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Lv J, Geng L, Ye W, Gong S, Wu J, Ju T, Li L, Liu L, Zhang Y. Antimicrobial resistance and genetic relatedness of Salmonella serotypes isolated from food, asymptomatic carriers, and clinical cases in Shiyan, China. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301388. [PMID: 38722868 PMCID: PMC11081320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a primary cause of foodborne diseases globally. Despite food contamination and clinical infections garnering substantial attention and research, asymptomatic Salmonella carriers, potential sources of infection, have been comparatively overlooked. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of serotype distribution, antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, and genetic profiles of archived Salmonella strains isolated from food (26), asymptomatic carriers (41), and clinical cases (47) in Shiyan City, China. Among the 114 Salmonella strains identified, representing 31 serotypes and 34 Sequence Types (STs), the most prevalent serovars included Typhimurium, Derby, Enteritidis, Thompson, and London, with the most predominant STs being ST11, ST40, ST26, ST34, and ST155. Antimicrobial resistance testing revealed that all strains were only sensitive to meropenem, with 74.6% showing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and 53.5% demonstrating multidrug resistance (MDR). Strains resistant to five and six classes of antibiotics were the most common. Pearson's chi-square test showed no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of AMR (p = 0.105) or MDR (p = 0.326) among Salmonella isolates from the three sources. Our findings underscore associations and diversities among Salmonella strains isolated from food, asymptomatic carriers, and clinical patients, emphasizing the need for increased vigilance towards asymptomatic Salmonella carriers by authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lv
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Lingjun Geng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Wenlin Ye
- Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Shide Gong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Tingting Ju
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Lin Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Lanfang Liu
- Shiyan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shiyan, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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Bennett AN, Woolard KJ, Sorge A, Melander C, Gunn JS. Spectrum of activity of Salmonella anti-biofilm compounds: Evaluation of activity against biofilm-forming ESKAPE pathogens. Biofilm 2023; 6:100158. [PMID: 37790732 PMCID: PMC10542598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ESKAPE pathogens are a group of bacteria that are a leading cause of health-care associated infections and are known to be agents of chronic, biofilm-mediated infections. These chronic bacterial infections often respond poorly to antibiotics and in some cases may require surgical intervention in order to cure the infection. As biofilms are often the critical mediator of a chronic infection, it is essential to develop therapies that target bacteria within the biofilm state. Herein, we report the development of a rapid, 96-well plate-based assay that employs conditions specific for each species to optimize biofilm production and allow for easy identification of differences in biofilm mass after treatment with anti-biofilm candidates. We used these ESKAPE-specific biofilm assays to test our previously identified Salmonella anti-biofilm small molecule compounds, JG-1 and M4, for anti-biofilm activity. The results demonstrated that JG-1 and M4 have anti-biofilm activity against Enterobacter spp., S. aureus, E. faecium, P. aeruginosa, and A. baumannii. In addition, we identified that M4 has significant antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. faecium at concentrations >10 μM (X μg/mL). These findings support the claim that JG-1 and M4 have broad-spectrum anti-biofilm activity, while M4 has antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive members of the ESKAPE pathogens. Thus, these compounds have the potential to have a significant impact on treating multiple types of commonly encountered biofilm-mediated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyah N. Bennett
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Katherine J. Woolard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Amy Sorge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Christian Melander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - John S. Gunn
