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Denhard L, Brown C, Kanagasabai U, Thorsen V, Kambona C, Kamagate F, Ramphalla P, Benevides R, Kamami M, McOwen J, Augusto A, Manuel P, Coomer R, Matthews S, Patel P, Annor FB. Service-seeking behaviors among male victims of violence in five African countries: The effects of positive and adverse childhood experiences. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 150:106452. [PMID: 37704546 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violence against boys and men is widely under-reported. Boys and men face unique and gendered barriers to accessing services following experiences of violence. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The study is a secondary data analysis of five nationally representative population-based Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys (VACS) conducted in Kenya (2019), Côte d'Ivoire (2018), Lesotho (2018), Mozambique (2019), and Namibia (2019). Analysis was limited to males between 18 and 24 years who experienced lifetime physical or sexual violence. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS We analyzed the association between positive and adverse childhood experiences (PCEs and ACEs), and seeking post-violence services among males using bivariate chi-squared tests and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS 8.02 % (5.55-10.50 %) of male victims between the ages of 18 and 24 sought services for any lifetime physical or sexual violence. Witnessing interparental violence and experiencing death of one or both parents were each associated with increased odds of having sought post-violence services (aOR 2.43; 95 % CI: 1.25-4.79; aOR 2.27; 95 % CI: 1.14-4.50), controlling for education, violence frequency, and violence type. High parental monitoring was associated with increased odds of service seeking (aOR 1.79; 95 % CI: 1.02-3.16), while strong father-child relationship was associated with lower odds (aOR 0.45; 95 % CI: 0.23-0.89). CONCLUSION These findings contribute to limited research on service-seeking behaviors among men and boys. While some parent-youth relationship factors were associated with higher odds of service-seeking, the outcome remained rare. Age and gender-related barriers should be addressed where post-violence care services are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langan Denhard
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
| | - Colvette Brown
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | | | - Viva Thorsen
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Caroline Kambona
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya
| | - Fathim Kamagate
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Puleng Ramphalla
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lesotho
| | - Regina Benevides
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Mwikali Kamami
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Jordan McOwen
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mozambique
| | | | - Pedro Manuel
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mozambique
| | - Rachel Coomer
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Namibia
| | - Sarah Matthews
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Pragna Patel
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Francis B Annor
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
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Malafanti A, Yotsidi V, Sideridis G, Giannouli E, Galanaki EP, Malogiannis I. The impact of childhood trauma on borderline personality organization in a community sample of Greek emerging adults. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 244:104181. [PMID: 38330732 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
There is limited research on the role of childhood trauma in personality pathology according to Kernberg's psychodynamic model of internalized object relations. Because childhood trauma reflects the disruptions of these relations, it is expected to predict borderline personality organization, especially at the threshold of adulthood. Therefore, the main aim of this retrospective study was to examine the impact of childhood trauma on borderline personality organization in a community sample of emerging adults. Participants were 543 Greek individuals aged 18-29 (M = 21.45; 58.6 % females; 85.1 % university students). They completed the Greek versions of the Traumatic Antecedents Questionnaire (TAQ) and the Inventory of Personality Organization (IPO), which were tested for their factorial structure, reliability, and measurement invariance across gender, as few empirical data exist on the psychometric properties of these measures. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the TAQ consisted of four factors, namely positive experiences, abuse, traumatic life events, and family chaos. The five-factor theoretical structure of the IPO, namely primitive defenses, identity diffusion, reality testing, aggression, and moral values, was confirmed. Low to moderate links between childhood trauma and borderline personality organization were found, with stronger links emerging for abuse and family chaos. Structural equation modeling showed that the various forms of childhood trauma across the age periods studied (i.e., 0-6, 7-12, 13-18) significantly and differentially predicted the dimensions of borderline personality organization. The finding that stronger links emerged when trauma occurred in older ages may be attributed to the retrospective method of the study. Gender differences were also found; for example, personality pathology was more likely in men when abuse and traumatic life events occurred in younger ages and abuse was a more important risk factor for personality pathology in women. This study highlights the impact of childhood adversity on personality pathology in emerging adulthood, provides empirical support for Kernberg's psychodynamic model, and has useful implications for trauma-informed early screening, prevention, and intervention regarding personality pathology in young people. Limitations of this study and suggestions for future research are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Malafanti
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Greece.
| | - Vasiliki Yotsidi
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Greece.
| | - Georgios Sideridis
- Psychology Laboratory, Department of Pedagogy and Primary Education, School of Education, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - Eleni Giannouli
- Personality Disorders Specific Sector, 1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - Evangelia P Galanaki
- Psychology Laboratory, Department of Pedagogy and Primary Education, School of Education, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Malogiannis
- Personality Disorders Specific Sector, 1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
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Şanli ME, Çiçek İ, Yıldırım M, Çeri V. Positive childhood experiences as predictors of anxiety and depression in a large sample from Turkey. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 243:104170. [PMID: 38301406 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive childhood experiences positively influence one's adult life, while the absence of such positive experiences can potentially yield mental health problems throughout the lifespan. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the role of positive childhood experiences on depression and anxiety levels. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 3090 (2059 women) young adults participated in this research. They ranged in age between 18 and 68 years (M = 28.78, SD = 9.44) and completed the self-report measures including the Positive Childhood Experiences Scale, Beck Depression and Anxiety Scales and Personal Information Forms. METHOD A cross-sectional research design was used to collect the data through social media platforms. We conducted a regression analysis to examine how positive childhood experiences contribute to depression and anxiety. RESULTS The results of correlation analysis indicated that positive childhood experiences were significantly negatively related to depression and anxiety. Regression analysis revealed that positive childhood experiences explained a significant amount of variance in the prediction of depression (10 %) and anxiety (8 %) after controlling for demographic factors. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the frequency of positive experiences lived during childhood might significantly reduce anxiety and depression, and positive childhood experiences might positively affect them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - İlhan Çiçek
- Health College, Batman University, Batman, Turkey
| | - Murat Yıldırım
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Ağrı, Turkey; Department of Social and Educational Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Veysi Çeri
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, Antalya Bilim University, Antalya, Turkey
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Hinojosa MS, Hinojosa R. Positive and adverse childhood experiences and mental health outcomes of children. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 149:106603. [PMID: 38141478 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Researchers and policymakers have identified adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) like abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction as a contributing factor to poor mental health outcomes for children. Positive childhood experiences (PCEs) like open family communication styles, having the ability to live and play in a safe, stable, and protective environment, having constructive opportunities for social engagement, and receiving mentorship from adults have been found to improve the mental health of children. PURPOSE This paper explores the role of ACEs and PCEs on the mental health outcomes of children. METHOD A sample of 22,628 children ages 6-17 from the National Survey of Children's Health (2017-2020) was used to explore the relationship between PCEs and ACEs and the mental health of children. Logistic regression analysis is used to model the effect of PCEs and ACEs on the odds of child mental health diagnoses. RESULTS Findings indicate that with each additional ACE, there was a significant increase in the odds of reporting a MH condition (OR = 1.25, 95 % CI 1.09-1.43). Conversely, with each additional PCE, there is a significant decrease in the odds or reporting a MH condition (OR = 0.76, 95 % CI 0.68-0.84). There was also evidence that PCEs moderate the relationship between ACEs and reports of mental health conditions. When counts of ACEs are low, PCEs provide a protective effect on reports of mental health. But when the count of ACEs are high, children with higher numbers of PCEs have similar reports of mental health conditions. SUMMARY This study provides information about the moderating effect of PCEs on the relationship between ACEs and child mental health diagnosis with the goal of informing policies and interventions focused on ameliorating the growing crisis of children's negative mental health and well-being. WHAT IS KNOWN?: Adverse childhood events (ACEs) like abuse, neglect and household dysfunction are known to negatively impact the mental health and well-being of children. Positive childhood experiences (PCEs), on the other hand, can positively influence the mental health and well-being of children. WHAT DOES THIS ARTICLE ADD?: This study examines the association between adverse and positive childhood experiences to understand how they impact the mental health outcomes of children ages 6-17. Findings indicate that when ACEs are lower, the impact of PCEs are positive, but when ACEs are higher, PCEs do not make much difference in reports of mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Sberna Hinojosa
- University of Central Florida, College of Sciences, Department of Sociology, 4297 Andromeda Loop N., Orlando, FL 32816, United States of America.
