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Qin L, Lv W. Dietary content and eating behavior in ulcerative colitis: a narrative review and future perspective. Nutr J 2025; 24:12. [PMID: 39849464 PMCID: PMC11755847 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-025-01075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2025] [Indexed: 01/25/2025] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) has experienced a steady increase in global incidence and prevalence recently. Current research into UC pathogenesis focuses on the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors with the immune system and gut microbiome, leading to disruption of the intestinal barrier. Normally, the microbiome, intestinal epithelium, and immune system interact to maintain intestinal homeostasis. However, when this equilibrium is disturbed, a harmful cycle of dysbiosis, immune dysregulation, and inflammation emerges, resulting in intestinal barrier dysfunction and UC progression. Among various risk factors, diet significantly influences epithelial barrier integrity and architectural stability through both direct and indirect mechanisms, shaping the entire UC continuum from pre-clinical prevention to active phase treatment and remission maintenance. This review provides insights into the impact of dietary content and eating behaviors on UC, focusing on specific food, food groups, nutrients, and intermittent fasting, while providing a detailed explanation of why the gut microbiota may mediate the sustained effects of diet across all stages of UC. Additionally, it addresses the limitations of current studies, explores underexamined areas in UC dietary research and proposes potential directions for future research and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxi Qin
- Clinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenliang Lv
- Clinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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2
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Guo L, Xu L, Nie Y, Liu L, Liu Z, Yang Y. Murine gut microbial interactions exert antihyperglycemic effects. THE ISME JOURNAL 2025; 19:wraf028. [PMID: 39961020 PMCID: PMC11896791 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wraf028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2024] [Revised: 12/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025]
Abstract
The correlations between gut microbiota and host metabolism have been studied extensively, whereas little relevant work has been done to investigate the impact of gut microbial interactions on host metabolism. With the use of a bacteriocin-targeting strategy, we aimed to identify the gut microbes associated with glucose and lipid metabolism by adjusting the gut microbial composition of mice fed a high-fat diet. To fulfill this goal, a Listeria monocytogenes (Lmo)-derived bacteriocin Lmo2776 secretion module was constructed and integrated into the genome of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN), yielding the Lmo2776-secreting strain EcN-2776. In high-fat diet-fed mice, EcN-2776 administration decreased blood glucose and increased serum triglyceride, and gene amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA in these mice indicated that intestinal secretion of Lmo2776 led to adjustment of the gut microbial composition. Specifically, Lmo2776 restricted the growth of Ligilactobacillus murinus, thus alleviating its inhibitory impact towards Faecalibaculum rodentium. Further analyses indicated that F. rodentium administration decreased the fasting blood glucose of high-fat diet-fed mice, an effect that may be attributable to the intestinal consumption of glucose by F. rodentium. In this study, we identified the gut microbes associated with glucose metabolism, uncovered their interactions, and deciphered the impact of these gut microbial interactions on the host glucose metabolism. Our findings may pave the way for the treatment of hyperglycemia from the perspective of gut microbial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Guo
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Libing Xu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yanhong Nie
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology, Shanghai 201602, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology, Shanghai 201602, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Zongping Liu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yunpeng Yang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology, Shanghai 201602, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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3
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Kim H, Jeong S, Kim SW, Kim HJ, Kim DY, Yook TH, Yang G. Indigo Naturalis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: mechanisms of action and insights from clinical trials. J Pharmacopuncture 2024; 27:59-69. [PMID: 38948310 PMCID: PMC11194518 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2024.27.2.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the therapeutic potential of Indigo Naturalis (IN) in treating a Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The objective is to comprehensively examine the effects and pharmacological mechanisms of IN on IBD, assessing its potential as an novel treatment for IBD. Analysis of 11 selected papers is conducted to understand the effects of IN, focusing on compounds like indirubin, isatin, indigo, and tryptanthrin. This study evaluates their impact on Disease Activity Index (DAI) score, colon length, mucosal damage, and macrophage infiltration in Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. Additionally, It investigate into the anti-inflammatory mechanisms, including Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) pathway activation, Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB)/nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)/Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) inhibition, and modulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88)/NF-κB and Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathways. Immunomodulatory effects on T helper 17 (Th17)/regulatory T cell (Treg cell) balance and Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3-β) expression are also explored. Furthermore, the