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Abstract
We reviewed data obtained in October 2021-May 2023 from youth who reported a history of sexual activity upon admission to 1 of 12 juvenile justice facilities in Utah, USA, that offered screening for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Urinalysis revealed C. trachomatis positivity of 10.77%, N. gonorrhoeae positivity of 1.08%, and coinfection C. trachomatis N. gonorrhoeae) of 0.90%. Prevalence of infection was similar for youths in rural and urban facilities. A total of 12.01% of those identifying as male and 14.01% of those identifying as female tested positive for C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, or coinfection. Of young adults who tested positive, 74.65% received their results while incarcerated, all of whom accepted treatment. Our research underscores the feasibility of providing prompt C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae screening and treatment in juvenile correctional facilities. The pervasiveness of infection emphasizes the urgent need for early identification and treatment for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae in incarcerated youth nationwide.
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James JE. "We're Not Patients. We're Inmates": Older Black Women's Experience of Aging, Health, and Illness During and After Incarceration. Gerontologist 2024; 64:gnad114. [PMID: 37650919 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnad114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The incarcerated population is growing older and by the year 2030, more than one third of people incarcerated in the United States will be over the age of 55. This population shift will have a profound impact on correctional health care systems as older incarcerated people often have multiple chronic illnesses and correctional institutions were not designed with aging and disability in mind. Black women experience greater burdens of comorbid conditions and are disproportionately represented among incarcerated women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We utilized Black Feminist Epistemological Methodology to explore the intersection of aging, chronic illness, and mass incarceration via in-depth interviews with 13 formerly incarcerated older Black women. RESULTS First, participants described needing to prove themselves to be trustworthy prior to becoming ill in order to be believed and granted access to care when they report symptoms. Next, participants report being treated, not as patients, but as "inmates." The punitive nature of prison health care disrupted the patient-provider relationship and complicated the ability of patients to maintain autonomy in health care interactions. Finally, I describe how carceral health extends beyond the walls of both the clinic and the institution. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS For older Black women, medical care and decision making inside prisons occur within a punitive context, which presents unique barriers when seeking care. Their experiences of health and illness while incarcerated may continue to influence if and how they seek care as they age in the community and thus must be interrogated when discussing aging in the Black community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Elyse James
- Institute for Health and Aging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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3
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Hennessee I, Forsberg K, Erskine J, Charles A, Russell B, Reyes J, Emery C, Valencia N, Sherman A, Mehr J, Gallion H, Halleck B, Cox C, Bryant M, Nichols D, Medrzycki M, Ham DC, Hagan LM, Lyman M. Candida auris in US Correctional Facilities. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:S36-S40. [PMID: 38561642 PMCID: PMC10986838 DOI: 10.3201/eid3013.230860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging fungal pathogen that typically affects patients in healthcare settings. Data on C. auris cases in correctional facilities are limited but are needed to guide public health recommendations. We describe cases and challenges of providing care for 13 patients who were transferred to correctional facilities during January 2020-December 2022 after having a positive C. auris specimen. All patients had positive specimens identified while receiving inpatient care at healthcare facilities in geographic areas with high C. auris prevalence. Correctional facilities reported challenges managing patients and implementing prevention measures; those challenges varied by whether patients were housed in prison medical units or general population units. Although rarely reported, C. auris cases in persons who are incarcerated may occur, particularly in persons with known risk factors. Measures to manage cases and prevent C. auris spread in correctional facilities should address setting-specific challenges in healthcare and nonhealthcare correctional environments.
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Abderhalden FP, Amalfi Marques B, Baker T. Futurelessness and Commitment to Institutional Rules Among People in Jail. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2024; 68:257-277. [PMID: 35450471 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x221086574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The current study builds on prior work examining the association between futurelessness and commitment institutional rules among correctional populations. Using cross-sectional data from a sample of 413 people incarcerated in United States jails from 2018 to 2019, this study employs Ordinary Least Squares regression to examine the association between futurelessness and commitment to institutional rules controlling for various importation and deprivation factors previously linked with institutional misconduct. Results provide support for the importance of futurelessness for commitment to institutional rules, suggesting that this finding is consistent across correctional environments. In addition, findings suggest that an index measure of futurelessness is a stronger construct for testing futurelessness than single-item measures used in prior studies. Consistent with prior literature on futurelessness, our findings suggest that among people incarcerated in jail futurelessness is linked to a weaker commitment to institutional rules.
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Olagunju AT, Akanni OO, Oluwaniyi SO, Lawani AO, Olutoki MO, Wang J, Adelugba O, Alqahtani AH, Bradford JW, Chaimowitz GA. Using Linkage-enhancement Strategies to Bridge Treatment Gap among Inmates and Former Inmates in Correctional Settings with Inadequate Mental Health Care. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2024; 35:116-131. [PMID: 38661863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Service linkage and skill enhancement strategies were devised in Nigerian prisons with inadequate mental health resources to support the provision of psycho-legal services, including the assessments, identification, and care of inmates and former inmates with mental illness. Over the study period, 74 individuals, consisting of 64 (86.5%) males with a mean age of 33.25 (SD=11.2) years received care or psycho-legal services through these strategies. Clinically, 49% of the participants were diagnosed with schizophrenia (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) diagnosis code: F20.0-9), 66.7% had first formal clinical diagnosis of mental illness, and as many as 56.1% of the participants endorsed using psychoactive substances. Most participants (73.0%) were assessed and treated within the prison's general medical services with support from a multidisciplinary team from a regional psychiatric hospital. Of the 50 psycho-legal assessments conducted, eight (10.8%) and 12 (16.2%) participants were not criminally responsible and unfit to stand trial, respectively. We included an action-plan to support the implementation of collaborative care, skill-enhancement, and linkage of services as viable strategies in correctional settings with inadequate mental health care.