| | - Ramon Hinojosa
- University of Central Florida, College of Sciences, Department of Sociology, 4297 Andromeda Loop N., Orlando, FL 32816, United States of America.
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Luo S, Feng X, Lin L, Li J, Chen W, Guo VY. Association of adverse and positive childhood experiences with health-related quality of life in adolescents. Public Health 2024; 228:92-99. [PMID: 38340507 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the independent impacts of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and positive childhood experiences (PCEs) on the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of Chinese adolescents, and to explore the potential moderating role of PCEs in the association between ACEs and HRQOL. STUDY DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study. METHODS We surveyed 6982 students aged 11-20 in Guangzhou, China, from November to December 2021. Adolescents self-reported their ACEs, PCEs, and HRQOL by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form, the Adverse Childhood Experiences-International Questionnaire, the Benevolent Childhood Experiences Scale, and the Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory Version 4.0, respectively. Multivariable linear regressions were performed to examine the associations between ACEs, PCEs, and HRQOL controlled for adolescents' age, gender, single-child status, boarding school attendance, primary caregivers, as well as parental age and occupational status. Likelihood-ratio tests were further applied to explore the moderating role of PCEs. RESULTS In the models that considered both ACEs and PCEs, ACEs were significantly associated with lower HRQOL scores in all dimensions, summary scales, and total scale (β = -13.88, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -14.82, -12.94 for total scale). Conversely, exposure to an above-average number of PCEs was associated with higher HRQOL scores in all measured aspects (β = 7.20, 95%CI: 6.57, 7.84 for total scale). PCEs significantly moderated the association between ACEs and all HRQOL dimensions, summary scales, and total scale, except school functioning. CONCLUSION ACEs and PCEs exert independent and opposite impacts on adolescents' HRQOL. PCEs could mitigate the negative impacts of ACEs. Enhancing resilience, like PCEs, may contribute to improving the HRQOL among adolescents who have exposed to ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Luo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X Feng
- Guangzhou Huangpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - L Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J Li
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - W Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - V Y Guo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Zhang X, Li Y, Xiao Y, Yu C, Pei Y, Cao F. Association of positive childhood experiences with flourishing among children with ADHD: A population-based study in the United States. Prev Med 2024; 179:107824. [PMID: 38159814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child flourishing includes healthy social and emotional development and an open, engaged approach to learning. However, there remains a significant knowledge gap concerning a minority of children with ADHD who may demonstrate flourishing in one or more areas of functioning. This study investigated the association between positive childhood experiences (PCEs) and flourishing among children with ADHD. METHOD Data were derived from the 2021 National Survey of Children's Health in the United States. The analysis included a final sample of 3727 children with ADHD. Logistic regression, restricted cubic splines, and random forest were used to examine the associations between seven PCEs and flourishing. RESULTS The adjusted odds of flourishing were 72% lower (odds ratio [OR] = 0.28,95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.21, 0.38) among children with PCE scores of 0-2 compared to those with scores of 3-5. In addition, the adjusted odds of flourishing were 2.45 times (95%CI = 2.00, 2.99) greater for children with PCE scores of 6-7 compared to those with scores of 3-5. These associations were consistent regardless of the level of adverse childhood experiences. Having a "connected caregiver" was the PCE most closely related to flourishing (unweighted OR = 3.24, 95%CI = 2.72, 3.89). CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed a positive association between higher levels of PCEs and greater flourishing among children with ADHD, regardless of the level of childhood adversity they experienced. These results highlight the importance of positive experiences in the lives of children with ADHD, with a specific focus on nurturing supportive relationships within families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Yiping Xiao
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cheng Yu
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yifei Pei
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fenglin Cao
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
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Samji H, Long D, Herring J, Correia R, Maloney J. Positive childhood experiences serve as protective factors for mental health in pandemic-era youth with adverse childhood experiences. Child Abuse Negl 2024:106640. [PMID: 38278687 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) predict poorer mental health across the life course, positive childhood experiences (PCEs) predict better mental health. It is unclear whether PCEs protect against poor mental health outcomes and promote mental well-being in pandemic-era adolescents with ACEs. METHODS We examined the individual and joint contributions of ACEs and PCEs to mental health and well-being (MHW) in eleventh-grade British Columbian adolescents (N = 8864) during the fifth wave of COVID-19. We used a novel measure of ACEs that included community- and societal-level ACEs in addition to ACEs experienced at home to investigate the role of social and structural determinants of mental health in supporting the MHW of pandemic-era adolescents. A series of two-way ANCOVAs were conducted comparing MHW outcomes between adolescents with and without ACEs. Interaction effects were examined to investigate whether PCEs moderated the association between ACEs and MHW. RESULTS Adolescents with no ACEs had significantly better MHW than those with one or more ACE. Having six or more PCEs was associated with better MHW in adolescents with and without ACEs. PCEs significantly moderated the association between ACEs and depression. Effect sizes were larger for PCEs than ACEs in relation to depression, mental well-being, and life satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS PCEs may protect against depression among adolescents with ACEs and promote MHW among all pandemic-era adolescents. These findings emphasize the importance of addressing social determinants of mental health to mitigate the impact of ACEs and promote PCEs as part of a public health approach to MHW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasina Samji
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby V5A 1S6, British Columbia, Canada; Population and Public Health Division, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4R4, Canada.
| | - David Long
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby V5A 1S6, British Columbia, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317 - 2194, Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Jillian Herring
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby V5A 1S6, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Rachel Correia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby V5A 1S6, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Jacqueline Maloney
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby V5A 1S6, British Columbia, Canada.
