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De Greve H, Fioravanti A. Single domain antibodies from camelids in the treatment of microbial infections. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1334829. [PMID: 38827746 PMCID: PMC11140111 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1334829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases continue to pose significant global health challenges. In addition to the enduring burdens of ailments like malaria and HIV, the emergence of nosocomial outbreaks driven by antibiotic-resistant pathogens underscores the ongoing threats. Furthermore, recent infectious disease crises, exemplified by the Ebola and SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, have intensified the pursuit of more effective and efficient diagnostic and therapeutic solutions. Among the promising options, antibodies have garnered significant attention due to their favorable structural characteristics and versatile applications. Notably, nanobodies (Nbs), the smallest functional single-domain antibodies of heavy-chain only antibodies produced by camelids, exhibit remarkable capabilities in stable antigen binding. They offer unique advantages such as ease of expression and modification and enhanced stability, as well as improved hydrophilicity compared to conventional antibody fragments (antigen-binding fragments (Fab) or single-chain variable fragments (scFv)) that can aggregate due to their low solubility. Nanobodies directly target antigen epitopes or can be engineered into multivalent Nbs and Nb-fusion proteins, expanding their therapeutic potential. This review is dedicated to charting the progress in Nb research, particularly those derived from camelids, and highlighting their diverse applications in treating infectious diseases, spanning both human and animal contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri De Greve
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antonella Fioravanti
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Fondazione ParSeC – Parco delle Scienze e della Cultura, Prato, Italy
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2
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Winiger RR, Perez L. Therapeutic antibodies and alternative formats against SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral Res 2024; 223:105820. [PMID: 38307147 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) heavily burdened the entire world. Despite a prompt generation of vaccines and therapeutics to confront infection, the virus remains a threat. The ancestor viral strain has evolved into several variants of concern, with the Omicron variant now having many distinct sublineages. Consequently, most available antibodies targeting the spike went obsolete and thus new therapies or therapeutic formats are needed. In this review we focus on antibody targets, provide an overview of the therapeutic progress made so far, describe novel formats being explored, and lessons learned from therapeutic antibodies that can enhance pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel R Winiger
- University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Service of Immunology and Allergy, and Center for Human Immunology Lausanne (CHIL), Switzerland.
| | - Laurent Perez
- University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Service of Immunology and Allergy, and Center for Human Immunology Lausanne (CHIL), Switzerland.
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Yao H, Wang H, Zhang Z, Lu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Xiong X, Wang Y, Wang Z, Yang H, Zhao J, Xu W. A potent and broad-spectrum neutralizing nanobody for SARS-CoV-2 viruses, including all major Omicron strains. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e397. [PMID: 37901798 PMCID: PMC10600506 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 viruses are highly transmissible and immune evasive. It is critical to develop broad-spectrum prophylactic and therapeutic antibodies for potential future pandemics. Here, we used the phage display method to discover nanobodies (Nbs) for neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 viruses especially Omicron strains. The leading nanobody (Nb), namely, Nb4, with excellent physicochemical properties, can neutralize Delta and Omicron subtypes, including BA.1, BA.1.1 (BA.1 + R346K), BA.2, BA.5, BQ.1, and XBB.1. The crystal structure of Nb4 in complex with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of BA.1 Spike protein reveals that Nb4 interacts with an epitope on the RBD overlapping with the receptor-binding motif, and thus competes with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding. Nb4 is expected to be effective for neutralizing most recent Omicron variants, since the epitopes are evolutionarily conserved among them. Indeed, trivalent Nb4 interacts with the XBB1.5 Spike protein with low nM affinity and competes for ACE2 binding. Prophylactic and therapeutic experiments in mice indicated that Nb4 could reduce the Omicron virus loads in the lung. In particular, in prophylactic experiments, intranasal administration of multivalent Nb4 completely protected mice from Omicron infection. Taken together, these results demonstrated that Nb4 could serve as a potent and broad-spectrum prophylactic and therapeutic Nb for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebang Yao
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hongyang Wang
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseNational Clinical Research Center for Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhou Institute of Respiratory HealthThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Yuchi Lu
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical StudiesShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhiying Zhang
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xinyi Xiong
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseNational Clinical Research Center for Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhou Institute of Respiratory HealthThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- GMU‐GIBH Joint School of Life SciencesGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Zhizhi Wang
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Haitao Yang