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Lebenbaum M, Kouyoumdjian F, Huang A, Kurdyak P. The Association Between Prior Mental Health Service Utilization and Risk of Recidivism among Incarcerated Ontario Residents. Can J Psychiatry 2024; 69:21-32. [PMID: 36518095 PMCID: PMC10867412 DOI: 10.1177/07067437221140385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is mixed evidence on the link between mental health and addiction (MHA) history and recidivism. Few studies have examined post-release MHA care. Our objective was to examine the association between prior (pre-incarceration) MHA service use and post-release recidivism and service use. METHODS We conducted a population-based cohort study linking individuals held in provincial correctional institutions in 2010 to health administrative databases. Prior MHA service use was assigned hierarchically in order of hospitalization, emergency department visit and outpatient visit. We followed up individuals post-release for up to 5 years for the first occurrence of recidivism and MHA hospitalization, emergency department visit and outpatient visit. We use Cox-proportional hazards models to examine the association between prior MHA service use and each outcome adjusting for prior correctional involvement and demographic characteristics. RESULTS Among a sample consisting of 45,890 individuals, we found that prior MHA service use was moderately associated with recidivism (hazard ratio (HR): 1.20-1.50, all P < 0.001), with secondary analyses finding larger associations for addiction service use (HR range: 1.34-1.54, all P < 0.001) than for mental health service use (HR range: 1.09-1.18, all P < 0.001). We found high levels of post-release MHA hospitalization and low levels of outpatient MHA care relative to need even among individuals with prior MHA hospitalization. DISCUSSION Despite a high risk of recidivism and acute MHA utilization post-release, we found low access to MHA outpatient care, highlighting the necessity for greater efforts to facilitate access to care and care integration for individuals with mental health needs in correctional facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lebenbaum
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (IHPME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fiona Kouyoumdjian
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Paul Kurdyak
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (IHPME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Mabuto T, Woznica DM, Ndini P, Moyo D, Abraham M, Hanrahan C, Charalambous S, Zack B, Baral S, Owczarzak J, Hoffmann CJ. Transitional community adherence support for people leaving incarceration in South Africa: a pragmatic, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet HIV 2024; 11:e11-e19. [PMID: 38071994 PMCID: PMC10894448 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(23)00235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People released from correctional facilities face multifactorial barriers to continuing HIV treatment. We hypothesised that barriers faced in the first 6 months of community re-entry would be decreased by a multilevel group-based and peer-led intervention, the Transitional Community Adherence Club (TCAC). METHODS We did a pragmatic, open-label, individually randomised controlled trial in five correctional facilities in Gauteng, South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older and receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in correctional facilities were enrolled before release and randomly assigned (1:2) to either passive referral (usual care) or TCACs. TCACs followed a 12-session curriculum over 6 months and were facilitated by trained peer and social workers. Participants were followed up by telephone and in person to assess the primary outcome: post-release enrolment in HIV treatment services at 6 months from the date of release. We did an intention-to-treat analysis to determine the effectiveness of TCACs compared with usual care. The trial was registered with the South African National Clinical Trials Register (DOH-27-0419-605) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03340428). This study is completed and is listed as such on ClinicalTrials.gov. FINDINGS From March 1, to Dec 13, 2019, we screened 222 individuals and enrolled 176 participants who were randomly assigned 1:2 to the usual care group (n=59) or TCACs (n=117). 175 participants were included in the final analysis. In the usual care group, 21 (36%) of 59 participants had enrolled in HIV treatment services at 6 months, compared with 71 (61%) of 116 in the TCAC group (risk ratio 1·7, 95% CI 1·2-2·5; p=0·0010). No adverse events were reported. INTERPRETATION We found strong evidence that a differentiated service delivery model with curriculum and peer support designed specifically to address the needs of people with HIV returning from incarceration improved the primary outcome of enrolment in HIV treatment services. Our approach is a reasonable model to build further HIV treatment continuity interventions for individuals in the criminal justice system in South Africa and elsewhere. FUNDING National Institute of Mental Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonderai Mabuto
- Department of Implementation Research, The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | | | - Pretty Ndini
- Department of Implementation Research, The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Derrick Moyo
- Department of Implementation Research, The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Munazza Abraham
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Colleen Hanrahan
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Salome Charalambous
- Department of Implementation Research, The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa; The University of the Witwatersrand School of Public Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Stefan Baral
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jill Owczarzak
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher J Hoffmann
- The University of the Witwatersrand School of Public Health, Johannesburg, South Africa; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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8
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Upton F. Addressing Challenges and Opportunities in Juvenile Justice: Meeting the Needs of Incarcerated Adolescent Populations. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2023; 24:127-132. [PMID: 38236944 DOI: 10.1177/15291006231218669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
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9
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Guo JY, Kong Y. "I Sometimes Pretended to Get Groceries": Restrictive Deterrence in Drug Dealing. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2023; 67:1681-1698. [PMID: 36583223 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x221144301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite steady progress in drug control work, drug-related crimes are ranked third in the total number of criminal cases in China. Based on in-depth interviews with 24 offenders who are now incarcerated for drug offenses, this paper examines the strategies employed by drug offenders to evade detection and mitigate their punishment for drug dealing. Their most frequently-used strategies focus on filtering out risky people, ensuring information asymmetry and knowing when to stop. Exploring how offenders adapt their behavior in response to punishment helps to further our understanding of crime commission and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ying Guo
- Zhejiang Police Vocational Academy, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou City, China
| | - Yi Kong
- Zhejiang Police Vocational Academy, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou City, China
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10
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Li N, Hein S, Cavitt J, Chapman J, Foley Geib C, Grigorenko EL. Applying Item Response Theory Analysis to the SAVRY in Justice-Involved Youth. Assessment 2023; 30:2373-2386. [PMID: 36658778 DOI: 10.1177/10731911221146120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated item- and test-level functioning of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) and differential item functioning (DIF) across gender and race/ethnicity in justice-involved youth (JIY) using item response theory analysis. Participants were 868 JIY (23.7% female; 26.9% White, 50.9% Black, and 22.2% Hispanic) in pre-trial detention centers in Connecticut. Results obtained from the application of the graded response model showed that the SAVRY items were not equally discriminating JIY with varying levels of the latent trait, with "Poor compliance" as the most discriminating item and "History of self-harm or suicide attempts" as the least discriminating item. At the test level, the SAVRY provided precise (reliable) information about the latent trait for the majority of JIY whose latent trait between two standard deviations below and above the mean. Results of DIF revealed that six items operated inconsistently between White, Black, and Hispanic JIY, among which two items also functioned differentially across gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Elena L Grigorenko
- University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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11
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Rhodes CA, Thomas N, O'Hara KL, Hita L, Blake A, Wolchik SA, Fisher B, Freeman M, Chen D, Berkel C. Enhancing the Focus: How Does Parental Incarceration Fit into the Overall Picture of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Positive Childhood Experiences (PCEs)? Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:1933-1944. [PMID: 37875642 PMCID: PMC11008286 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite the five million children in the U.S. with an incarcerated parent, there is limited research on risk and protective factors for this population. We analyzed data from the National Survey for Children's Health (2018) to: (1) examine associations among parental incarceration and other adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), (2) characterize the association between parental incarceration and youth mental health outcomes, (3) examine differences in positive childhood experiences (PCEs; collective socialization, community engagement, neighborhood amenities, and family problem solving) by parental incarceration status, (4) examine whether PCEs were protective against mental health problems and if there was an interaction with parental incarceration status, and (5) examine the interaction between PCEs, parental incarceration, and ACEs on mental health problems. Results revealed that children with incarcerated parents had higher odds of experiencing other ACEs, higher odds of having mental health problems, and experienced fewer PCEs compared to children without incarcerated parents. Further, although PCEs were associated with a lower odds of mental health problems for both children with and without incarcerated parents, they did not mitigate the negative impact of parental incarceration on mental health outcomes. While PCEs attenuated the association between ACEs and mental health, parental incarceration status did not significantly moderate the interaction. These results highlight vulnerabilities and potential protective factors for children with incarcerated parents and have important implications for the development of multilevel intervention strategies that seek to promote resilience and reduce risk for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N Thomas
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | | | - L Hita
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - A Blake
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | | | - B Fisher
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - M Freeman
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - D Chen
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - C Berkel
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
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Elisha E. Ex-Convicts in an Official Role of Peer-Supporters: Toward Convict Therapy. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2023; 67:1565-1580. [PMID: 36935578 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x231159890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The present paper focuses on the strengths-based role of the wounded healer, as exemplified by current or released incarcerated people who desist from crime and recover through professional practice of peer support, in the community or in prison. The paper has two purposes. One is to review criminological approaches and models related to peer-based rehabilitation and to encompass them under a single term proposed here-Convict Therapy. The second is to review research on peer support programs currently implemented in in various countries, in a bid to discern their hallmarks and strengths. This to enrich and promote the discourse, research, and practice of this evolving field, and to offer new research directions for examining the effectiveness of peer support in the long run, for the aid providers, the recipients, and the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ety Elisha
- The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Israel
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Kaiksow FA, Williams BA, Haber LA. Hospitalized While Incarcerated: Incarceration-Specific Care Practices. Ann Intern Med 2023; 176:1540-1541. [PMID: 37871315 PMCID: PMC10962278 DOI: 10.7326/m23-1873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Farah Acher Kaiksow
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin (F.A.K.)
| | - Brie A Williams
- Priscilla Chan and Mark Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital & Trauma Center, The Center for Vulnerable Populations, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (B.A.W.)
| | - Lawrence A Haber
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado (L.A.H.)