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La Charite J, Khan M, Dudovitz R, Nuckols T, Sastry N, Huang C, Lei Y, Schickedanz A. Specific domains of positive childhood experiences (PCEs) associated with improved adult health: A nationally representative study. SSM Popul Health 2023; 24:101558. [PMID: 38034480 PMCID: PMC10685007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Positive childhood experiences (PCEs) are supportive relationships and environments associated with improved health when aggregated into composite scores. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), a reciprocal measure to PCEs, are associated with worse health in aggregate scores and when disaggregated into measures of specific ACE types (hereafter domains). Understanding the associations between specific PCE domains and health, while accounting for ACEs, may direct investigations and intervention planning to foster PCE exposure. Methods We analyzed data from the nationally representative United States longitudinal Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Five PCE domains were examined: (i) peer support and healthy school climate, (ii) neighborhood safety, (iii) neighborhood support, and nurturing relationships with (iv) maternal and (v) paternal figures. Survey weighted logistic regression models tested associations between each PCE domain measure and adult general health rating, controlling for demographic covariates and nine ACE exposures: physical, emotional, or sexual abuse/assault; emotional neglect; witnessing intimate partner violence or household substance use; having a parent with mental illness; any parental separation or divorce; and/or having a deceased or estranged parent. Secondary outcomes included adult functional status and mental and physical health diagnoses. We also tested for statistical interactions between PCE domain and ACE score measures. Results The sample included 7105 adults. Higher scores for the "peer support and healthy school climate" and "neighborhood safety" domain measures showed the most protective relationships with the adverse health conditions tested, most notably for mental illness. The relationship between PCE domain measures and health outcomes was attenuated, but not statistically moderated by ACE exposure. Conclusion Experiencing childhood peer support, a healthy school climate, and neighborhood safety were especially protective against multiple adult health conditions, including for ACE exposed individuals. Interventions that promote PCEs may yield population health gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime La Charite
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 1100 Glendon Ave. Suite 900, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mariam Khan
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Fielding School of Public Health at University of California, 650 Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rebecca Dudovitz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 10833 LeConte Ave., 12-358 CHS, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Teryl Nuckols
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, 8700 Beverly Blvd Ste 113 Los Angeles, California, 90048, USA
| | - Narayan Sastry
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Cher Huang
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yvonne Lei
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Adam Schickedanz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 10833 LeConte Ave., 12-358 CHS, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
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Arenson M, Forkey H. Violence Exposure and Trauma-Informed Care. Pediatr Clin North Am 2023; 70:1183-1200. [PMID: 37865439 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Addressing violence in pediatrics requires a working knowledge of trauma-informed care (TIC). TIC weaves together our current understanding of evolution, child development, and human physiology and how these explain common childhood responses to traumatic events. In this article, we describe our current approach to treating childhood trauma in the context of violence. Ultimately, TIC relies on the pediatrician's ability to keep trauma high on their differential diagnosis. TIC leverages a child's natural strengths and biologic processes by (1) scaffolding the patient's relationships to safe, stable, and nurturing adults and (2) strengthening core resilience skills while addressing trauma symptoms when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Arenson
- UMass Memorial Children's Medical Center, UMass Chan Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Center for Child Health Equity.
| | - Heather Forkey
- UMass Memorial Children's Medical Center, UMass Chan Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Center for Child Health Equity; Foster Children Evaluation Service (FaCES); Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Rhodes CA, Thomas N, O'Hara KL, Hita L, Blake A, Wolchik SA, Fisher B, Freeman M, Chen D, Berkel C. Enhancing the Focus: How Does Parental Incarceration Fit into the Overall Picture of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Positive Childhood Experiences (PCEs)? Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:1933-1944. [PMID: 37875642 PMCID: PMC11008286 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite the five million children in the U.S. with an incarcerated parent, there is limited research on risk and protective factors for this population. We analyzed data from the National Survey for Children's Health (2018) to: (1) examine associations among parental incarceration and other adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), (2) characterize the association between parental incarceration and youth mental health outcomes, (3) examine differences in positive childhood experiences (PCEs; collective socialization, community engagement, neighborhood amenities, and family problem solving) by parental incarceration status, (4) examine whether PCEs were protective against mental health problems and if there was an interaction with parental incarceration status, and (5) examine the interaction between PCEs, parental incarceration, and ACEs on mental health problems. Results revealed that children with incarcerated parents had higher odds of experiencing other ACEs, higher odds of having mental health problems, and experienced fewer PCEs compared to children without incarcerated parents. Further, although PCEs were associated with a lower odds of mental health problems for both children with and without incarcerated parents, they did not mitigate the negative impact of parental incarceration on mental health outcomes. While PCEs attenuated the association between ACEs and mental health, parental incarceration status did not significantly moderate the interaction. These results highlight vulnerabilities and potential protective factors for children with incarcerated parents and have important implications for the development of multilevel intervention strategies that seek to promote resilience and reduce risk for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N Thomas
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | | | - L Hita
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - A Blake
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | | | - B Fisher
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - M Freeman
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - D Chen
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - C Berkel
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
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Narayan AJ, Merrick JS, Lane AS, Larson MD. A multisystem, dimensional interplay of assets versus adversities: Revised benevolent childhood experiences (BCEs) in the context of childhood maltreatment, threat, and deprivation. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:2444-2463. [PMID: 37282577 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study expanded the Benevolent Childhood Experiences scale (termed the "BCEs-Original" scale) with 10 new multisystem items and identified a subset of items (termed the "BCEs-Revised" scale) that are systematically less commonly reported across samples. Total BCEs-Revised scores were tested against total BCEs-Original scores and three dimensions of childhood adversity (maltreatment, threat, and deprivation) as predictors of young adulthood mental health problems (depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms). Hypotheses expected stronger inverse associations of BCEs-Revised scores than BCEs-Original scores with all mental health problems. Participants were 1,746 U.S. young adults (M = 26.6 years, SD = 4.7, range = 19-35 years; 55.3% female, 42.4% male, 2.3% gender non-conforming; 67.0% White, 10.3% Asian, 8.6% Black, 8.4% Latine, 5.7% other) who completed a 20-item BCEs scale and well-validated instruments on childhood adversities and mental health problems. Compared to BCEs-Original scores, BCEs-Revised scores were significantly more strongly inversely associated with all mental health outcomes. Compared to childhood threat and deprivation, maltreatment was significantly more strongly associated with PTSD symptoms. After controlling for current depression symptoms, BCEs-Revised scores interacted with maltreatment to predict PTSD symptoms. Maltreatment and BCEs-Revised scores also influenced PTSD symptoms in person-oriented analyses. The BCEs-Revised scale has strong psychometric properties and unique strengths in research and practice. Implications for multisystem resilience are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arianna S Lane