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical StudiesShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseNational Clinical Research Center for Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhou Institute of Respiratory HealthThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical StudiesShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
- Guangzhou LaboratoryBio‐IslandGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Institute of Infectious DiseaseGuangzhou Eighth People's Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Institute for HepatologyNational Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's HospitalShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Wenqing Xu
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
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4
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Wu D, Cong J, Wei J, Hu J, Sun W, Ran W, Liao C, Zheng H, Ye L. A Naïve Phage Display Library-Derived Nanobody Neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and Three Variants of Concern. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:5781-5795. [PMID: 37869063 PMCID: PMC10588750 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s427990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs) requires the continuous development of safe, effective, and affordable prevention and therapeutics. Nanobodies have demonstrated antiviral activity against a variety of viruses, providing a new candidate for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Methods SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein spike 1 subunit (S1) was selected as the target antigen for nanobody screening of a naïve phage display library. We obtained a nanobody, named Nb-H6, and then determined its affinity, inhibition, and stability by ELISA, Competitive ELISA, and Biolayer Interferometry (BLI). Infection assays of authentic and pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 were performed to evaluate the neutralization of Nb-H6. The structure and mechanism of action were investigated by AlphaFold, docking, and residue mutation assays. Results We isolated and characterized a nanobody, Nb-H6, which exhibits a broad affinity for S1 and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2, or Alpha (B.1.1.7), Delta (B.1.617.2), Lambda (C.37), and Omicron (BA.2 and BA.5), and blocks receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding. Moreover, Nb-H6 can retain its binding capability after pH or thermal treatment and effectively neutralize both pseudotyped and authentic SARS-CoV-2, as well as VOC Alpha (B.1.1.7), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (BA.2 and BA.5) pseudoviruses. We also confirmed that Nb-H6 binds two distinct amino acid residues of the RBD, preventing SARS-CoV-2 from interacting with the host receptor. Conclusion Our study highlights a novel nanobody, Nb-H6, that may be useful therapeutically in SARS-CoV-2 and VOC outbreaks and pandemics. These findings also provide a molecular foundation for further studies into how nanobodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 and variants and imply potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wu
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junxiao Cong
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiali Wei
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Sun
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenghui Liao
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Housheng Zheng
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Ye
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Han Q, Wang S, Wang Z, Zhang C, Wang X, Feng N, Wang T, Zhao Y, Chi H, Yan F, Xia X. Nanobodies with cross-neutralizing activity provide prominent therapeutic efficacy in mild and severe COVID-19 rodent models. Virol Sin 2023; 38:787-800. [PMID: 37423308 PMCID: PMC10590698 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The weakened protective efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines and antibodies caused by SARS-CoV-2 variants presents a global health emergency, which underscores the urgent need for universal therapeutic antibody intervention for clinical patients. Here, we screened three alpacas-derived nanobodies (Nbs) with neutralizing activity from twenty RBD-specific Nbs. The three Nbs were fused with the Fc domain of human IgG, namely aVHH-11-Fc, aVHH-13-Fc and aVHH-14-Fc, which could specifically bind RBD protein and competitively inhibit the binding of ACE2 receptor to RBD. They effectively neutralized SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses D614G, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron sub-lineages BA.1, BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 and authentic SARS-CoV-2 prototype, Delta, and Omicron BA.1, BA.2 strains. In mice-adapted COVID-19 severe model, intranasal administration of aVHH-11-Fc, aVHH-13-Fc and aVHH-14-Fc effectively protected mice from lethal challenges and reduced viral loads in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. In the COVID-19 mild model, aVHH-13-Fc, which represents the optimal neutralizing activity among the above three Nbs, effectively protected hamsters from the challenge of SARS-CoV-2 prototype, Delta, Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 by significantly reducing viral replication and pathological alterations in the lungs. In structural modeling of aVHH-13 and RBD, aVHH-13 binds to the receptor-binding motif region of RBD and interacts with some highly conserved epitopes. Taken together, our study illustrated that alpaca-derived Nbs offered a therapeutic countermeasure against SARS-CoV-2, including those Delta and Omicron variants which have evolved into global pandemic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxue Han
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 132122, China
| | - Shen Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 132122, China
| | - Zhenshan Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 132122, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 132122, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 132122, China
| | - Na Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 132122, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 132122, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 132122, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hang Chi
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 132122, China.