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Butler A, Croxford R, McLeod KE, Gomes T, Orkin AM, Bondy SJ, Kouyoumdjian FG. The impact of COVID-19 on opioid toxicity deaths for people who experience incarceration compared to the general population in Ontario: A whole population data linkage study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293251. [PMID: 37874825 PMCID: PMC10597506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To inform preparedness and population health action, we need to understand the effects of COVID-19 on health inequities. In this study, we assess the impact of COVID-19 on opioid toxicity deaths among people who experience incarceration compared to others in the general population in Ontario, Canada. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study for the period of January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2020. We accessed and linked coronial data on all opioid toxicity deaths in Ontario with correctional data for people aged 18 years and older who were incarcerated in a provincial correctional facility. We used data from the Statistics Canada Census to calculate whole population rates. We used an interrupted time series design and segmented regression to assess for change in the level or rate of increase in deaths due to opioid toxicity coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic. We compared the impact of COVID-19 on the opioid toxicity death rates for people exposed and not exposed to incarceration. RESULTS Rates of opioid toxicity death increased with a linear positive slope in both persons exposed to incarceration and those not exposed over the study period. The start of COVID-19 measures coincided with a marked upward shift in the trend lines with modification of the effect of COVID-19 by both sex and exposure to incarceration. For persons exposed to incarceration, the risk ratio (RR) was 1.50 (95%CI 1.35-1.69) for males and 1.21 (95%CI 1.06-1.42) for females, and for persons not exposed to incarceration, the RR was 1.25 (95%CI 1.13-1.38) for males and not significant for females. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 substantially exacerbated the risk of opioid toxicity death, impacting males and females who experienced incarceration more than those who had not, with an immediate stepwise increase in risk but no change in the rate of increase of risk over time. Public health work, including pandemic preparedness, should consider the specific needs and circumstances of people who experience incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Butler
- School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | | | - Tara Gomes
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Ching Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron M. Orkin
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan J. Bondy
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Woodruff A, Nahas-Vigon J, Yagi B. Opioid Use Disorder Treatment for Patients Who Are Incarcerated. JAMA 2023; 330:1285. [PMID: 37787802 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.14182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amelita Woodruff
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jordan Nahas-Vigon
- Division of Addiction Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brian Yagi
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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16
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South AM, Lofwall M, Fanucchi L. Opioid Use Disorder Treatment for Patients Who Are Incarcerated-Reply. JAMA 2023; 330:1285-1286. [PMID: 37787799 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.14185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria South
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
| | - Michelle Lofwall
- Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
| | - Laura Fanucchi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
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17
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Wei LC. Opioid Use Disorder Treatment for Patients Who Are Incarcerated. JAMA 2023; 330:1284-1285. [PMID: 37787803 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.14179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lien-Chung Wei
- Department of Addiction Psychiatry, Republic of China Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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18
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Atem JN, El Ghaziri M. Enhancing Hepatitis A and B Vaccinations Through Electronic Clinical Decision Support Systems and Staff Education in a Correctional Facility. J Forensic Nurs 2023; 19:253-261. [PMID: 36994992 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the prevalence and risks for hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the availability of safe and effective vaccines, HAV/HBV vaccinations are disproportionately low in jails. This quality improvement project evaluated the effectiveness of clinical decision support systems: electronic standing orders to nurses, clinical alerts to nurses and healthcare providers, and secondarily staff education in enhancing HAV and HBV vaccination and knowledge of hepatitis infection. METHODS We distributed a validated self-report hepatitis knowledge questionnaire (α = 0.7-0.8) before and after an educational presentation to nurses, nurse practitioners, and physicians ( N = 26) at a Northeastern state jail and then embedded electronic clinical alerts and standing orders in the electronic medical record. The questionnaire assessed pre- and posteducation knowledge scores. The number of vaccine status screenings and vaccinations was retrieved from the electronic medical record 3 months pre- and post-implementation. Descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test were used for data analysis. RESULTS Twenty-one participants completed the pretest, 18 attended the educational intervention, and 15 completed the posttest. Vaccine status screening increased by 97.5%, and HAV and HBV vaccinations increased by 8.7%. Knowledge scores improved significantly post-intervention ( p = 0.04), with an effect size of r = 0.67). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Using the Donabedian quality of care model, we showed that quality initiatives are feasible in a jail setting. Implementing a clinical decision support system and education improved the vaccination rate, which may decrease HAV/HBV incidence in the jail and prevent community spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude N Atem
- Author Affiliation: Solomont School of Nursing, University of Massachusetts Lowell
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19
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Kaplan H, Robinson M, Grouls A. Voices Behind Bars: Ethical, Legal, and Practical Considerations for Surrogates Who Are Incarcerated. Ann Intern Med 2023; 176:1261-1263. [PMID: 37603864 DOI: 10.7326/m23-1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Holland Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Ben Taub General Hospital, and Clinical Ethics Consultation Service, Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston, Texas (H.K.)
| | - Marc Robinson
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Ben Taub General Hospital, Houston, Texas (M.R.)
| | - Astrid Grouls
- Department of Medicine, Section of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (A.G.)