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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12
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Zhang X, Bruening M, Ojinnaka CO. Food insecurity is inversely associated with positive childhood experiences among a nationally representative sample of children aged 0-17 years in the USA. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:2355-2365. [PMID: 37548184 DOI: 10.1017/s136898002300143x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the association between food insecurity and positive childhood experiences (PCE). DESIGN Outcome measure was number of PCE and seven PCE constructs. Food insecurity was assessed with a three-category measure that ascertained whether the respondent could afford and choose to eat nutritious food. We then used bivariate and multivariable Poisson and logistic regressions to analyse the relationship between food insecurity and the outcome measures. The analyses were further stratified by age (≤ 5, 6-11 and 12-17 years). SETTING The National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) from 2017 to 2020, a nationally representative sample of children and adolescents in the USA. PARTICIPANTS Parents/caregivers who reported on their children's experiences of PCE and food insecurity from the 2017-2020 NSCH (n 114 709). RESULTS Descriptively, 22·13 % of respondents reported mild food insecurity, while 3·45 % of respondents reported moderate to severe food insecurity. On multivariable Poisson regression analyses, there was a lower rate of PCE among children who experienced mild (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0·93; 95 % CI 0·92, 0·94) or moderate/severe food insecurity (IRR = 0·84; 95 % CI 0·83, 0·86) compared with those who were food secure. We found an inverse relationship between food insecurity and rate of PCE across all age categories. CONCLUSIONS Our study finding lends evidence to support that interventions, public health programmes, as well as public health policies that reduce food insecurity among children and adolescents may be associated with an increase in PCE. Longitudinal and intervention research are needed to examine the mechanistic relationship between food insecurity and PCE across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ85004, USA
| | - Meg Bruening
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Penn Stata College of Health and Human Development, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Chinedum O Ojinnaka
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ85004, USA
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13
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Yoon C, Joseph T, Moussa G, Voss T, Ledoux T, Johnston C. Associations of positive childhood experiences with binge-eating disorder characteristics and intuitive eating among college students. Appetite 2023; 191:107073. [PMID: 37802219 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Childhood experiences encompass both adverse and positive childhood events. Adverse childhood experiences are positively associated with binge-eating disorder characteristics and inversely associated with intuitive eating in adults. However, to what extent positive childhood experiences (PCEs) are associated with binge-eating disorder characteristics and intuitive eating remains unclear. This study examined the associations of cumulative and individual PCEs with binge-eating disorder characteristics and intuitive eating among college students. Data were collected from 828 college students in 2022 (54.5% female, Mage 20.9 ± 2.6 years). PCEs were assessed using the Benevolent Childhood Experiences scale. Binge-eating disorder characteristics were assessed with the Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns-5. Intuitive eating was assessed with the Intuitive Eating Scale-2. Associations of PCEs with binge-eating disorder characteristics and intuitive eating were examined using modified Poisson regressions and linear regressions. PCEs were cumulatively associated with binge-eating disorder characteristics and intuitive eating (p for trend <.05). College students in the low PCEs category (0-4 PCEs) had 1.37-1.92 times the prevalence of binge-eating disorder characteristics and had 3.89 points lower intuitive eating score than those in the high PCEs category (9-10 PCEs). Among the individual PCEs, intrapersonal PCE (i.e., feeling comfortable with oneself during childhood) was associated with both a lower prevalence of binge-eating disorder characteristics (aPR = 0.56-0.76) and a higher score of intuitive eating (adjusted β = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.28-2.46) after adjustment for sociodemographic variables. Findings from this study suggest that PCEs may play a role in eating behaviors of college students. Future studies with nationally representative samples should prospectively examine associations of PCEs with binge-eating disorder characteristics and intuitive eating and explore the underlying mechanisms of the associations between PCEs and eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Yoon
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
| | - Temperance Joseph
- School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Genesis Moussa
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Trenton Voss
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Tracey Ledoux
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Craig Johnston
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
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14
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Han D, Dieujuste N, Doom JR, Narayan AJ. A systematic review of positive childhood experiences and adult outcomes: Promotive and protective processes for resilience in the context of childhood adversity. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 144:106346. [PMID: 37473619 PMCID: PMC10528145 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on positive childhood experiences (PCEs) as counterparts to childhood adversity has surged in the last five years. A systematic review of the additive and interactive effects of childhood adversity and PCEs across adult outcomes is needed that contextualizes the long-term correlates of childhood experiences within a developmental perspective. OBJECTIVE The current review synthesizes the empirical evidence for PCEs as resilience factors for a range of adult outcomes. METHODS Articles published until May 2023 were systematically identified according to PRISMA Guidelines through PubMed and PsycINFO databases and references of included articles. Then, 131 records were screened, and 58 studies were included. RESULTS Higher levels of PCEs were significantly but modestly associated with lower levels of childhood adversity. Higher levels of PCEs were associated with outcomes reflecting mental health, psychosocial functioning, physical health and health behaviors, and psychosocial stress. Most studies found direct, promotive effects of PCEs for more favorable outcomes. Few studies found significant interaction effects between childhood adversity and PCEs on outcomes, suggesting that PCEs may more frequently directly promote positive outcomes rather than moderate the effects of adversity on outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Individuals' childhood adversity and PCEs are somewhat independent sets of experiences; many individuals experience both, and the presence of one does not preclude the other. PCEs predict more favorable outcomes independent of childhood adversity more often than they interact with and moderate the effects of adversity on outcomes. Although the literature base is steadily growing, more research on PCEs in diverse and international samples is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Han
- University of Denver, 2155 S. Race St., Denver, CO, United States, 80210.
| | - Nathalie Dieujuste
- University of Denver, 2155 S. Race St., Denver, CO, United States, 80210.
| | - Jenalee R Doom
- University of Denver, 2155 S. Race St., Denver, CO, United States, 80210.
| | - Angela J Narayan
- University of Denver, 2155 S. Race St., Denver, CO, United States, 80210.