| | - Feihu Yan
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 132122, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 132122, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Focosi D, Maggi F. Respiratory delivery of passive immunotherapies for SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis and therapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2260040. [PMID: 37799070 PMCID: PMC10561570 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2260040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Convalescent plasma has been extensively tested during the COVID-19 pandemic as a transfusion product. Similarly, monoclonal antibodies have been largely administered either intravenously or intramuscularly. Nevertheless, when used against a respiratory pathogen, respiratory delivery is preferable to maximize the amount of antibody that reaches the entry door in order to prevent sustained viral multiplication. In this narrative review, we review the different types of inhalation device and summarize evidence from animal models and early clinical trials supporting the respiratory delivery (for either prophylactic or therapeutic purposes) of convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies (either full antibodies, single-chain variable fragments, or camelid-derived monoclonal heavy-chain only antibodies). Preliminary evidences from animal models suggest similar safety and noninferior efficacy, but efficacy evaluation from clinical trials is still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS”, Rome, Italy
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Kim WS, Chae HD, Jung I, Lee WK, Lee WJ, Lee J, Gong Y, Lee D, Kim BW, Kim JK, Hwang J, Kweon DH, Jung ST, Na JH. Isolation and characterization of single domain antibodies from banded houndshark (Triakis scyllium) targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD protein. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 138:108807. [PMID: 37169112 PMCID: PMC10167778 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted human health for three years. To mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the development of neutralizing antibodies has been accelerated, including the exploration of alternative antibody formats such as single-domain antibodies. In this study, we identified new variable antigen receptors (VNARs) specific for the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 by immunizing a banded houndshark (Triakis scyllium) with recombinant wild-type RBD. Notably, the CoV2NAR-1 clone showed high binding affinities in the nanomolar range to various RBDs and demonstrated neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses. These results highlight the potential of the banded houndshark as an animal model for the development of VNAR-based therapeutics or diagnostics against future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Sung Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju, 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Do Chae
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju, 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Inji Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyu Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation (Kbiohealth), Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jun Lee
- Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Gong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju, 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation (Kbiohealth), Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Won Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation (Kbiohealth), Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Koo Kim
- Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyeon Hwang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoburo 2066, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kweon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoburo 2066, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Hyun Na
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju, 26339, Republic of Korea.
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Naidoo DB, Chuturgoon AA. The Potential of Nanobodies for COVID-19 Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Mol Diagn Ther 2023; 27:193-226. [PMID: 36656511 PMCID: PMC9850341 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-022-00634-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Globally, there have been millions of infections and fatalities. Unfortunately, the virus has been persistent and a contributing factor is the emergence of several variants. The urgency to combat COVID-19 led to the identification/development of various diagnosis (polymerase chain reaction and antigen tests) and treatment (repurposed drugs, convalescent plasma, antibodies and vaccines) options. These treatments may treat mild symptoms and decrease the risk of life-threatening disease. Although these options have been fairly beneficial, there are some challenges and limitations, such as cost of tests/drugs, specificity, large treatment dosages, intravenous administration, need for trained personal, lengthy production time, high manufacturing costs, and limited availability. Therefore, the development of more efficient COVID-19 diagnostic and therapeutic options are vital. Nanobodies (Nbs) are novel monomeric antigen-binding fragments derived from camelid antibodies. Advantages of Nbs include low immunogenicity, high specificity, stability and affinity. These characteristics allow for rapid Nb generation, inexpensive large-scale production, effective storage, and transportation, which is essential during pandemics. Additionally, the potential aerosolization and inhalation delivery of Nbs allows for targeted treatment delivery as well as patient self-administration. Therefore, Nbs are a viable option to target SARS-CoV-2 and overcome COVID-19. In this review we discuss (1) COVID-19; (2) SARS-CoV-2; (3) the present conventional COVID-19 diagnostics and therapeutics, including their challenges and limitations; (4) advantages of Nbs; and (5) the numerous Nbs generated against SARS-CoV-2 as well as their diagnostic and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaneshree Bestinee Naidoo
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Howard College, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, 4013, South Africa
| | - Anil Amichund Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Howard College, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, 4013, South Africa.