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20
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Theadom A, Mitchell T, Shepherd D. Comparing post-concussion symptom reporting between adults with and without a TBI history within an adult male correctional facility. BRAIN IMPAIR 2023; 24:333-340. [PMID: 38167192 DOI: 10.1017/brimp.2022.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A higher proportion of people in prison have a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) than the general population. However, little is known about potentially related persistent symptoms in this population. AIMS To compare symptom reporting in men with and without a history of TBI following admission to a correctional facility. METHODS All men transferred to the South Auckland Correctional Facility in New Zealand complete a lifetime TBI history and the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire (RPQ) as part of their routine health screen. Data collected between June 2020 and March 2021 were extracted and anonymised. Participants were classified as reporting at least one TBI in their lifetime or no TBI history. The underlying factor structure of the RPQ was determined using principal components analysis. Symptom scores between those with and without a TBI history were compared using Mann Whitney U tests. RESULTS Of the N = 363 adult male participants, 240 (66%) reported experiencing at least one TBI in their lifetime. The RPQ was found to have a two-factor structure (Factor 1: cognitive, emotional, behavioural; Factor 2: visual-ocular) explaining 61% of the variance. Men reporting a TBI history had significantly higher cognitive, emotional and behavioural (U = 50.4, p < 0.001) and visuo-ocular symptoms (U = 68.5, p < 0.001) in comparison to men reporting no TBI history. CONCLUSION A history of TBI was associated with higher symptom burden on admission to a correctional facility. Screening for TBI history and current symptoms on admission may assist prisoners experiencing persistent effects of TBI to access rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Theadom
- The TBI Network, School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tracey Mitchell
- The TBI Network, School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland South Correctional Facility (Kohuora), Serco, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Shepherd
- The TBI Network, School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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21
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Reeder AL. Targeted Approaches, Universalism, and Targeted Universalism: Opportunities for the U.S. Correctional Health Care System. J Correct Health Care 2023; 29:252-257. [PMID: 37130296 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.22.03.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Social policy has traditionally been implemented in two ways: using targeted or universal approaches. Each of these mechanisms has advantages and disadvantages to the populations to whom the policies are applied and to the system applying the policies. A third approach to social policy implementation has emerged: targeted universalism. Targeted universalism is not simply a combination of targeted and universal approaches. It stands apart as a unique way of conceptualizing and implementing social policy. This viewpoint provides an overview of targeted approaches, universalism, and targeted universalism to social policy development and implementation. It examines the ways targeted universalism could be applied to the U.S. correctional health care system to ensure that people who are incarcerated receive the health care to which they are constitutionally entitled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L Reeder
- University of Connecticut School of Nursing, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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22
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Testa A, Jackson DB, Kaufmann C, Spira AP, Thorpe RJ. Mass incarceration and cognitive impairment in older adults: Setting a research agenda. J Am Geriatr Soc 2023; 71:2680-2684. [PMID: 37052187 PMCID: PMC10524200 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.18355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Testa
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Dylan B. Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Christopher Kaufmann
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Adam P. Spira
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Roland J. Thorpe
- Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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23
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Bar N, Naaman E, Rosin D, Aviram E, Yanai H, Yehudai N, Walden R, Padova H, Kori M, Peled-Raz M, Tedgi D, Kabha E, Yerushalmi B, Gil Z, Wagner N, Karni T, Turner D. Shackling incarcerated people in Israeli hospitals-a multicentre study followed by a national intervention programme. Lancet 2023; 402:285-287. [PMID: 37459869 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitai Bar
- Department of Radiology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Efrat Naaman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Danny Rosin
- Department of General Surgery and Transplantation, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eliad Aviram
- Samson Assuta Ashdod Hospital, Ashdod, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Henit Yanai
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Noam Yehudai
- Tzafon Medical Center, Tiberias, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Raphael Walden
- Division of Quality and Patient Safety, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hagit Padova
- Department of Quality and Patient Safety, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Kori
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Baruch Yerushalmi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Ziv Gil
- Head and Neck Institute, Holy Family Hospital Nazareth, Nazareth, Israel
| | | | - Tamar Karni
- Breast Health Institute, Shamir Medical Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel; Israeli Medical Association, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Dan Turner
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Juliet Keidan Institute of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, 91031, Israel.
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24
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Paterlini M. Paolo Macchiarini: Disgraced surgeon is sentenced to 30 months in prison. BMJ 2023; 381:1442. [PMID: 37348897 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.p1442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
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25
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Andrews DJ, Eddy TL, Hollenback KS, Sreekumar S, Loose DC, Pennetti CA, Polmateer TL, Haug JC, Oliver-Clark LI, Williams JY, Manasco MC, Smith S, Lambert JH. Enterprise risk management for automation in correctional facilities with pandemic and other stressors. Risk Anal 2023; 43:820-837. [PMID: 36114602 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Real-time tracking of tool and equipment inventories is a critical function of many organizations and sectors. For prisons and correctional facilities, tracking and monitoring of assets such as cookware, hardware, keys, janitorial equipment, vocational/technical specialty tools, etc., is essential for safety, security, trust, efficiency, education, etc. The performance of automated systems for this purpose can be diminished by a variety of emergent and future sociotechnical factors alone and in combination. This article introduces a methodology for contractor evaluation and selection in acquisition of innovative asset management systems, with an emphasis on evolving system requirements under uncertainty. The methodology features a scenario-based preferences analysis of emergent and future conditions that are disruptive to the performance of the asset-control system. The conditions are across technologies, operating environments, regulations, workforce behaviors, offender behaviors, prices and markets, organizations, cyber threats, etc. The methodology addresses the influence and interaction of the conditions to disrupt system priorities. Examples include: (i) infectious disease disrupting priorities among requirements and (ii) radio-frequency identification (RFID) and wireless-technology innovations disrupting priorities among stakeholders. The combinations of conditions that most and least matter for the system acquisition are characterized. The methodology constitutes a risk register for monitoring sources of risk to project performance, schedule, and cost throughout the system lifecycle. The results will be of interest to both practitioners and scholars engaged in systems acquisition as the pandemic interacts with other factors to affect risk, uncertainty, and resilience of organizational missions and operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Andrews
- School of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Timothy L Eddy
- School of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kelsey S Hollenback
- School of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Shravan Sreekumar
- School of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Davis C Loose
- School of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Cody A Pennetti
- School of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Thomas L Polmateer
- School of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Lessie I Oliver-Clark
- Department of Applied Engineering Technology, Virginia State University, Petersburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Joi Y Williams
- Department of Applied Engineering Technology, Virginia State University, Petersburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Mark C Manasco
- Commonwealth Center for Advanced Logistics Systems, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Steven Smith
- Virginia Department of Corrections, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - James H Lambert
- School of Engineering Systems and Environment, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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26
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Stapleton JL, Ratnayake A, Gomes G, He H, Kissinger PJ. Past incarceration and chlamydia infection among young Black men in New Orleans. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1114877. [PMID: 37064683 PMCID: PMC10103590 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1114877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundYoung Black men are disproportionately and adversely affected by incarceration and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), both of which share common social and structural determinants. It is well documented that incarcerated individuals, including youth, are more likely to acquire STIs in the carceral setting compared to the general population. However, the effects of imprisonment on sexual health outcomes after imprisonment are not well-understood. The relationship between incarceration history (having ever spent time in a correctional institution such as prison, jail, or juvenile detention) and chlamydia positivity was examined in this study.MethodsA secondary analysis of the Check it Program, a Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) community-based seek, test, and treat screening program for Black men aged 15–24 who have sex with women in New Orleans was conducted. Participants completed a computer-assisted self-administered questionnaire on relevant sexual and social histories and provided a urine specimen for a Ct urine nucleic acid amplification test. Bivariate and multivariable regressions were used to estimate the association between incarceration history and chlamydia positivity.ResultsParticipants (N = 1,907) were enrolled from May 2017 to March 2020. Of those, 351/1,816 (19.3%) reported past incarceration and 203/1,888 (10.8%) tested positive for Ct. When adjusted for age, insurance status, and condom use, having a history of incarceration was positively associated with a positive Ct test (adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval):1.61 (1.12, 2.31), p = 0.0095).ConclusionsInteracting with the carceral system is associated with a positive Ct test post-incarceration. Incarceration may be an important marker for Ct acquisition in young Black men who have sex with women and those with a history of incarceration should be prioritized for Ct screening after release.