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15
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Bunting L, McCartan C, Davidson G, Grant A, Mulholland C, Schubotz D, Hamill R, McBride O, Murphy J, Nolan E, Shevlin M. The influence of adverse and positive childhood experiences on young people's mental health and experiences of self-harm and suicidal ideation. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 140:106159. [PMID: 37028255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the interaction of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and positive childhood experiences (PCEs) with mental health outcomes in nationally representative European populations. OBJECTIVE The primary objective was to test models of resilience through investigating associations between ACEs and PCEs and young people's risk of common mood and anxiety disorders, self-harm and suicidal ideation. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data were from the Northern Ireland Youth Wellbeing Survey (NIYWS), a stratified random probability household survey conducted between June 2019 and March 2020. Analysis is based on data from adolescents aged 11-19 years (n = 1299). METHOD Logistic regression was used to test the direct effects of ACEs and PCEs on mental health outcomes and the moderating effect of PCEs at different levels of ACE exposure. RESULTS Prevalence rates of mental health outcomes were: common mood and anxiety disorders (16 %); self-harm (10 %); suicidal ideation (12 %). ACEs and PCEs both independently predicted common mood and anxiety disorders, self-harm and suicidal ideation. Every additional ACE increased the likelihood of a common mood and anxiety disorder (81 %), self-harm (88 %) and suicidal ideation (88 %). Every additional PCE reduced common mood and anxiety disorders (14 %), self-harm (13 %) and suicidal ideation (7 %). There was no moderating effect of PCEs on ACEs and mental health outcomes. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that PCEs act largely independently of ACEs and that initiatives to increase PCEs can assist in the prevention of mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bunting
- Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
| | - Claire McCartan
- Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Gavin Davidson
- Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Anne Grant
- Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ciaran Mulholland
- Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Dirk Schubotz
- Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ryan Hamill
- Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Orla McBride
- Ulster University, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Jamie Murphy
- Ulster University, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Emma Nolan
- Ulster University, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Mark Shevlin
- Ulster University, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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16
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Novak A, Fagan AA. The conditioning effects of positive experiences on the ACEs-offending relationship in adolescence. Child Abuse Negl 2022; 134:105915. [PMID: 36228391 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research shows that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are problematic and may impact delinquency and arrest in adolescence. However, resiliency theories suggest the association between ACEs and delinquency/arrest may be mitigated by positive childhood experiences (PCEs). OBJECTIVE This study tests the hypothesis that an accumulation of PCEs ameliorates the relationship between ACEs and delinquency and arrest during adolescence. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Prospective data were collected from approximately 800 participants in the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN). METHODS Self-report data from 16-year-old participants were used to measure the two dependent variables: the number of delinquent acts committed and having at least one arrest in the past year. Count measures reflected the number of ACEs and PCEs, with the former based on reports from child protective services, caregivers, and youth collected from ages 4-12, and the latter based on self-reports at age 12. Negative binomial models analyzed delinquency outcomes, logistic regression models examined arrest, and interaction terms assessed moderating effects. RESULTS ACEs were associated with significantly more delinquent acts but not arrest, and PCEs were associated with significantly fewer delinquent acts but not arrest. PCEs significantly reduced the relationship between ACEs and delinquency but only for youth with moderate levels of ACEs. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate a need for additional research measuring the moderating effects of a variety of PCEs and to the need to enhance positive experiences for youth to prevent delinquency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Novak
- University of Mississippi, United States of America.
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17
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Craig JM, Wolff KT, Baglivio MT. Clustering of adverse and positive childhood experiences: The nature and correlates of risk and protective factors. Child Abuse Negl 2022; 134:105878. [PMID: 36115326 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the increased attention paid to the separate effects of cumulative stress and protection on offending, the extent to which distinct clusters of risk and protective factors exist and have unique effects on justice-related outcomes is under-studied. OBJECTIVE The current study examines for unique clustering of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) and Positive Childhood Experiences (PCE) and the extent to which they predict juvenile recidivism. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The sample consists of a cohort of youth adjudicated delinquent in Florida who received a community-based sanction. METHODS The study first utilized latent-class analysis to identify distinct classes based upon the youths' ACE and PCE exposures. Next, two sets of regression models were estimated; the first investigated correlates of class membership and the second assessed whether class membership predicted recidivism. RESULTS Seven distinct classes of ACE/PCE clusters were found, composing 9.9 % to 20.5 % of the sample each. Relative to the class with low ACE and low PCE, those with low ACEs and high PCE evidenced 27.5 % lower rearrest rates, as did the Moderate Risk/Moderate Protection group. CONCLUSIONS Not only do distinct groupings of ACE and PCE exposures exist, but these groups have different likelihoods of future offending, where a youth's cumulative protection appears to be more important than their risk level. This has important policy implications as it offers further support for the use of strength-based treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Craig
- Criminal Justice, University of North Texas, United States of America.
| | - Kevin T Wolff
- Criminal Justice, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, United States of America.
| | - Michael T Baglivio
- Research & Development, Youth Opportunity Investments, United States of America.
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18
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Crouch E, Srivastav A, McRell AS. Examining Racial/Ethnic Differences in Positive Childhood Experiences Among Respondents in a Southern State. J Child Adolesc Trauma 2022; 15:1191-1198. [PMID: 36439661 PMCID: PMC9684383 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-022-00453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and positive childhood experiences (PCEs) may impact brain development in children and adolescents into adulthood. While prior research demonstrated racial-ethnic disparities in ACEs, less is known about racial and ethnic differences in PCEs, particularly among adults. To better understand racial and ethnic differences in positive childhood experiences, this study (1) examined the prevalence of PCEs in an adult population in South Carolina (SC), a representative southern US state and (2) examined whether PCE exposure differed across racial and ethnic groups. Data were drawn from the 2019 SC Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey (BRFSS). Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were used to calculate frequencies, proportions and unadjusted associations for each variable. Multivariable regression models were used to examine the association between race/ethnicity and PCEs. Our analyses revealed that people of color were less likely to be supported by friends, have an adult who took interest in them, and have a family who stood by them during difficult times. Education and poverty were significantly associated with feeling safe and protected, supported by friends, and having a family that stood by them during difficult times. Conclusions: Findings from this study may be used to promote health equity in early childhood through programs, policies, and practices that seek to address historic, systemic, and intergenerational trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Crouch
- Rural and Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, SC Columbia, USA
- Department of Health Services Policy & Management, University of South Carolina, Discovery Building Suite 345, Columbia, USA
| | - Aditi Srivastav
- Children’s Trust of South Carolina, 1330 Lady Street, Suite 310, SC 29201 Columbia, USA
| | - Amanda Stafford McRell
- Children’s Trust of South Carolina, 1330 Lady Street, Suite 310, SC 29201 Columbia, USA
- College of Social Work, University of South Carolina, Hamilton College, 1512 Pendleton St, SC 29208 Columbia, USA
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19
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Qu G, Ma S, Liu H, Han T, Zhang H, Ding X, Sun L, Qin Q, Chen M, Sun Y. Positive childhood experiences can moderate the impact of adverse childhood experiences on adolescent depression and anxiety: Results from a cross-sectional survey. Child Abuse Negl 2022; 125:105511. [PMID: 35078091 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are common and have a wide range of impact on human physical and mental health. The role of positive childhood experiences (PCEs) and its interaction with ACEs on adolescent depression and anxiety are less known. METHODS A cross-sectional survey on Chinese primary and secondary school students was conducted to investigate information of ACEs, PCEs, depression, anxiety and demographic characteristics (n = 6363). Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between specific types and cumulative of PCEs and ACEs and risk of depression, anxiety and its comorbidity. Interaction analyses were conducted to determine the moderation role of PCEs on the impact of ACEs. RESULTS ACEs were positively correlated with the risk of depression and anxiety and there was a significant positive does-response relationship between cumulative ACEs exposure and risk of depression, anxiety and its comorbidity. PCEs were negatively associated with the risk of depression and anxiety and there was an inverse does-response relationship between cumulative PCEs exposure and risk of depression. Adolescents with low ACEs (<4 counts) and high PCEs (6-7 counts) exposure showed significant lower risk of depression and there were negative additive interactions between PCEs and ACEs exposure on risk of depression and the comorbidity of depression and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS PCEs can moderate the impact of ACEs on mental health of adolescents. Early and proactively promoting PCEs contributes to promoting well-being, especially for adolescents with ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbo Qu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Shaodi Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Tiantian Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Huimei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xiuxiu Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Fuyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.19, Zhongnan Avenue, Fuyang 400, Anhui, China
| | - Qirong Qin
- Ma'anshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.849, Jiangdong Avenue, Ma'anshan 243000, Anhui, China
| | - Mingchun Chen
- Changfeng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changfeng, Anhui, China
| | - Yehuan Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Center for Evidence-Based Practice, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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20
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Crouch E, Radcliff E, Kelly K, Merrell MA, Bennett KJ. Examining the influence of positive childhood experiences on childhood overweight and obesity using a national sample. Prev Med 2022; 154:106907. [PMID: 34864065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Positive childhood experiences (PCEs) promote healthy social development, improve overall wellness, and help to moderate and prevent exposure to adverse childhood experiences. There has been limited research examining the association between positive childhood experiences and overweight or obesity status in children. The purpose of this study was to examine whether experiencing positive childhood experiences are associated with lower rates of overweight or obesity status in children between 10 and 17 years of age, using cross-sectional data from the 2018-2019 National Survey of Children's Health (n = 28,771), a nationally representative mail and online survey. Frequencies, proportions, and unadjusted associations for each variable were calculated using descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses. To examine the association between overweight or obesity and PCEs, multivariable regression models were used. Compared to children who were underweight or had a healthy weight, children who were overweight or obese were less likely to: participate after school activities (78.1%, p < 0.0001), volunteer in their community, school, or church (45.6%, p < 0.0001), have a mentor they feel comfortable going to for guidance (87.0%, p = 0.02), live in a safe neighborhood (61.3%, p < 0.0001), live in a supportive neighborhood (50.4%, p < 0.0001), and to live with a resilient family (78.3%; p = 0.0099). In adjusted analysis, among children exposed to two or more ACEs, children residing in a supportive neighborhood were less likely to be overweight or obese (aOR 0.87; 0.77-0.98). Our findings suggest that certain PCEs may mitigate overweight and obesity when children have experienced at least some childhood trauma.