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Bhattacharya M, Chatterjee S, Lee SS, Chakraborty C. Therapeutic applications of nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections: Current update. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:70-80. [PMID: 36586649 PMCID: PMC9797221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the last two years, the world encountered the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is still dominating the population due to the absence of a viable treatment. To eradicate the global pandemic, scientists, doctors, and researchers took an exceptionally significant initiative towards the development of effective therapeutics to save many lifes. This review discusses about the single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), also called nanobodies, their structure, and their types against the infections of dreadful SARS-CoV-2 virus. A precise description highlights the nanobodies and their therapeutic application against the other selected viruses. It aims to focus on the extraordinary features of these antibodies compared to the conventional therapeutics like mAbs, convalescent plasma therapy, and vaccines. The stable structure of these nanobodies along with the suitable mechanism of action also confers greater resistance to the evolving variants with numerous mutations. The nanobodies developed against SARS-CoV-2 and its mutant variants have shown the greater neutralization potential than the primitive ones. Engineering of these specialized antibodies by modern biotechnological approaches will surely be more beneficial in treating this COVID-19 pandemic along with certain other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore 756020, Odisha, India
| | - Srijan Chatterjee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700126, India.
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10
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Wang W, Hu Y, Li B, Wang H, Shen J. Applications of nanobodies in the prevention, detection, and treatment of the evolving SARS-CoV-2. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115401. [PMID: 36592707 PMCID: PMC9801699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Global health and economy are deeply influenced by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its newly emerging variants. Nanobodies with nanometer-scale size are promising for the detection and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants because they are superior to conventional antibodies in terms of cryptic epitope accessibility, tissue penetration, cost, formatting adaptability, and especially protein stability, which enables their aerosolized specific delivery to lung tissues. This review summarizes the progress in the prevention, detection, and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 using nanobodies, as well as strategies to combat the evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants. Generally, highly efficient generation of potent broad-spectrum nanobodies targeting conserved epitopes or further construction of multivalent formats targeting non-overlapping epitopes can promote neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants and suppress immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Wang
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China,Corresponding author
| | - Yue Hu
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Bohan Li
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Huanan Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The 990th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Zhumadian, Henan 463000, PR China
| | - Jinhua Shen
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
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11
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Therapeutic Phage Display-Derived Single-Domain Antibodies for Pandemic Preparedness. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:antib12010007. [PMID: 36648891 PMCID: PMC9887586 DOI: 10.3390/antib12010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Driven by necessity, the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has accelerated the development and implementation of new vaccine platforms and other viral therapeutics. Among these is the therapeutic use of antibodies including single-domain antibodies, in particular the camelid variable heavy-chain fragment (VHH). Such therapies can provide a critical interim intervention when vaccines have not yet been developed for an emerging virus. It is evident that an increasing number of different viruses are emerging and causing epidemics and pandemics with increasing frequency. It is therefore imperative that we capitalize on the experience and knowledge gained from combatting COVID-19 to be better prepared for the next pandemic.