study addresses the role of IN in restoring intestinal microbiota diversity, reducing pathogenic bacteria, and increasing beneficial bacteria. The findings reveal that IN, particularly indirubin and indigo, demonstrates significant improvements in DAI score, colon length, mucosal damage, and macrophage infiltration in DSS-induced colitis mice. The anti-inflammatory effects are attributed to the activation of the AhR pathway, inhibition of inflammatory pathways, and modulation of immune responses. These results exhibit the potential of IN in IBD treatment. Notably, the restoration of intestinal microbiota diversity and balance further supports its efficacy. IN emerges as a promising and effective treatment for IBD, demonstrating anti-inflammatory effects and positive outcomes in preclinical studies. However, potential side effects necessitate further investigation for safe therapeutic development. The study underscores the need for future research to explore a broader range of active ingredients in IN to enhance therapeutic efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonjin Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korea Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Jeong
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korea Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wook Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korea Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jin Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korea Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yong Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korea Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Han Yook
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korea Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gabsik Yang
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korea Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Tan DSY, Akelew Y, Snelson M, Nguyen J, O’Sullivan KM. Unravelling the Link between the Gut Microbiome and Autoimmune Kidney Diseases: A Potential New Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4817. [PMID: 38732038 PMCID: PMC11084259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) have been associated with immune regulation and autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune kidney diseases arise from a loss of tolerance to antigens, often with unclear triggers. In this review, we explore the role of the gut microbiome and how disease, diet, and therapy can alter the gut microbiota consortium. Perturbations in the gut microbiota may systemically induce the translocation of microbiota-derived inflammatory molecules such as liposaccharide (LPS) and other toxins by penetrating the gut epithelial barrier. Once in the blood stream, these pro-inflammatory mediators activate immune cells, which release pro-inflammatory molecules, many of which are antigens in autoimmune diseases. The ratio of gut bacteria Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes is associated with worse outcomes in multiple autoimmune kidney diseases including lupus nephritis, MPO-ANCA vasculitis, and Goodpasture's syndrome. Therapies that enhance SCFA-producing bacteria in the gut have powerful therapeutic potential. Dietary fiber is fermented by gut bacteria which in turn release SCFAs that protect the gut barrier, as well as modulating immune responses towards a tolerogenic anti-inflammatory state. Herein, we describe where the current field of research is and the strategies to harness the gut microbiome as potential therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Shu Yee Tan
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (D.S.Y.T.); (Y.A.)
| | - Yibeltal Akelew
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (D.S.Y.T.); (Y.A.)
| | - Matthew Snelson
- School of Biological Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia;
| | - Jenny Nguyen
- The Alfred Centre, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Kim Maree O’Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (D.S.Y.T.); (Y.A.)
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5
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Boles JS, Krueger ME, Jernigan JE, Cole CL, Neighbarger NK, Uriarte Huarte O, Tansey MG. A leaky gut dysregulates gene networks in the brain associated with immune activation, oxidative stress, and myelination in a mouse model of colitis. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 117:473-492. [PMID: 38341052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut and brain are increasingly linked in human disease, with neuropsychiatric conditions classically attributed to the brain showing an involvement of the intestine and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) displaying an ever-expanding list of neurological comorbidities. To identify molecular systems that underpin this gut-brain connection and thus discover therapeutic targets, experimental models of gut dysfunction must be evaluated for brain effects. In the present study, we examine disturbances along the gut-brain axis in a widely used murine model of colitis, the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model, using high-throughput transcriptomics and an unbiased network analysis strategy coupled with standard biochemical outcome measures to achieve a comprehensive approach to identify key disease processes in both colon and brain. We examine the reproducibility of colitis induction with this model and its resulting genetic programs during different phases of disease, finding that DSS-induced colitis is largely reproducible with a few site-specific molecular features. We focus on the circulating immune system as the intermediary between the gut and brain, which exhibits an activation of pro-inflammatory innate immunity during colitis. Our unbiased transcriptomics analysis provides supporting evidence for immune activation in the brain during colitis, suggests that myelination may be a process vulnerable to increased intestinal permeability, and identifies a possible role for oxidative stress and brain oxygenation. Overall, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of multiple systems in a prevalent experimental model of intestinal permeability, which will inform future studies using this model and others, assist in the identification of druggable targets in the gut-brain axis, and contribute to our understanding of the concomitance of intestinal and neuropsychiatric dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Sondag Boles