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21
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Hashemi L, Fanslow J, Gulliver P, McIntosh T. Exploring the health burden of cumulative and specific adverse childhood experiences in New Zealand: Results from a population-based study. Child Abuse Negl 2021; 122:105372. [PMID: 34717153 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can influence later health, but there are gaps in understanding how ACEs may interact with Positive Childhood Experiences (PCEs). Additionally, there are gaps in understanding how ACEs impact on positive markers of health. OBJECTIVES To explore associations of ACEs with both negative and positive markers of physical and mental health in adulthood and to examine whether positive childhood experiences (PCEs) can mitigate the negative effects of ACEs on health. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 2887 participants (1464 female, 1423 male) from the 2019 New Zealand Family Violence Survey, a population-based study conducted in New Zealand between March 2017-March 2019. METHODS Multivariable logistic regressions were conducted to ascertain how both ACE score and ACE subtypes influenced the odds of experiencing adverse and positive mental and physical health after adjusting for socio-demographic predictors. A combined ACE-PCE variable was created and included in the multivariable logistic regression models to examine whether PCEs can mitigate the negative effects of ACEs. RESULTS Findings indicated that respondents with higher ACE scores had an increased likelihood of reporting each adverse outcome. Higher ACE scores had the strongest association with poor mental health followed by disability and chronic physical health conditions. Respondents with higher ACE scores had a decreased likelihood of reporting each positive health outcome. Exposure to ACEs was detrimental to health even in the presence of PCEs, with minimal effects observed from PCEs given the limited variance observed from its assessment. CONCLUSION This study documents the deleterious impacts of ACEs on a wide range of health outcomes and demonstrates that these effects are persistent. Findings should provide the impetus for widespread prevention and intervention initiatives that seek to address ACEs. Further exploration of PCEs with a more complete assessment is needed to determine if they can mitigate the detrimental consequences of ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Hashemi
- Social and Community Health, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Janet Fanslow
- Social and Community Health, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Pauline Gulliver
- Social and Community Health, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Tracey McIntosh
- Māori Studies and Pacific Studies, Faculty of Arts, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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22
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Crandall A, Magnusson BM, Hanson CL, Leavitt B. The effects of adverse and advantageous childhood experiences on adult health in a low-income sample. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 220:103430. [PMID: 34662773 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have indicated the advantageous childhood experiences (counter-ACEs) may improve health in adulthood regardless of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) scores. However, these studies have primarily been conducted in low-risk communities, and little is known whether the results are similar in low-income settings. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ACEs and counter-ACEs on mental and physical health in a low-income sample. A secondary objective was to assess the effects of repeated and prolonged exposure to ACEs on later health. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The sample included 206 low-income adults living in the western United States who completed a survey about their childhood experiences and adult health. METHODS A series of logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the effects of ACEs and counter-ACEs on adult health. RESULTS Irrespective of ACEs, counter-ACEs were associated with lower odds of having two or more emotional and cognitive health problems and lower odds of suicidality in the past 12 months. When accounting for counter-ACEs, ACEs were associated with higher odds of having ever smoked and suicidality in the past 12 months, though these odds were attenuated compared to the unadjusted models. In the presence of repeated or prolonged ACEs exposure, counter-ACEs were associated with lower odds of having ever smoked and emotional and cognitive health problems. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that helping children develop healthy relationships within their family, community, and school may lead to improved health in adulthood even in the presence of poverty and childhood adversity.
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Wang D, Jiang Q, Yang Z, Choi JK. The longitudinal influences of adverse childhood experiences and positive childhood experiences at family, school, and neighborhood on adolescent depression and anxiety. J Affect Disord 2021; 292:542-551. [PMID: 34147966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent depression and anxiety are major mental health concerns. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are risk factors for depression and anxiety in adolescence and positive childhood experiences at home, school, and neighborhood are protective factors. Few studies, however, have compared the longitudinal effects of these two sets of contextual risk and protective factors on depression and anxiety among adolescents by framing them together. METHODS This study used data on a subsample of 3426 socioeconomically disadvantaged adolescents collected at their birth, ages one, three, five, nine, and fifteen. Logistic regression was used to examine the longitudinal effects of ACEs, focusing on childhood maltreatment and family dysfunctions, and positive childhood experiences with family, school, and neighborhood on the risks of depression and anxiety. Adolescents' characteristics and their families' socioeconomic status were adjusted. RESULTS In the two ACEs subcategories, childhood maltreatment exposures increased the risks only for later anxiety; family dysfunction increased the risks for both later depression and anxiety. In the three contexts, positive childhood experiences at family and school protected at-risk adolescents against both mental health concerns, whereas neighborhood collective efficacy protected adolescents only against depression. LIMITATIONS Resilience was examined as an outcome only; it can also be examined as a process. Neither teachers' nor grandparents' supports were included. CONCLUSIONS ACEs maltreatment and family dysfunction are two different risk dimensions for adolescent depression and anxiety. Positive childhood experiences at family are the strongest protective factors for children exposed to ACEs, followed by these in school and neighborhood. Early interventions building positive relationships may benefit adolescent mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Child, Youth, and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska.