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12
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Ni K, Che B, Yang C, Qin Y, Gu R, Wang C, Luo M, Deng L. Emerging toolset of three-dimensional pulmonary cell culture models for simulating lung pathophysiology towards mechanistic elucidation and therapeutic treatment of SARS-COV-2 infection. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1033043. [PMID: 36578545 PMCID: PMC9790924 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1033043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a never before seen challenge to human health and the world economy. However, it is difficult to widely use conventional animal and cell culture models in understanding the underlying pathological mechanisms of COVID-19, which in turn hinders the development of relevant therapeutic treatments, including drugs. To overcome this challenge, various three-dimensional (3D) pulmonary cell culture models such as organoids are emerging as an innovative toolset for simulating the pathophysiology occurring in the respiratory system, including bronchial airways, alveoli, capillary network, and pulmonary interstitium, which provide a robust and powerful platform for studying the process and underlying mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection among the potential primary targets in the lung. This review introduces the key features of some of these recently developed tools, including organoid, lung-on-a-chip, and 3D bioprinting, which can recapitulate different structural compartments of the lung and lung function, in particular, accurately resembling the human-relevant pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo. In addition, the recent progress in developing organoids for alveolar and airway disease modeling and their applications for discovering drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection are highlighted. These innovative 3D cell culture models together may hold the promise to fully understand the pathogenesis and eventually eradicate the pandemic of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mingzhi Luo
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, School of Medical and Health Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linhong Deng
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, School of Medical and Health Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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13
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Huang K, Ying T, Wu Y. Single-Domain Antibodies as Therapeutics for Respiratory RNA Virus Infections. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061162. [PMID: 35746634 PMCID: PMC9230756 DOI: 10.3390/v14061162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, infectious diseases with high morbidity and mortality disrupted human healthcare systems and devastated economies globally. Respiratory viruses, especially emerging or re-emerging RNA viruses, including influenza and human coronavirus, are the main pathogens of acute respiratory diseases that cause epidemics or even global pandemics. Importantly, due to the rapid mutation of viruses, there are few effective drugs and vaccines for the treatment and prevention of these RNA virus infections. Of note, a class of antibodies derived from camelid and shark, named nanobody or single-domain antibody (sdAb), was characterized by smaller size, lower production costs, more accessible binding epitopes, and inhalable properties, which have advantages in the treatment of respiratory diseases compared to conventional antibodies. Currently, a number of sdAbs have been developed against various respiratory RNA viruses and demonstrated potent therapeutic efficacy in mouse models. Here, we review the current status of the development of antiviral sdAb and discuss their potential as therapeutics for respiratory RNA viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Huang
- MOE/NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Tianlei Ying
- MOE/NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence: (T.Y.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yanling Wu
- MOE/NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence: (T.Y.); (Y.W.)
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14
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Haga K, Takai-Todaka R, Sawada A, Katayama K. Luciferase-based quantification of membrane fusion induced by SARS CoV2 S protein. Genes Cells 2022; 27:537-543. [PMID: 35488742 PMCID: PMC9347681 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic is caused by SARS‐CoV‐2. Although several effective vaccines that target the Spike protein on the viral surface have been deployed, additional therapeutic agents are urgently needed. Here, we developed a system to measure the Spike protein function by quantifying cellular membrane fusion induced by the Spike protein. The system enables the evaluation of the effects of drugs and neutralizing antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 without using live viruses. Furthermore, the system characterizes membrane fusion activity of the Spike protein of each variant to reveal that Delta variant has more potent than Wuhan and Omicron. Our system could lead to develop high‐throughput screening for drug candidates and neutralization antibodies that target virus entry and characterize Spike proteins from variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Haga
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Takai-Todaka
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Sawada
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Hirano M, Ando R, Shimozono S, Sugiyama M, Takeda N, Kurokawa H, Deguchi R, Endo K, Haga K, Takai-Todaka R, Inaura S, Matsumura Y, Hama H, Okada Y, Fujiwara T, Morimoto T, Katayama K, Miyawaki A. A highly photostable and bright green fluorescent protein. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:1132-1142. [PMID: 35468954 PMCID: PMC9287174 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The low photostability of fluorescent proteins is a limiting factor in many applications of fluorescence microscopy. Here we present StayGold, a green fluorescent protein (GFP) derived from the jellyfish Cytaeis uchidae. StayGold is over one order of magnitude more photostable than any currently available fluorescent protein and has a cellular brightness similar to mNeonGreen. We used StayGold to image the dynamics of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with high spatiotemporal resolution over several minutes using structured illumination microscopy (SIM) and observed substantially less photobleaching than with a GFP variant optimized for stability in the ER. Using StayGold fusions and SIM, we also imaged the dynamics of mitochondrial fusion and fission and mapped the viral spike proteins in fixed cells infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. As StayGold is a dimer, we created a tandem dimer version that allowed us to observe the dynamics of microtubules and the excitatory post-synaptic density in neurons. StayGold will substantially reduce the limitations imposed by photobleaching, especially in live cell or volumetric imaging. StayGold is over one order of magnitude more photostable than current fluorescent proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Hirano
- Biotechnological Optics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryoko Ando
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shimozono
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mayu Sugiyama
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Noriyo Takeda
- Asamushi Research Center for Marine Biology, Tohoku University, Aomori, Japan.,Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurokawa
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryusaku Deguchi
- Department of Biology, Miyagi University of Education, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuki Endo
- Department of Biology, Miyagi University of Education, Sendai, Japan.,Narita Elementary School, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kei Haga
- Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Takai-Todaka
- Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuta Matsumura
- Safety Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hama
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okada
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity Regulation, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Cell Biology and Department of Physics, UBI and WPI-IRCN, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fujiwara
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Biotechnological Optics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, Japan. .,Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan.