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27
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Onyeali R, Howell BA, McInnes DK, Emerson A, Williams ME. The case for transitional services and programs for older adults reentering society: a narrative review of US departments of correction and recommendations. Int J Prison Health 2023; 19:4-19. [PMID: 36757114 PMCID: PMC10123961 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-08-2021-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Older adults who are or have been incarcerated constitute a growing population in the USA. The complex health needs of this group are often inadequately addressed during incarceration and equally so when transitioning back to the community. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the literature on challenges older adults (age 50 and over) face in maintaining health and accessing social services to support health after an incarceration and to outline recommendations to address the most urgent of these needs. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH This study conducted a narrative literature review to identify the complex health conditions and health services needs of incarcerated older adults in the USA and outline three primary barriers they face in accessing health care and social services during reentry. FINDINGS Challenges to healthy reentry of older adults include continuity of health care; housing availability; and access to health insurance, disability and other support. The authors recommend policy changes to improve uniformity of care, development of support networks and increased funding to ensure that older adults reentering communities have access to resources necessary to safeguard their health and safety. ORIGINALITY/VALUE This review presents a broad perspective of the current literature on barriers to healthy reentry for older adults in the USA and offers valuable system, program and policy recommendations to address those barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Onyeali
- Leonard Davis Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA and is a Clinical Assistant Professor at Geriatric Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Howell
- SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - D. Keith McInnes
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA and Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amanda Emerson
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Monica E. Williams
- Center for the Study of Aging, Rand Corporation, Arlington, Virginia, USA
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Murphy M, Rogers BG, Streed C, Hughto JM, Radix A, Galipeau D, Napoleon S, Scott T, Noh M, Sutten Coats C, Hubbard L, Chan PA, Nunn A, Berk J. Implementing Gender-Affirming Care in Correctional Settings: A Review of Key Barriers and Action Steps for Change. J Correct Health Care 2023; 29:3-11. [PMID: 36378847 PMCID: PMC10081719 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.21.09.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) people are disproportionately impacted by incarceration, interpersonal violence, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, substance use disorders, and suicidality. Little is known about successful approaches to improve health outcomes for TGD individuals impacted by incarceration. We review the barriers to providing gender-affirming clinical care in correctional systems in the United States, identify key knowledge gaps regarding the provision of gender-affirming care to incarcerated TGD populations, and highlight necessary steps to improve the health and safety of this highly vulnerable population. We also describe the components of a gender-affirming care model implemented in a state correctional facility, including support from correctional administrators, identifying a gender-affirming care provider, standardizing clinical care protocols, and adapting clinical services to TGD population needs. Similar models should be employed elsewhere to improve health outcomes for TGD populations during incarceration and on release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Rhode Island Department of Corrections, Cranston, Rhode Island, USA
- Rhode Island Public Health Institute, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Brooke G. Rogers
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Carl Streed
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Transgender Medicine and Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jaclyn M.W. Hughto
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Asa Radix
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Drew Galipeau
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Siena Napoleon
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ty Scott
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Madeline Noh
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Cassie Sutten Coats
- Rhode Island Public Health Institute, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Leigh Hubbard
- Rhode Island Public Health Institute, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Philip A. Chan
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Rhode Island Public Health Institute, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Amy Nunn
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Rhode Island Public Health Institute, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Justin Berk
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Rhode Island Department of Corrections, Cranston, Rhode Island, USA
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Day A, Newton D, Tamatea A. A Scoping Review of Family Focussed Interventions to Prevent Prison Violence. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2023; 67:151-163. [PMID: 34114483 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x211023917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Violence is an ongoing concern for many people who live and work in correctional settings and yet relatively little is known about the effects of institutional violence prevention efforts. This paper reports the findings of a scoping review of recent research relevant to understanding the influence of one factor, contact with family, that potentially influences institutional violence in countries such as Aotearoa New Zealand where Indigenous peoples are over-represented in prison settings. A total of 15 different studies were identified that provided consistent evidence of an association between family contact and prison violence. The implications of this work for the development of evidence-based prison violence prevention strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Armon Tamatea
- University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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30
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Forero-Cuéllar A. Prison overcrowding and ill-treatment: sentence reduction as a reparation measure. A view from Latin America and Europe. Torture 2023; 33:18-38. [PMID: 38334019 DOI: 10.7146/torture.v33i3.136824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The article addresses the issue of prison overcrowding and how it can be tantamount to ill-treatment or torture under international law. Faced with such a broad phenomenon, the piece focuses on two elements that may help to assess this circumstance: the existence of a minimum standard with respect to living space, and the use of tools to establish the existence of harm caused by inhuman conditions of incarceration. The article will show novel jurisprudence of some Courts to secure reparation for victims (early release and reduction of sentence time as offsetting) and will address discussion on the scope and limitations of these decisions with the aim of proposing even more courageous measures to ensure group and generalised reparation measures to reduce the rates of structural institutional violence in prisons.
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Erickson M, Krüsi A, Shannon K, Braschel M, Norris C, Buxton J, Martin RE, Deering K. Pathways From Recent Incarceration to Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence: Opportunities for Interventions to Support Women Living With HIV Post Release From Correctional Facilities. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2023; 34:58-70. [PMID: 36656092 PMCID: PMC9869452 DOI: 10.1097/jnc.0000000000000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Women living with HIV are increasingly incarcerated and experience suboptimal HIV health outcomes post release from incarceration. Drawing on cohort data with cisgender and trans women living with HIV (Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS: Women's Longitudinal Needs Assessment), we used path analysis to investigate pathways from recent incarceration to optimal antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence. We tested direct effects between recent incarceration, mediating variables, and ART adherence, along with indirect effects between incarceration and ART adherence through each mediator. We assessed model fit using chi-square, root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA), and comparative fit index (CFI). Our hypothesized model fit well to the data (χ2(1)=1.100; p=.2943; CFI = 1.000; RMSEA = 0.007). Recent experiences of homelessness, criminalized substance use, and gender-based violence each fully mediated the pathway between recent incarceration and optimal ART adherence. Findings highlight the need for safe and supportive housing, supports for criminalized substance use, and trauma and violence-informed care and practice post release from incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Krüsi
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kate Shannon
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Candice Norris
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jane Buxton
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ruth Elwood Martin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kathleen Deering
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Vancouver, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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32