| | - Qingyu Jiang
- Department of Child, Youth, and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Zhenqiao Yang
- Department of Child, Youth, and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Jeong-Kyun Choi
- Department of Child, Youth, and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Educational attainment has been demonstrated as a protective factor for the physical and mental health of children into adulthood, yet there has been limited research on the association between positive childhood experiences (PCEs) and school success. The purpose of this study is to examine the associations between PCEs and challenges to school success. METHODS This cross-sectional study used data of 33,450 children from the 2017-2018 National Survey of Children's Health to examine PCEs and two challenges to school success (school absenteeism and repeated grades), using multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The most prevalent types of PCEs were mentor for advice or guidance (89.8%), family resilience (81.1%), and after-school activity participation (79.8%). Children who participated in after-school activities had lower odds of reported school absenteeism (aOR 0.59; 95% CI 0.46-0.76) and repeating a grade (aOR 0.75; 95% CI 0.59-0.97) than their counterparts. Children who shared ideas with their caregiver had lower odds of repeating a grade (aOR 0.78; 95% CI 0.63-0.97) than children who did not share ideas with their caregiver. Children who lived in a supportive neighborhood were less likely to have reported school absenteeism than children who did not live in a supportive neighborhood (aOR 0.77; 95% CI 0.60-0.98). CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE Participation in after-school activities had optimal associations with both school absenteeism and repeated grade, suggesting its potential protective effect for school success. Promoting PCEs at the school, family, and community levels may help address school absenteeism and grade retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Crouch
- Rural and Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 220 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 204, Columbia, SC, 29210, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Radcliff
- Rural and Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 220 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 204, Columbia, SC, 29210, USA
| | - Melinda A Merrell
- Rural and Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 220 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 204, Columbia, SC, 29210, USA
| | - Peiyin Hung
- Rural and Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 220 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 204, Columbia, SC, 29210, USA
| | - Kevin J Bennett
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 3209 Colonial Dr., Columbia, SC, 29203, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Burstein
- Center for Community-Engaged Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Chloe Yang
- Center for Community-Engaged Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Kay Johnson
- Johnson Group Consulting, Inc., Hinesburg, USA
| | | | - Robert Sege
- Center for Community-Engaged Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111 USA
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Crouch E, Radcliff E, Merrell MA, Brown MJ, Ingram LA, Probst J. Racial/ethnic differences in positive childhood experiences across a national sample. Child Abuse Negl 2021; 115:105012. [PMID: 33639558 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Examination of racial/ethnic differences in positive childhood experiences (PCEs) is needed, as the absence of supportive factors may hinder children from healthy processing and mitigation of adversity. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of PCEs in a nationally representative sample of children and determine whether PCE exposure differed across race and ethnic groups. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data were drawn from the nationally representative 2017-2018 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) (n = 33,747). METHODS Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were used in order to calculate frequencies, proportions, and unadjusted associations for each variable. Multivariable regression models were used to examine the association between race/ethnicity and PCEs. RESULTS All racial-ethnic minority groups of children had a lower likelihood of mentorship, living in a safe neighborhood, or living in a supportive neighborhood, than their Non-Hispanic White counterparts. Non-Hispanic Black children had a lower likelihood of having a mentor for advice or guidance (aOR 0.50; 95 % CI 0.38-0.62), living in a safe neighborhood (aOR 0.62; 95 % CI 0.52-0.73), and living in a supportive neighborhood (aOR 0.75; 95 % CI 0.64-0.87) than Non-Hispanic white children. CONCLUSIONS The information from this study highlights the negative disparities borne by racial/ethnic minority populations. Findings can be used to inform policymakers, program developers, and stakeholders on where to target interventions and how to bring together families and communities to not only confront adversity in childhood, but also to leverage community and family-level assets to create PCEs for all children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Crouch
- Rural and Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.
| | - Elizabeth Radcliff
- Rural and Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Melinda A Merrell
- Rural and Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Monique J Brown
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States; South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Lucy Annang Ingram
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Janice Probst
- Rural and Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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Daines CL, Hansen D, Novilla MLB, Crandall A. Effects of positive and negative childhood experiences on adult family health. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:651. [PMID: 33820532 PMCID: PMC8022401 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10732-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the study was to determine the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and positive childhood experiences (PCEs) with family health in adulthood. Prior research indicates that ACEs and PCEs affect individual physical and mental health in adulthood. However, little is known about how ACEs and PCEs affect family health. Families develop and function through patterns and routines which are often intergenerational. Therefore, a person's early experiences may influence their family's health in adulthood. METHOD A survey was administered to 1030 adults through Qualtrics, with participants recruited using quota-sampling to reflect the demographic characteristics of U.S. adults. Participants completed a survey about their childhood experiences, four domains of family health (family social and emotional health processes, family healthy lifestyle, family health resources, and family external social supports), and demographic characteristics. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. RESULTS After controlling for marriage, education, gender, race and age, ACEs were negatively associated with family social and emotional health processes and family health resources when accounting for PCEs; PCEs were positively associated with all four family health domains irrespective of ACEs. CONCLUSION Childhood experiences affect family health in adulthood in the expected direction. Even in the presence of early adversity, positive experiences in childhood can provide a foundation for creating better family health in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantel L Daines
- Department of Public Health, Brigham Young University, 4103 LSB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Dustin Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Brigham Young University, 4103 LSB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - M Lelinneth B Novilla
- Department of Public Health, Brigham Young University, 4103 LSB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - AliceAnn Crandall
- Department of Public Health, Brigham Young University, 4103 LSB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
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Zhang L, Fang J, Zhang D, Wan Y, Gong C, Su P, Tao F, Sun Y. Poly-victimization and psychopathological symptoms in adolescence: Examining the potential buffering effect of positive childhood experiences. J Affect Disord 2021; 282:1308-1314. [PMID: 33601709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment are well-established risk factors for adolescent psychopathology. Positive childhood experiences (PCEs) known protective factors. However, few studies have simultaneously investigated childhood maltreatment and PCEs in the context of longitudinal study. The aim of this paper was to assess the buffering effect of PCEs in adolescence in the association between chronic childhood maltreatment and psychological symptoms in adolescence. METHODS Data were from an ongoing longitudinal study with 2288 children aged 8.15 y at baseline who were recruited from 3 large elementary schools in China. Participants were followed up for four waves across 6 years. The associations between re-victimization and poly-victimization with adolescent psychopathological symptoms across different PCEs contexts were explored. RESULTS Poly-victimization was highly predictive of depressive symptoms, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. PCEs may mitigate the negative effect of chronic childhood maltreatment on adolescent psychopathology in a dose-response manner. For adolescents with 4-5 PCEs, psychopathological symptoms score decreased significantly and showed similar level with those low/no-victimization comparison peers. While experiencing multiple PCEs does decrease the risk of psychopathological symptoms, certain PCEs, such as parental warmth and peer support, appear to entailed protective effect on all the three psychopathological symptoms. LIMITATIONS It is not clear whether the patterns of effects would vary across developmental periods. CONCLUSIONS A focus of interventions should be not only on ameliorating childhood maltreatment, but also on expanding the availability of social support related PCEs, which may help inform suitable strategies for providing intervention and support to best help reduce the psychopathology burden for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiao Fang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuhui Wan