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16
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Abstract
The lung is the primary site of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced immunopathology whereby the virus enters the host cells by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Sophisticated regeneration and repair programs exist in the lungs to replenish injured cell populations. However, known resident stem/progenitor cells have been demonstrated to express ACE2, raising a substantial concern regarding the long-term consequences of impaired lung regeneration after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, clinical treatments may also affect lung repair from antiviral drug candidates to mechanical ventilation. In this review, we highlight how SARS-CoV-2 disrupts a program that governs lung homeostasis. We also summarize the current efforts of targeted therapy and supportive treatments for COVID-19 patients. In addition, we discuss the pros and cons of cell therapy with mesenchymal stem cells or resident lung epithelial stem/progenitor cells in preventing post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. We propose that, in addition to symptomatic treatments being developed and applied in the clinic, targeting lung regeneration is also essential to restore lung homeostasis in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiaonan Zhao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingwen Ma
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Yue
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Medicine, Tianjin, China
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17
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Titong A, Gallolu Kankanamalage S, Dong J, Huang B, Spadoni N, Wang B, Wright M, Pham KLJ, Le AH, Liu Y. First-in-class trispecific VHH-Fc based antibody with potent prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and variants. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4163. [PMID: 35264679 PMCID: PMC8905027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07952-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 and its variants have persisted in this ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. While the vaccines have greatly reduced the COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and death, about half of the world remain unvaccinated due to various reasons. Furthermore, the duration of the immunity gained from COVID-19 vaccination is still unclear. Therefore, there is a need for innovative prophylactic and treatment measures. In response to this need, we previously reported on the successful computer-aided development of potent VHH-based multispecific antibodies that were characterized in vitro. Here, we evaluated in vivo efficacy and safety of the lead trispecific VHH-Fc, ABS-VIR-001. Importantly, our data showed that ABS-VIR-001 treatment prevented SARS-CoV-2 infection and death when provided as an intranasal prophylaxis in a humanized ACE-2 mouse model. In addition, ABS-VIR-001 post-exposure treatment was shown to greatly reduce viral loads by as much as 50-fold. A detailed panel of metabolic and cellular parameters demonstrated that ABS-VIR-001 treatment was overall comparable to the PBS treatment, indicating a favorable safety profile. Notably, our inhibition studies show that ABS-VIR-001 continued to demonstrate unwavering efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 mutants, associated with key variants including Delta and Omicron, owing to its multiple epitope design. Lastly, we rigorously tested and confirmed the excellent thermostability of ABS-VIR-001 when heated to 45 °C for up to 4 weeks. Taken together, our study suggests that ABS-VIR-001 is an efficacious and durable prophylaxis and post-exposure treatment for COVID-19 with promising safety and manufacturability features for global distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Titong
- Ab Studio Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 3, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | | | - Jianbo Dong
- Ab Studio Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 3, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Betty Huang
- Ab Studio Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 3, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Nicholas Spadoni
- Ab Studio Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 3, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Ab Studio Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 3, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Meredith Wright
- Ab Studio Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 3, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Keegan L J Pham
- Ab Studio Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 3, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Anh Hai Le
- Ab Studio Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 3, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Ab Studio Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 3, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA. .,Ab Therapeutics Inc., 3541 Investment Blvd., Suite 2, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA.
