorded during three years of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to explore psychosocial risk factors for suicide among inmates incarcerated before and after the onset of COVID-19. (2) Methods: At prison reception, inmates underwent clinical interviews and were assessed using the Blaauw Scale and Suicide Assessment Scale. Psychological distress, measured by the Symptom Checklist-90-R, was compared between inmates admitted before and after COVID-19. Regression analyses were run to examine psychosocial vulnerabilities associated with suicidal intent in newly incarcerated individuals at risk of suicide. (3) Results: Among the 2098 newly admitted inmates (93.7% male) aged 18 to 87 years (M = 39.93; SD = 12.04), 1347 met the criteria for suicide risk, and 98 exhibited high suicidal intent. Inmates who entered prison after the onset of COVID-19 were older and had fewer social relationships. They had a higher prevalence of recidivism and substance abuse, along with elevated levels of psychological distress. An increase in perceived loss of control, anergia, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, phobic anxiety, and paranoid ideation emerged as the factors most strongly associated with high suicidal intent. (4) Conclusions: These findings support the value of psychosocial screening in promptly identifying inmates at risk of suicide, enabling the implementation of targeted, multi-professional interventions. Future research should replicate these results, with a focus on longitudinal studies that monitor the same inmates throughout their incarceration period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Santoriello
- Unità Operativa Semplice Dipartimentale U.O.S.D. Department of Adults and Minors Healthcare, Criminal Area, Local Health Authority of Salerno, 84132 Salerno, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Maria Pagano
- Unità Operativa Semplice Dipartimentale U.O.S.D. Department of Adults and Minors Healthcare, Criminal Area, Local Health Authority of Salerno, 84132 Salerno, Italy
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Sugie NF, Turney K, Reiter K, Tublitz R, Kaiser D, Goodsell R, Secrist E, Patil A, Jiménez M. Excess mortality in U.S. prisons during the COVID-19 pandemic. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj8104. [PMID: 38039371 PMCID: PMC10691764 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj8104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
U.S. prisons were especially susceptible to COVID-19 infection and death; however, data limitations have precluded a national accounting of prison mortality (including but not limited to COVID-19 mortality) during the pandemic. Our analysis of mortality data collected from public records requests (supplemented with publicly available data) from 48 Departments of Corrections provides the most comprehensive understanding to date of in-custody mortality during 2020. We find that total mortality increased by 77% in 2020 relative to 2019, corresponding to 3.4 times the mortality increase in the general population, and that mortality in prisons increased across all age groups (49 and under, 50 to 64, and 65 and older). COVID-19 was the primary driver for increases in mortality due to natural causes; some states also experienced substantial increases due to unnatural causes. These findings provide critical information about the pandemic's toll on some of the country's most vulnerable individuals while underscoring the need for data transparency and standardized reporting in carceral settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi F. Sugie
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kristin Turney
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Keramet Reiter
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Rebecca Tublitz
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for State and Local Governance, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniela Kaiser
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Rebecca Goodsell
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Erin Secrist
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ankita Patil
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Monik Jiménez
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Yang YP, Hsin HT, Wang BL, Wang YC, Yu PC, Huang SH, Chung RJ, Huang YC, Tung TH. Gender differences in oral health among prisoners: a cross-sectional study from Taiwan. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:900. [PMID: 37990212 PMCID: PMC10662814 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of oral diseases among Taiwanese prisoners has rarely been investigated. This study aimed to estimate the gender-specific prevalence of oral disease in a sample of Taiwanese prisoners. METHODS We included 83,048 participants from the National Health Insurance (NHI) Program. Outcomes were measured using the clinical version of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9-CM). For prevalence, we provide absolute values and percentages. We also performed a χ2 test to assess sex and age group differences in the percentage of disease in the oral cavity, salivary glands, and jaw. RESULTS The prevalence rate of oral diseases was 25.90%, which was higher than that of the general population. The prevalence of oral diseases in female prisoners was higher than that in male prisoners (p < 0.001), and the prevalence of oral diseases in prisoners aged ≤ 40 was higher than that of prisoners aged > 40. Among all cases of diagnosed oral diseases, the top three diseases were dental hard tissue diseases (13.28%), other cellulitis and abscesses (9.79%), and pruritus and related conditions (2.88%), respectively. The prevalence of various oral diseases in female prisoners was significantly higher than that in male prisoners. CONCLUSION Oral disease is common among Taiwanese prisoners. Female prisoners had a higher prevalence of oral, salivary gland, and jaw diseases than male prisoners. Therefore, early prevention and appropriate treatment are required and also a need for gender-specific oral disease products given the differences in the prevalence of oral disease among male and female prisoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pei Yang
- Department of Hematology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, 317000, China
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, 317000, China
| | - Ho-Tsung Hsin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, 10602, Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyoung, 32003, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Long Wang
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yen-Chun Wang
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Ching Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, 10602, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Hao Huang
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 10608, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Jei Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 10608, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ching Huang
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 10608, Taiwan.