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Zhou K, Sun L, Zhang X, Xu X, Mi K, Ma W, Zhang L, Huang L. Salmonella antimicrobials inherited and the non-inherited resistance: mechanisms and alternative therapeutic strategies. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1176317. [PMID: 37303797 PMCID: PMC10249997 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1176317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is one of the most important foodborne pathogens. Typhoid fever and enteritis caused by Salmonella enterica are associated with 16-33 million infections and 500,000 to 600,000 deaths annually worldwide. The eradication of Salmonella is becoming increasingly difficult because of its remarkable capacity to counter antimicrobial agents. In addition to the intrinsic and acquired resistance of Salmonella, increasing studies indicated that its non-inherited resistance, which commonly mentioned as biofilms and persister cells, plays a critical role in refractory infections and resistance evolution. These remind the urgent demand for new therapeutic strategies against Salmonella. This review starts with escape mechanisms of Salmonella against antimicrobial agents, with particular emphasis on the roles of the non-inherited resistance in antibiotic failure and resistance evolution. Then, drug design or therapeutic strategies that show impressive effects in overcoming Salmonella resistance and tolerance are summarized completely, such as overcoming the barrier of outer membrane by targeting MlaABC system, reducing persister cells by limiting hydrogen sulfide, and applying probiotics or predatory bacteria. Meanwhile, according to the clinical practice, the advantages and disadvantages of above strategies are discussed. Finally, we further analyze how to deal with this tricky problems, thus can promote above novel strategies to be applied in the clinic as soon as possible. We believed that this review will be helpful in understanding the relationships between tolerance phenotype and resistance of Salmonella as well as the efficient control of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiang Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangyue Xu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kun Mi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenjin Ma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Development of small molecules that work cooperatively with ciprofloxacin to clear salmonella biofilms in a chronic gallbladder carriage model. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 232:114203. [PMID: 35219950 PMCID: PMC8930541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars cause millions of infections each year that result either in typhoid fever or salmonellosis. Among those serovars that cause typhoid fever, Salmonella enterica subspecies Typhi can form biofilms on gallstones in the gallbladders of acutely-infected patients, leading to chronic carriage of the bacterium. These biofilms are recalcitrant to antibiotic-mediated eradication, leading to chronic fecal shedding of the bacteria, which results in further disease transmission. Herein, we report the synthesis and anti-biofilm activity of a 55-member library of small molecules based upon a previously identified hit that both inhibits and disrupts S. Typhi and S. Typhimurium (a nontyphoidal model serovar for S. Typhi) biofilms. Lead compounds inhibit S. Typhimurium biofilm formation in vitro at sub-micromolar concentrations, and disperse biofilms with five-fold greater potentency than the parent compound. Three of the most promising compounds demonstrated synergy with ciprofloxacin in a murine model of chronic Salmonella carriage. This work furthers the development of effective anti-biofilm agents as a promising therapeutic avenue for the eradication of typhoidal Salmonella.
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The Abundance and Organization of Salmonella Extracellular Polymeric Substances in Gallbladder-Mimicking Environments and In Vivo. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0031021. [PMID: 34398679 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00310-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) causes chronic infections by establishing biofilms on cholesterol gallstones. Production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) is key to biofilm development and biofilm architecture depends on which EPSs are made. The presence and spatial distribution of Salmonella EPSs produced in vitro and in vivo were investigated in S. Typhimurium and S. Typhi biofilms by confocal microscopy. Comparisons between serovars and EPS-mutant bacteria were examined by growth on cholesterol-coated surfaces, with human gallstones in ox or human bile, and in mice with gallstones. On cholesterol-coated surfaces, major differences in EPS biomass were not found between serovars. Co-culture biofilms containing wild-type (WT) and EPS-mutant bacteria demonstrated WT compensation for EPS mutations. Biofilm EPS analysis from gallbladder-mimicking conditions found that culture in human bile more consistently replicated the relative abundance and spatial organization of each EPS on gallstones from the chronic mouse model than culture in ox bile. S. Typhimurium biofilms cultured in vitro on gallstones in ox bile exhibited co-localized pairings of curli fimbriae/lipopolysaccharide and O antigen capsule/cellulose while these associations were not present in S. Typhi biofilms or in mouse gallstone biofilms. In general, inclusion of human bile with gallstones in vitro replicated biofilm development on gallstones in vivo, demonstrating its strength as a model for studying biofilm parameters or EPS-directed therapeutic treatments.
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