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Augustynowicz A, Opolski J, Borowska M, Malczyk D, Kotwas A, Bartczak-Szermer D, Czerw A. COVID-19 control measures in correctional facilities of selected countries - A literature overview. Ann Agric Environ Med 2022; 29:471-476. [PMID: 36583312 DOI: 10.26444/aaem/151882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the most significant public health challenges for this generation. Governments have been forced to undertake different measures to constrain the spread of the virus and protect the people. Restrictive and other measures have also been taken in correctional facilities to control the epidemiological situation. OBJECTIVE The aims of this review are: 1) to contribute to knowledge by providing an overview of anti-COVID-19 measures that have been undertaken by the proper authorities in a few selected countries to control the epidemiological situation in prison; 2) to demonstrate proposals made in this respect by international organizations and scientific institutions and 3) to complete the most important bibliographical items for further studies. REVIEW METHODS A literature review was carried out of international scientific and grey literature published between 30.01.2020 and 30.07.2021 (with some exemptions). In every correctional system in the countries under scrutiny, the proper authorities introduced many measures to control the epidemiological situation from the very beginning of the pandemic. SUMMARY The COVD - pandemic impacts almost all aspects of social and individual life. Governments were forced to undertake different measures to constrain the spread of the virus. Restrictive and other measures also had to be taken in correctional systems, where more than ten million people are held worldwide. The measures introduced differed regarding details such as time, scope and range, but were generally similar to solutions proposed by organisations such as the WHO or CDC. In most countries, the discussion regarding the reform of the legal system have been observed. One of the most discussed issues was the problem of decarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Augustynowicz
- Department of Health Economics and Medical Law, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
- School of Public Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Opolski
- Faculty of Engineering and Management, University of Ecology and Management, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariola Borowska
- Department of Health Economics and Medical Law, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Artur Kotwas
- Subdepartment of Social Medicine and Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Aleksandra Czerw
- Department of Health Economics and Medical Law, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
- National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
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Freese RA, Canada KE, Nichols PM, McNamara B. Suicide in prisons: describing trends and staff knowledge and preparedness to address suicide. Int J Prison Health 2022; 19:427-439. [PMID: 36449448 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-02-2022-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Suicide prevention and intervention in prisons is a challenge. Prisons were not designed to be clinical facilities, yet with the growing numbers of people who face mental health challenges in prisons, staff require knowledge and skills to adequately address mental health crises, especially suicide. This study aims to: describe trends in suicide attempts and completions within one state's prison system and measure staff knowledge and preparedness to address suicide. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH This research uses a nonexperimental research design and two data sources. Administrative data from 2000 to 2017 on serious suicide attempts and completions were analyzed, and all correctional staff employed in the state's Department of Corrections were surveyed at one point in time. Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted. FINDINGS The number of serious suicide attempts trended up but completed suicides decreased. Correctional staff demonstrated high suicide knowledge of risk factors and warning signs of suicide. Staff who viewed a media-based suicide training displayed significantly more knowledge of suicide and perceived greater preparedness compared to staff who did not or did not recall viewing the training. ORIGINALITY/VALUE Corrections staff play a key role in preventing suicides in prison. Innovative intervention is needed to increase suicide awareness, improve communication and enhance prevention skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah A Freese
- School of Social Work, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kelli E Canada
- School of Social Work, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Brianna McNamara
- School of Social Work, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Clark KA, Harvey TD, Hughto JM, Meyer IH. Mental Health Among Sexual and Gender Minority Youth Incarcerated in Juvenile Corrections. Pediatrics 2022; 150:e2022058158. [PMID: 36385576 PMCID: PMC9724172 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-058158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined differences by sexual and gender minority (SGM) and incarceration statuses in mental health indicators among youth. METHODS Population-based, cross-sectional data are from the 2019 Minnesota Student Survey (N = 72 324) and includes public school students (Mage = 15.49) and youth incarcerated in juvenile correctional facilities (Mage = 15.48). We categorized youth into 4 groups: (1) non-SGM youth in public schools, (2) non-SGM youth in correctional facilities, (3) SGM youth in public schools, and (4) SGM youth in correctional facilities. Multivariable regression models assessed associations among SGM and incarceration statuses and mental health indicators after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and exposure to adverse childhood experiences. RESULTS More youth in juvenile correctional facilities identified as SGM (28.8%) compared with youth in public schools (20.4%, P = .002). SGM youth in correctional facilities reported a higher prevalence of suicidal ideation (42.2%), suicide attempt (37.5%), and self-harm (57.8%) compared with all other groups. Depressive symptom severity was similarly elevated among SGM youth in correctional facilities and SGM youth in public schools. SGM youth in correctional facilities, compared with non-SGM youth in public schools, demonstrated elevated odds of suicide ideation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.2, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.3-3.9), suicide attempt (aOR = 6.3, 95% CI = 3.6-10.9), and self-harm (aOR = 3.6, 95% CI = 2.1-6.3). CONCLUSIONS Incarcerated SGM youth disproportionately experience negative mental health indicators. Findings suggest that tailored, intersectional, and responsive mental health interventions are needed to support incarcerated SGM youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty A. Clark
- Department of Medicine, Health, and Society, Program in Public Policy Studies
- LGBTQ+ Policy Lab, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tyler D. Harvey
- SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jaclyn M.W. Hughto
- Departments of Behavioral and Social Sciences, and Epidemiology, School of Public Health
- Center for Health Promotion and Health Equity, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Ilan H. Meyer
- Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law, Los Angeles, California
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Dyer O. Founder of blood testing company that faked technology is sentenced to 11 years in prison. BMJ 2022; 379:o2816. [PMID: 36414267 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.o2816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Puglisi LB, Rosenberg A, Credle M, Negron T, Martin RA, Maner M, Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Wang EA. Paths to Improving Pandemic Preparedness in Jails and Prisons: Perspectives of Incarcerated People and Correctional Staff. Am J Public Health 2022; 112:S869-S873. [PMID: 36446054 PMCID: PMC9707706 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2022.306956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa B Puglisi
- Lisa B. Puglisi, Alana Rosenberg, Marisol Credle, Tino Negron, and Emily A. Wang are with the SEICHE Center for Health and Justice and the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Rosemarie A. Martin is with the Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI. Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein is with the Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
| | - Alana Rosenberg
- Lisa B. Puglisi, Alana Rosenberg, Marisol Credle, Tino Negron, and Emily A. Wang are with the SEICHE Center for Health and Justice and the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Rosemarie A. Martin is with the Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI. Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein is with the Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
| | - Marisol Credle
- Lisa B. Puglisi, Alana Rosenberg, Marisol Credle, Tino Negron, and Emily A. Wang are with the SEICHE Center for Health and Justice and the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Rosemarie A. Martin is with the Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI. Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein is with the Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
| | - Tino Negron
- Lisa B. Puglisi, Alana Rosenberg, Marisol Credle, Tino Negron, and Emily A. Wang are with the SEICHE Center for Health and Justice and the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Rosemarie A. Martin is with the Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI. Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein is with the Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
| | - Rosemarie A Martin
- Lisa B. Puglisi, Alana Rosenberg, Marisol Credle, Tino Negron, and Emily A. Wang are with the SEICHE Center for Health and Justice and the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Rosemarie A. Martin is with the Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI. Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein is with the Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
| | - Morgan Maner
- Lisa B. Puglisi, Alana Rosenberg, Marisol Credle, Tino Negron, and Emily A. Wang are with the SEICHE Center for Health and Justice and the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Rosemarie A. Martin is with the Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI. Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein is with the Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
| | - Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein
- Lisa B. Puglisi, Alana Rosenberg, Marisol Credle, Tino Negron, and Emily A. Wang are with the SEICHE Center for Health and Justice and the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Rosemarie A. Martin is with the Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI. Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein is with the Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
| | - Emily A Wang
- Lisa B. Puglisi, Alana Rosenberg, Marisol Credle, Tino Negron, and Emily A. Wang are with the SEICHE Center for Health and Justice and the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Rosemarie A. Martin is with the Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI. Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein is with the Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
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Smoyer AB, Ferris S, Earnshaw VA. Incarcerated People Living with HIV: A Qualitative Exploration of Stigma. Health Soc Work 2022; 47:274-283. [PMID: 36053259 DOI: 10.1093/hsw/hlac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of people living with HIV are incarcerated in the United States. Research about this vulnerable community has focused on access and adherence to medical care, including the impact of stigma on these treatment outcomes. This study presents qualitative data collected from 18 incarcerated and formerly incarcerated men and women living with HIV to expand knowledge about how HIV stigma shapes the lived experience of incarceration. The HIV Stigma Framework, including theory about enacted, anticipated, and internalized stigma, was used to analyze participants' narratives. Findings demonstrate an ongoing struggle with all three of these stigma mechanisms. Most participants deliberately concealed their HIV status and, therefore, experienced little enacted stigma. However, their narratives do describe anticipated stigma and, to a lesser extent, internalized stigma. There were gender differences in HIV disclosure and symbolic stigma and intersectionality are used to understand this variation. These findings illustrate the persistence of HIV stigma in correctional institutions and underscore the importance of fighting HIV stigma and homophobia within social work practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B Smoyer
- Amy B. Smoyer, PhD, is associate professor, Department of Social Work, Southern Connecticut State University, 501 Crescent Street, New Haven, CT 06515, USA
| | - Shannon Ferris
- Shannon Ferris, MSW, is a social worker, Boston, MA, USA. During the time that she was working on this article, she was an undergraduate research assistant at Southern Connecticut State University
| | - Valerie A Earnshaw
- Valerie A. Earnshaw, PhD, is associate professor, Department of Human Development & Family Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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Dyer O. US research coordinators are imprisoned for falsifying studies. BMJ 2022; 379:o2549. [PMID: 36280239 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.o2549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Prost SG, Lee E. Symptom Agreement Between Patients and Their Peer Caregivers in Prison. J Correct Health Care 2022; 28:349-357. [PMID: 36178977 PMCID: PMC10162577 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.21.04.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Peer caregivers are incarcerated people who provide adjunct, nonclinical support to other incarcerated people. We described patient-caregiver symptom agreement in prison and correlates of symptom agreement to explore peer caregivers' ability to understand their patients' experience. We found dyads were aligned closely (N = 52; k = .86; αbinary = .86), though patients and peer caregivers often reported no symptoms during the assessment period. Peer caregivers were capable of matching their patients' self-reported symptoms beyond chance alone, though few correlates of patient-caregiver symptom agreement in prison emerged. The role of reverence and social homophily are discussed as potential drivers of symptom agreement. Future examination of caregiver burden or measures that account for both patient and caregiver characteristics are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- Department of Social Welfare, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea
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Apollonio DE. Marketing Antipsychotics to Correctional Facilities: A Review of Pharmaceutical Industry Documents. J Correct Health Care 2022; 28:325-328. [PMID: 36190495 PMCID: PMC9835282 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.21.04.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This retrospective qualitative review describes the marketing of antipsychotics by pharmaceutical companies to prisons and jails to increase prescribing. This review relied on internal pharmaceutical industry documents released in litigation and stored in the Drug Industry Documents archive at the UCSF Industry Documents Library. At least two pharmaceutical companies directly marketed antipsychotics to correctional facilities to increase sales, using targeted promotions and indirect "educational" advertising and by seeking control of state advisory boards that made formulary decisions. Further research on how medications are marketed is needed, along with stronger conflict-of-interest policies to reduce industry involvement on advisory boards that approve medications. National regulations that restrict pharmaceutical manufacturers from involvement in formulary decisions and prescribing guidelines would likely improve the provision of health care to people who are incarcerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorie E. Apollonio
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Rabinovich R, Owczarzak J, Mabuto T, Ntombela N, Woznica D, Hoffmann CJ. Social support needs of HIV-positive individuals reentering community settings from correctional facilities in Johannesburg, South Africa. AIDS Care 2022; 34:1347-1354. [PMID: 34668791 PMCID: PMC9018888 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2021.1990200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Social networks and social support are important factors in medication adherence among people living with HIV (PLWH). Social networks can provide emotional, logistic, and material support leading to increased overall engagement in care. Certain populations of PLWH may have more limited access to social support, including those reentering community settings from correctional facilities. During periods of incarceration, social connections with family and friends may be frayed, reduced, or lost. This study, conducted in South Africa, explored the role of social support during community reentry among PLWH being released from correctional facilities. We conducted in-depth interviews with 41 community reentrants living with HIV. Qualitative analysis identified the challenges with establishing social support during reentry and the greater need for social support to remain engaged in HIV care in the community compared to in the correctional facility. These findings highlight challenges during community reentry and the importance of social support for these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jill Owczarzak
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD USA
| | - Tonderai Mabuto
- Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | | | - Daniel Woznica
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD USA
| | - Christopher J. Hoffmann
- School of Public Health, the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD USA
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Mukora R, Smith HJ, Herce ME, Chimoyi L, Hausler H, Fielding KL, Charalambous S, Hoffmann CJ. Costs of implementing universal test and treat in three correctional facilities in South Africa and Zambia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272595. [PMID: 36006967 PMCID: PMC9409581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
Universal test and treat (UTT) is a population-based strategy that aims to ensure widespread HIV testing and rapid antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all who have tested positive regardless of CD4 count to decrease HIV incidence and improve health outcomes. Little is known about the specific resources required to implement UTT in correctional facilities for incarcerated people. The primary aim of this study was to describe the resources used to implement UTT and to provide detailed costing to inform UTT scale-up in similar settings.
Methods
The costing study was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in three correctional complexes, Johannesburg Correctional Facility in Johannesburg (>4000 inmates) South Africa, and Brandvlei (~3000 inmates), South Africa and Lusaka Central (~1400 inmates), Zambia. Costing was determined through a survey conducted between September and December 2017 that identified materials and labour used for three separate components of UTT: HIV testing services (HTS), ART initiation, and ART maintenance. Our study participants were staff working in the correctional facilities involved in any activity related to UTT implementation. Unit costs were reported as cost per client served while total costs were reported for all clients seen over a 12-month period.
Results
The cost of HIV testing services (HTS) per client was $ 92.12 at Brandvlei, $ 73.82 at Johannesburg, and $ 65.15 at Lusaka. The largest cost driver for HIV testing at Brandvlei were staff costs at 55.6% of the total cost, while at Johannesburg (56.5%) and Lusaka (86.6%) supplies were the largest contributor. The cost per client initiated on ART was $917 for Brandvlei, $421.8 for Johannesburg, and $252.1 for Lusaka. The activity cost drivers were adherence counselling at Brandvlei (59%), and at Johannesburg and Lusaka it was the actual ART initiation at 75.6% and 75.8%, respectively. The annual unit cost for ART maintenance was $2,640.6 for Brandvlei, $710 for Johannesburg, and $385.5 for Lusaka. The activity cost drivers for all three facilities were side effect monitoring, and initiation of isoniazid preventive treatment (IPT), cotrimoxazole, and fluconazole, with this comprising 44.7% of the total cost at Brandvlei, 88.9% at Johannesburg, and 50.5% at Lusaka.