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Maeve E Krueger
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Janna E Jernigan
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Cassandra L Cole
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Noelle K Neighbarger
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Oihane Uriarte Huarte
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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6
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Zhong Y, Xiao Q, Huang J, Yu S, Chen L, Wan Q, Zhang Z, Luo L, Song L, Zhao H, Zhou W, Liu D. Ginsenoside Rg1 Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis in Obese Mice by Regulating the Gut Microbiota-Lipid Metabolism-Th1/Th2/Th17 Cells Axis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:20073-20091. [PMID: 38064669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1 (G-Rg1) has various pharmacological properties including antiobesity, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of G-Rg1 on colitis complicated by obesity. The results indicate that G-Rg1 effectively alleviates colitis in obese mice and improves serum lipid levels and liver function. Importantly, G-Rg1 improved the composition of gut microbiota in obese mice with colitis, with increases in alpha diversity indexes Sobs, Ace, and Chao, a significant down-regulation of the relative abundance of Romboutsia, and a significant up-regulation of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Enterorhabdus, Desulfovibrio, and Alistipes. Meanwhile, G-Rg1 improved lipid metabolism in the colonic contents of obese mice with colitis. Additionally, G-Rg1 significantly reduced the percentages of helper T (Th)1, Th17, central memory T (TCM), and effector memory T (TEM) cells in obese mice with colitis while significantly increasing Naïve T and Th2 cells. In conclusion, G-Rg1 could be a promising therapeutic option for alleviating obesity complicated by colitis through regulation of the gut microbiota and lipid metabolism as well as Th1/Th2/Th17 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbao Zhong
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and Health Industry, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
- Laboratory Animal Research Center for Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Qiuping Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Songren Yu
- Laboratory Animal Research Center for Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Liling Chen
- Laboratory Animal Research Center for Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Qi Wan
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zheyan Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lin Luo
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lizhao Song
- Laboratory Animal Research Center for Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Haimei Zhao
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
- Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China
| | - Duanyong Liu
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and Health Industry, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
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7
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Boles JS, Krueger ME, Jernigan JE, Cole CL, Neighbarger NK, Huarte OU, Tansey MG. A leaky gut dysregulates gene networks in the brain associated with immune activation, oxidative stress, and myelination in a mouse model of colitis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.10.552488. [PMID: 37609290 PMCID: PMC10441416 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.10.552488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The gut and brain are increasingly linked in human disease, with neuropsychiatric conditions classically attributed to the brain showing an involvement of the intestine and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) displaying an ever-expanding list of neurological comorbidities. To identify molecular systems that underpin this gut-brain connection and thus discover therapeutic targets, experimental models of gut dysfunction must be evaluated for brain effects. In the present study, we examine disturbances along the gut-brain axis in a widely used murine model of colitis, the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model, using high-throughput transcriptomics and an unbiased network analysis strategy coupled with standard biochemical outcome measures to achieve a comprehensive approach to identify key disease processes in both colon and brain. We examine the reproducibility of colitis induction with this model and its resulting genetic programs during different phases of disease, finding that DSS-induced colitis is largely reproducible with a few site-specific molecular features. We focus on the circulating immune system as the intermediary between the gut and brain, which exhibits an activation of pro-inflammatory innate immunity during colitis. Our unbiased transcriptomics analysis provides supporting evidence for immune activation in the brain during colitis, suggests that myelination may be a process vulnerable to increased intestinal permeability, and identifies a possible role for oxidative stress and brain oxygenation. Overall, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of multiple systems in a prevalent experimental model of intestinal permeability, which will inform future studies using this model and others, assist in the identification of druggable targets in the gut-brain axis, and contribute to our understanding of the concomitance of intestinal and neuropsychiatric dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Sondag Boles
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Maeve E. Krueger
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Janna E. Jernigan
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cassandra L. Cole
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Noelle K. Neighbarger
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Oihane Uriarte Huarte
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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