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chun Gong
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Puyu Su
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have indicated that positive childhood experiences (PCEs) might have important protective effects on adulthood mental health. However, the instruments to assess PCEs are scarce. OBJECTIVE In this study, we assessed the validity and reliability of the Benevolent Childhood Experiences (BCEs) scale, a new instrument of PCEs, in a large sample of Chinese adults. Furthermore, we examined associations of PCEs with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, as well as, prosocial behaviours across different levels of trauma. METHOD Participants were 6929 adults (33% male; mean age 38.04 years, SD = 7.81, ranging from 18 to 81.) recruited from Jiangxi and Hunan provinces in China. Self-administrated questionnaires were used to measure PCEs, childhood trauma, lifetime trauma, PTSD, depression, and prosocial behaviours. Multiple linear regression models were conducted to examine the interdependent and interactive effects of PCEs, lifetime trauma, childhood trauma on symptoms of PTSD and depression and prosocial behaviours. RESULTS In the current sample, the Cronbach's α of the BCEs scale was 0.70. PCEs were not related to lifetime trauma, while modestly associated with childhood trauma, demonstrating excellent discriminant validity. PCEs were negatively correlated with severity of PTSD and depression, while positively correlated with prosocial behaviours, indicating good predictive validity. PCEs, lifetime trauma and childhood trauma were independently associated with severity of PTSD and depression and prosocial behaviours. Moreover, the interaction of PCEs and lifetime trauma negatively predicted severity of PTSD and depression, while the interaction of PCEs and childhood trauma negatively predicted prosocial behaviours. PCEs had a protective effect on PTSD and depression in high level of lifetime trauma, and showed a reduced positive effect on prosocial behaviours in high level of childhood trauma. CONCLUSIONS The Chinese BCEs scale is a reliable and valid instrument. PCEs can buffer adversity and foster positive outcomes in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalan Zhan
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, P.R.China
| | - Dongjie Xie
- Hangzhou College of Preschool Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Jiaqi Zou
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, P.R.China
| | - Jian Wang
- Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, P.R.China
| | - Fulei Geng
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, P.R.China
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Elmore AL, Crouch E, Kabir Chowdhury MA. The Interaction of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Resiliency on the Outcome of Depression Among Children and Youth, 8-17 year olds. Child Abuse Negl 2020; 107:104616. [PMID: 32645587 PMCID: PMC7494539 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are common among children. Little is known on how resilience factors and positive childhood experiences (PCEs) may moderate the relationship between ACEs and childhood depression. OBJECTIVE Our study fills this gap by providing recent, nationally representative estimates of ACE and PCE exposure for ages 8-17 and examines the associations between ACE exposure and PCEs on the outcome of depression. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data were drawn from the nationally representative 2016-2017 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) and included a total sample of 40,302 children and adolescents. METHODS Chi square analysis and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to assess associations of depression with 9 ACE and 6 PCE exposures. Additive and multiplicative interactions were examined between ACE exposure and PCEs (resiliency measures) on depression. Survey sampling weights and SAS survey procedures were used. RESULTS Our study found that 4% of children had current depression and those with an ACE count greater than four had increased odds (aOR: 2.29; CI: 1.74-3.02). Multivariate regressions demonstrated associations between depression and low resiliency as well as significant interactions between ACE exposure and three PCEs. Children who were exposed to greater than four ACEs and did not exhibit resilience had 8.75 higher odds of depression (CI: 5.23-14.65) compared to those with less than four ACEs and some resilience. CONCLUSIONS These findings illustrate the need for the promotion of PCEs and the building of resiliency for combatting depression and reducing the impact of trauma in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Elmore
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Crouch
- Rural and Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 220 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 204, Columbia, SC 29210, USA
| | - Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Miller JR, Cheung A, Novilla LK, Crandall A. Childhood experiences and adult health: the moderating effects of temperament. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03927. [PMID: 32420492 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing literature demonstrates a strong relationship between childhood experiences and adult health outcomes. The Differential Susceptibility to Environment Theory suggests that there are several factors, including personality, that affect a child's sensitivity to adverse and advantageous experiences. A sample of 246 adults (ages 19–57) were asked questions about extroverted personality characteristics, adverse and advantageous childhood experiences (ACEs and counter-ACEs), and several indicators of adult health, including executive functioning, perceived stress levels, depression, and past smoking habits. The sample was then stratified based on level of extroversion scores with the top quartile being labeled as “extroverts”, the bottom quartile as “introverts”, and those in between as “ambiverts”. Regression analyses were then used to assess the relationship between childhood experiences and each adult health outcome. The results of the study showed that the relationship between childhood experiences and adult health was generally stronger among extroverted individuals. These results suggest that extroverts may be more sensitive to environmental influences in childhood as compared to introverts and ambiverts. More research is needed to understand the neurobiological mechanisms that increase environmental sensitivity among extroverts.
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Pro G, Camplain R, de Heer B, Chief C, Teufel-Shone N. A National Epidemiologic Profile of Physical Intimate Partner Violence, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Supportive Childhood Relationships: Group Differences in Predicted Trends and Associations. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2020; 7:660-670. [PMID: 31912443 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-019-00696-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are common in the USA and associated with multiple health sequelae. Physical intimate partner violence (IPV) is a type of revictimization that some adults with ACEs may be more prone to. Positive and supportive childhood environments may buffer the effects of ACEs, but little is known about the differential associations between physical IPV and ACEs and supportive childhood environments. We sought to illustrate racial/ethnic and gender differences in the adjusted predicted probability of physical IPV across multiple ACE and supportive childhood scores. METHODS We used multivariate linear regression to model the predicted probability of experiencing physical IPV across ACE (physical, psychological, sexual, household environment, mother's abuse) and supportive childhood scores in a national sample (National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III, 2012-2013, n = 35,614). Data analyses were conducted in 2019. RESULTS American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) women demonstrated the highest proportion of experiencing physical IPV (21%). AI/AN men had the highest mean physical ACE score (1.6/4), while AI/AN women had the highest mean scores for all other ACE typologies. ACE scores were positively associated with predicted physical IPV among women, and among AI/AN women in particular. Supportive childhood scores were negatively associated with predicted physical IPV primarily among women. CONCLUSION Physical IPV and ACEs are exceedingly high among AI/AN women. A better understanding of differential associations between childhood experiences and IPV is needed to more effectively tailor childhood and family-based health promotion strategies among multiple diverse communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Pro
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, 1395 South Knoles Drive, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA.
| | - Ricky Camplain
- Center for Health Equity Research, Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, 1395 South Knoles Drive, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Brooke de Heer
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Northern Arizona University, 5 East McConnell Drive, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Carmenlita Chief
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, 1395 South Knoles Drive, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Nicolette Teufel-Shone
- Center for Health Equity Research, Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, 1395 South Knoles Drive, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
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