- School of Management, Putian University, Putian, 351200, China.
| | - Tao-Hsin Tung
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, 317000, China.
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Bucar SMR, de Lima TOS, da Silva GA, Maciel EDS, Pontes-Silva A, Quaresma FRP. Brazilian pulmonology guidelines on Delphi panel for post-coronavirus disease 2019: reflections on persons deprived of liberty. REVISTA DA ASSOCIACAO MEDICA BRASILEIRA (1992) 2023; 69:e20230965. [PMID: 37909625 PMCID: PMC10610749 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20230965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gislaine Aneanes da Silva
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Postgraduate Program in Teaching in Science and Health – Palmas (TO), Brazil
| | - Erika da Silva Maciel
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Postgraduate Program in Teaching in Science and Health – Palmas (TO), Brazil
| | - André Pontes-Silva
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Postgraduate Program in Physical Therapy – São Carlos (SP), Brazil
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Butler A, Croxford R, McLeod KE, Gomes T, Orkin AM, Bondy SJ, Kouyoumdjian FG. The impact of COVID-19 on opioid toxicity deaths for people who experience incarceration compared to the general population in Ontario: A whole population data linkage study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293251. [PMID: 37874825 PMCID: PMC10597506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To inform preparedness and population health action, we need to understand the effects of COVID-19 on health inequities. In this study, we assess the impact of COVID-19 on opioid toxicity deaths among people who experience incarceration compared to others in the general population in Ontario, Canada. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study for the period of January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2020. We accessed and linked coronial data on all opioid toxicity deaths in Ontario with correctional data for people aged 18 years and older who were incarcerated in a provincial correctional facility. We used data from the Statistics Canada Census to calculate whole population rates. We used an interrupted time series design and segmented regression to assess for change in the level or rate of increase in deaths due to opioid toxicity coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic. We compared the impact of COVID-19 on the opioid toxicity death rates for people exposed and not exposed to incarceration. RESULTS Rates of opioid toxicity death increased with a linear positive slope in both persons exposed to incarceration and those not exposed over the study period. The start of COVID-19 measures coincided with a marked upward shift in the trend lines with modification of the effect of COVID-19 by both sex and exposure to incarceration. For persons exposed to incarceration, the risk ratio (RR) was 1.50 (95%CI 1.35-1.69) for males and 1.21 (95%CI 1.06-1.42) for females, and for persons not exposed to incarceration, the RR was 1.25 (95%CI 1.13-1.38) for males and not significant for females. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 substantially exacerbated the risk of opioid toxicity death, impacting males and females who experienced incarceration more than those who had not, with an immediate stepwise increase in risk but no change in the rate of increase of risk over time. Public health work, including pandemic preparedness, should consider the specific needs and circumstances of people who experience incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Butler
- School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | | | - Tara Gomes
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Ching Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron M. Orkin
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan J. Bondy
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Pratt D, Crook R. Conducting prison-based research during the COVID-19 pandemic and the value of involving people with lived experience. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2023; 33:223-228. [PMID: 37527197 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pratt
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Suicide, Risk and Safety Research Unit, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, MAHSC, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca Crook
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Suicide, Risk and Safety Research Unit, Manchester, UK
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Baccon WC, Salci MA, Carreira L, Gallo AM, Marques FRDM, Paiano M, Baldissera VDA, Laranjeira C. Meanings and Experiences of Prisoners and Family Members Affected by the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Brazilian Prison Unit: A Grounded Theory Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6488. [PMID: 37569028 PMCID: PMC10419247 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20156488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, the COVID-19 pandemic represented a health emergency for prisons. This study sought to understand the meanings and experiences through the narratives of prisoners and family members affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a maximum-security state penitentiary complex in southern Brazil. For this purpose, a qualitative study was developed based on the methodological framework of constructivist grounded theory. Data were collected between February and August 2022 through individual in-depth interviews and field notes. The sample consisted of 41 participants: 28 male prisoners, and 13 family members. Guided by the Charmaz method of grounded theory analysis, the study afforded the core category "Feeling trapped in prison during the COVID-19 pandemic" with three interrelated phases: "Triggering", "Escalating", and "Readjustment". The "Triggering" phase refers to COVID-19-related elements or events that triggered certain reactions, processes, or changes in prison. During the "Escalating" phase, participants became overwhelmed by the suffering caused by incarceration and the pandemic crisis. The "Readjustment" phase involved adapting, reorienting, or reformulating previous approaches or strategies for dealing with a specific situation. Prisons faced complex challenges during the pandemic and were forced to prioritize protecting public health. However, the measures adopted must be carefully evaluated, ensuring their needs and that they are based on scientific evidence. The punitive approach can undermine inmate trust in prison authorities, making it difficult to report symptoms and adhere to preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa Cristina Baccon
- Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790—Campus Universitário, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (W.C.B.); (M.A.S.); (L.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.R.D.M.M.); (M.P.); (V.D.A.B.)