Conclusion
Given the needs of this population, the opportunity to reach inmates at high risk for HIV, and overall national and global 95-95-95 goals, the UTT policies for incarcerated individuals are of vital importance. Our findings provide comparator costing data and highlight key drivers of UTT cost by facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Mukora
- The Aurum Institute, Aurum House, The Ridge, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Helene J. Smith
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Lusaka, Zambia
- School of Public Health & Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael E. Herce
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Lusaka, Zambia
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Lucy Chimoyi
- The Aurum Institute, Aurum House, The Ridge, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Katherine L. Fielding
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Salome Charalambous
- The Aurum Institute, Aurum House, The Ridge, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Christopher J. Hoffmann
- The Aurum Institute, Aurum House, The Ridge, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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Sethuram C, Helmer-Smith M, Karunananthan S, Keely E, Singh J, Liddy C. Electronic consultation in correctional facilities worldwide: a scoping review. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e055049. [PMID: 35922103 PMCID: PMC9352998 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of the use of and evidence for eConsult in correctional facilities worldwide. DESIGN Scoping review. DATA SOURCES Three academic databases (MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL) were searched to identify papers published between 1990 and 2020 that presented data on eConsult use in correctional facilities. The grey literature was also searched for any resources that discussed eConsult use in correctional facilities. Articles and resources were excluded if they discussed synchronous, patient-to-provider or unsecure communication. The reference lists of included articles were also hand searched. RESULTS Of the 226 records retrieved from the academic literature search and 595 from the grey literature search, 22 were included in the review. Most study populations included adult male offenders in a variety of correctional environments. These resources identified 13 unique eConsult services in six countries. Six of these services involved multiple medical specialties, while the remaining services were single specialty. The available evidence was organised into five identified themes: feasibility, cost-effectiveness, access to care, provider satisfaction and clinical impact. CONCLUSIONS This study identified evidence that the use of eConsult in correctional facilities is beneficial and avoids unnecessary transportation of offenders outside of the facilities. It is feasible, cost-effective, increases access to care, has an impact on clinical care and has high provider satisfaction. Some gaps in the literature remain, and we suggest further research on patient satisfaction, enablers and barriers to implementation, and women, youth and transgender populations in this setting to inform service providers and stakeholders. Despite some gaps, eConsult is evidently an important tool to provide timely, high-quality care to offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Sethuram
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre, Bruyere Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary Helmer-Smith
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre, Bruyere Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sathya Karunananthan
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre, Bruyere Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin Keely
- Ontario eConsult Centre of Excellence, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology/Metabolism, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jatinderpreet Singh
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clare Liddy
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre, Bruyere Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario eConsult Centre of Excellence, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Omokanye HK, Dunmade AD, Tunde-Ayinmode MF, Uthman MM, Olawale M, Ologe FE. Hearing loss among inmates of a juvenile correctional facility in Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 2022; 22:695-703. [PMID: 36407407 PMCID: PMC9652660 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v22i2.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Good hearing is essential to learning and rehabilitation of adolescent and young adults in juvenile correctional facilities. Hearing screening programme is not commonly in place for this incarcerated group. Objective To evaluate hearing threshold among inmates of a juvenile correctional facility in Nigeria and compare pattern of hearing loss with a control group. Methods A total of 135 inmates and equal number of age and sex matched control responded to interviewer-administered questionnaire followed by otoscopy and audiometry. Results Mean age of inmates was 19 years ±2.0, while that of control was 18yrs ± 2.5. (p-value 0.077). Four (3%) inmates had bleeding from the ear; otoscopy revealed traumatic tympanic membrane perforation in 2(1.5%) of them. Prevalence of hearing loss was 19.2% and for disabling hearing loss it was 1.4%. Conductive hearing loss was the most common 33(24.4%). Inmates had consistently worse mean hearing thresholds than controls across all frequencies tested in both ears (p-value <0.001). Conclusion Hearing loss is prevalent among inmates of juvenile correctional facility. Rehabilitation programme should be balanced with detail attention to health needs of inmates; including pre-admission and periodic hearing screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habeeb Kayodele Omokanye
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin. PMB 1515, Ilorin, 240003, Nigeria
| | - Adekunle David Dunmade
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin. PMB 1515, Ilorin, 240003, Nigeria
| | - Mosunmola Florence Tunde-Ayinmode
- Department of Behavioural Sciences. College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Muhammed Mubashir Uthman
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health. College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Musbau Olawale
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health. College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Foluwasayo Emmanuel Ologe
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin. PMB 1515, Ilorin, 240003, Nigeria
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Oppegard SJ, Bethke AR, Davy BA, Johnson AE, Daniel JL, Holmes SE. Notes from the Field: Outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis at a Correctional Facility Using Mechanically Separated Chicken — Nebraska, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:908-909. [PMID: 35834419 PMCID: PMC9290391 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7128a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hyde J, Bolton R, Kim B, Yakovchenko V, Petrakis BA, Visher C, McInnes K. "I've just never done that:" The influence of transitional anxiety on post-incarceration reentry and reintegration experiences among veterans. Health Soc Care Community 2022; 30:1504-1513. [PMID: 34250693 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Military veterans involved in the criminal justice system are a vulnerable subpopulation that has extensive physical and behavioural health treatment needs. Like non-veteran populations, safe and stable housing, employment and social support are critical for veterans returning to society after incarceration. The challenges of social reintegration are immense, and the risk of recidivism is high. The U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) has developed specific programmes to assist veterans plan for and assist with reentry. While there have been successes, recidivism and early mortality are persistent concerns. This study examined reentry experiences of veterans living in one northeastern state to gain a better understanding of factors that influence social reintegration. The study was conducted in 2017 to inform an enhancement of VA reentry services through the addition of peer support. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 16 veterans with recent incarceration experiences and 27 reentry specialists working in five correctional facilities, two VA hospitals, five community agencies and two state departments. Interview transcripts were reviewed and coded using a Framework Analysis approach. Narratives highlight high levels of anxiety and uncertainty experienced as participants went through physical and emotional transitions associated with reentry and reintegration. This 'transitional anxiety' was often rooted in the absence of prior positive experiences engaging in socially normative activities, like obtaining housing and employment. Embarrassment and shame regarding a lack of experience with expected responsibilities were commonly reported. Although salient in veterans' narratives, reentry specialists rarely talked about problems post-incarceration in terms of limited life experience and skills, focusing instead on substance use and mental health issues. Few resources were available to support the development of critical life skills. Findings call attention to the need for understanding pre-incarceration experiences that may influence social reintegration and the development of tailored interventions to build skills and experience when needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justeen Hyde
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (CHOIR), VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rendelle Bolton
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (CHOIR), VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA
- The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Bo Kim
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (CHOIR), VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vera Yakovchenko
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (CHOIR), VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Beth A Petrakis
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (CHOIR), VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Christy Visher
- Center for Drug & Health Studies, Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Keith McInnes
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (CHOIR), VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA
- Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Dyer O. US Supreme Court sides with imprisoned "pill mill" doctors, raising bar for future prosecutions. BMJ 2022; 378:o1630. [PMID: 35777827 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.o1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Silverman RA, Ceci A, Cohen A, Helmick M, Short E, Bordwine P, Friedlander MJ, Finkielstein CV. Vaccine Effectiveness during Outbreak of COVID-19 Alpha (B.1.1.7) Variant in Men's Correctional Facility, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1313-1320. [PMID: 35731137 PMCID: PMC9239860 DOI: 10.3201/eid2807.220091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In April 2021, a COVID-19 outbreak occurred at a correctional facility in rural Virginia, USA. Eighty-four infections were identified among 854 incarcerated persons by facilitywide testing with reverse transcription quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). We used whole-genome sequencing to link all infections to 2 employees infected with the B.1.1.7α (UK) variant. The relative risk comparing unvaccinated to fully vaccinated persons (mRNA-1273 [Moderna, https://www.modernatx.com]) was 7.8 (95% CI 4.8–12.7), corresponding to a vaccine effectiveness of 87.1% (95% CI 79.0%–92.1%). Average qRT-PCR cycle threshold values were lower, suggesting higher viral loads, among unvaccinated infected than vaccinated cases for the nucleocapsid, envelope, and spike genes. Vaccination was highly effective at preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in this high-risk setting. This approach can be applied to similar settings to estimate vaccine effectiveness as variants emerge to guide public health strategies during the ongoing pandemic.
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Correctional Health Professionals' Response to Abuse of Incarcerated People. J Correct Health Care 2022. [PMID: 35544144 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.2022.29013.NCCHC] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Patil A, Naila Segule M. How the Pandemic Further Isolated the Incarcerated. Am J Public Health 2022; 112:590-591. [PMID: 35319930 PMCID: PMC8961828 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Patil
- Ankita Patil is an undergraduate student in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, The College of New Jersey, Ewing. Marjorie Naila Segule is a master of science student in the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Marjorie Naila Segule
- Ankita Patil is an undergraduate student in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, The College of New Jersey, Ewing. Marjorie Naila Segule is a master of science student in the Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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