| | - Maria Aparecida Salci
- Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790—Campus Universitário, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (W.C.B.); (M.A.S.); (L.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.R.D.M.M.); (M.P.); (V.D.A.B.)
| | - Lígia Carreira
- Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790—Campus Universitário, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (W.C.B.); (M.A.S.); (L.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.R.D.M.M.); (M.P.); (V.D.A.B.)
| | - Adriana Martins Gallo
- Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790—Campus Universitário, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (W.C.B.); (M.A.S.); (L.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.R.D.M.M.); (M.P.); (V.D.A.B.)
| | - Francielle Renata Danielli Martins Marques
- Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790—Campus Universitário, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (W.C.B.); (M.A.S.); (L.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.R.D.M.M.); (M.P.); (V.D.A.B.)
| | - Marcelle Paiano
- Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790—Campus Universitário, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (W.C.B.); (M.A.S.); (L.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.R.D.M.M.); (M.P.); (V.D.A.B.)
| | - Vanessa Denardi Antoniassi Baldissera
- Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790—Campus Universitário, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (W.C.B.); (M.A.S.); (L.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.R.D.M.M.); (M.P.); (V.D.A.B.)
| | - Carlos Laranjeira
- School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, Campus 2, Morro do Lena, Alto do Vieiro, Apartado 4137, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Rua de Santo André-66-68, Campus 5, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2410-541 Leiria, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, 7000-801 Évora, Portugal
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12
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Mendes R, Baccon WC, Laranjeira C. Fear of COVID-19, Mental Health and Resilient Coping in Young Adult Male Inmates: A Portuguese Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20085510. [PMID: 37107792 PMCID: PMC10138818 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20085510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Inmates are highly exposed to mental and physical disorders. Therefore, periodic screening of their mental health and other health risks is required. This study aims to investigate the perceived fear of COVID-19 and the psychological impact of the pandemic in a sample of young adult male inmates. An institutional-based quantitative cross-sectional study design was performed. Data collection took place from July to September 2022 at a juvenile prison in the central region of Portugal. Data were collected using questionnaires on demographic and health characteristics; fear of COVID-19; depression, anxiety and stress levels; and resilient coping. The sample included 60 male inmates imprisoned for over 2 years. Stress was the most common symptom among inmates (75%), followed by anxiety (38.3%) and depression (36.7%). The mean score on the Fear of COVID-19 Scale was 17.38 ± 4.80, indicating relatively low fear levels. Low resilient scores were found in 38 participants (63.3%). Participants reported moderately high ranges of 3.62 ± 0.87 regarding mental health perception, 3.73 ± 0.95 for physical health perception, and 3.27 ± 0.82 for global health concerning the previous month. The Pearson correlation matrix indicated significant and moderate to strong correlations between fear of COVID-19 and mental health-related variables (p < 0.001). The predicting factors of fear of COVID-19 were identified by deploying a multiple linear regression model. We found four predictors: age, perception of mental health, and overall levels of anxiety and stress (R2 = 0.497). Fear of a given scenario or factor may shift with time. Therefore, long-term research is needed to evaluate whether fear of COVID-19 is adaptive or long-reactive in victims. Our study can assist policymakers, mental health and public health experts, and others in recognizing and managing pandemic-related fears and mental health symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Mendes
- Estabelecimento Prisional de Leiria, Avenida da Comunidade Europeia, No 1-Apartado 460, 2410-755 Leiria, Portugal
- School of Health Sciences of Polytechnic, University of Leiria, Campus 2, Morro do Lena, Alto do Vieiro, Apartado 4137, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Wanessa Cristina Baccon
- Postgraduate Nursing Program, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790-Zona 7, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Carlos Laranjeira
- School of Health Sciences of Polytechnic, University of Leiria, Campus 2, Morro do Lena, Alto do Vieiro, Apartado 4137, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Rua de Santo André—66–68, Campus 5, Polytechnic University of Leiria, 2410-541 Leiria, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, 7000-801 Évora, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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13
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Sue KL. Violence at Rikers Island: Does the Doctor Make It Worse? A Clinician Ethnographer's Work Amidst Carceral Structural Violence. Cult Med Psychiatry 2022:10.1007/s11013-022-09812-2. [PMID: 36445550 PMCID: PMC9707201 DOI: 10.1007/s11013-022-09812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In this article, I describe the dilemmas of working as a physician-ethnographer within the Rikers Island jail healthcare system before and at the beginning of the COVID-19 epidemic in April 2020. The Rikers Island jail system in New York City has been in the national spotlight as a space of violence, trauma, and death amidst calls to decarcerate by community members and abolition advocates. This article is a personal reflection on the labor and subjectivity of healthcare providers and their positionality to multiple axes of structural and interpersonal violence while attempting to provide care in carceral institutions. I observe how COVID-19 functioned as an additional form of structural violence for incarcerated people. Clinical ethnography remains an essential tool for understanding complex social phenomena such as violence. However, physician-ethnographers working in these spaces of structural violence can have unique and conflicting constraints: tasked with providing evidence-based medicine but also simultaneously participating in an unusual form of labor that is an amalgamation of care, social suffering, and punishment. Despite and across at-times conflicting roles and obligations, I propose that these fragmented subjectivities can foment social criticism, propel advocacy toward decarceration, and produce a critically engaged dialogue between fields of anthropology and medicine toward a goal of health justice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Sue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 367 Cedar Street, Room 304A, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Mental Health of Nurses Working in a Judicial Psychiatry Hospital during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: An Online Survey. MEDICAL SCIENCES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:medsci10040061. [PMID: 36412902 PMCID: PMC9680444 DOI: 10.3390/medsci10040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The onset of this new pandemic has highlighted the numerous critical issues at the organizational level, which involve both national healthcare and the judicial system. For this reason, nurses working in prisons may exhibit a poor quality of life, mainly related to their high level of work stress. This cross-sectional survey aimed to assess the emotional state of nurses working in the Judicial Psychiatry Hospital of Barcellona PG (Messina, Italy) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data collection occurred twice: from 1 April to 20 May 2020 (i.e., during the Italian lockdown) and from 15 October to 31 December 2021 (during the second wave). At baseline, the 35 enrolled nurses presented medium to high levels of stress. At T1, they had a reduction in perceived personal achievement (MBI-PR p = 0.01), an increase in emotional exhaustion (MBI-EE p < 0.001), and stress (PSS p = 0.03), as well as anxiety (STAI Y1/Y2 p < 0.001). Most participants underlined the high usability of the online system (SUS: 69.50/SD 19.9). We also found increased stress, anxiety, and burnout risk in nursing staff. The study clearly demonstrates that the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy caused a worsening of mental health among nurses working in prisons. We believe that monitoring the mental state of healthcare professionals is fundamental to improving their quality of life and healthcare services.
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COVID-19 Outbreak and BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination Coverage in a Correctional Facility during Circulation of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 Variant in Italy. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071137. [PMID: 35891301 PMCID: PMC9315621 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. The recent spread of the highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) has raised concerns about protection against COVID-19 in congregate settings such as prisons, characterized by a high risk of transmission and possible difficulties in obtaining adequate vaccination coverage. The present study aims to investigate the spread of an outbreak of COVID-19 in an Italian correctional facility during the dominant circulation of the Omicron BA.1 variant, and also considers BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination coverage among inmates. A COVID-19 screening campaign by RT-PCR was performed on 515 detainees from 4−30 January 2022, in response to an outbreak that began in the correctional facility. Furthermore, 101 serum samples collected from healthy inmates 21 days after having received the second dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine were tested for neutralizing antibodies against both the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 strain and the Omicron BA.1 variant. The global attack rate during the study period was 43.6% (RR 0.8), progressively reducing from unvaccinated inmates (62.7%, RR 1.8) to those who had one dose (52.3%, RR 1.5), two doses (full cycle) (45.0%, RR 1.3), and the third dose (booster) vaccinated group (31.4%, RR 0.7). The percentage of SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects among unvaccinated inmates was significantly higher than in the other groups (p < 0.001), while no significant difference was observed between inmates with one or two vaccine doses. Only two of the positive inmates were hospitalized for COVID-19. The geometric mean titer of neutralizing antibodies in the tested sub-group after two doses of vaccine was lower than in previous studies against the wild-type virus, and showed a complete lack of neutralization against the Omicron variant in 92.1% of individuals. The findings support the need to prioritize vaccination in correctional facilities, as a public health measure to increase the protection of inmates and consequently of prison workers and the community against COVID-19, in coordination with the other prevention strategies.
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