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18
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Outlook of therapeutic and diagnostic competency of nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review. Anal Biochem 2022; 640:114546. [PMID: 34995616 PMCID: PMC8730734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The newly emerged coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) continues to infect humans, and no completely efficient treatment has yet been found. Antibody therapy is one way to control infection caused by COVID-19, but the use of classical antibodies has many disadvantages. Heavy chain antibodies (HCAbs) are single-domain antibodies derived from the Camelidae family. The variable part of these antibodies (Nanobodies or VHH) has interesting properties such as small size, identify criptic epitopes, stability in harsh conditions, good tissue permeability and cost-effective production causing nanobodies have become a good candidate in the treatment and diagnosis of viral infections. METHODS Totally 157 records (up to November 10, 2021), were recognized to be reviewed in this study. 62 studies were removed after first step screening due to their deviation from inclusion criteria. The remaining 95 studies were reviewed in details. After removing articles that were not in the study area, 45 remaining studies met the inclusion criteria and were qualified to be included in the systematic review. RESULTS In this systematic review, the application of nanobodies in the treatment and detection of COVID-19 infection was reviewed. The results of this study showed that extensive and sufficient studies have been performed in the field of production of nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2 virus and the obtained nanobodies have a great potential for use in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus. CONCLUSION According to the obtained results, it was found that nanobodies can be used effectively in the treatment and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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19
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Du L, Yang Y, Zhang X, Li F. Recent advances in nanotechnology-based COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutic antibodies. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:1054-1074. [PMID: 35018939 PMCID: PMC8863106 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03831a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has caused a global pandemic and millions of deaths. It is imperative to develop effective countermeasures against the causative viral agent, SARS-CoV-2 and its many variants. Vaccines and therapeutic antibodies are the most effective approaches for preventing and treating COVID-19, respectively. SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells through the activities of the virus-surface spike (S) protein. Accordingly, the S protein is a prime target for vaccines and therapeutic antibodies. Dealing with particles with dimensions on the scale of nanometers, nanotechnology has emerged as a critical tool for rapidly designing and developing safe, effective, and urgently needed vaccines and therapeutics to control the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, nanotechnology was key to the fast-track approval of two mRNA vaccines for their wide use in human populations. In this review article, we first explore the roles of nanotechnology in battling COVID-19, including protein nanoparticles (for presentation of protein vaccines), lipid nanoparticles (for formulation with mRNAs), and nanobodies (as unique therapeutic antibodies). We then summarize the currently available COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutics based on nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Du
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Yang Yang
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Center for Coronavirus Research, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.
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20
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Muñoz-Fontela C, Widerspick L, Albrecht RA, Beer M, Carroll MW, de Wit E, Diamond MS, Dowling WE, Funnell SGP, García-Sastre A, Gerhards NM, de Jong R, Munster VJ, Neyts J, Perlman S, Reed DS, Richt JA, Riveros-Balta X, Roy CJ, Salguero FJ, Schotsaert M, Schwartz LM, Seder RA, Segalés J, Vasan SS, Henao-Restrepo AM, Barouch DH. Advances and gaps in SARS-CoV-2 infection models. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010161. [PMID: 35025969 PMCID: PMC8757994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The global response to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now facing new challenges such as vaccine inequity and the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). Preclinical models of disease, in particular animal models, are essential to investigate VOC pathogenesis, vaccine correlates of protection and postexposure therapies. Here, we provide an update from the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 modeling expert group (WHO-COM) assembled by WHO, regarding advances in preclinical models. In particular, we discuss how animal model research is playing a key role to evaluate VOC virulence, transmission and immune escape, and how animal models are being refined to recapitulate COVID-19 demographic variables such as comorbidities and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Muñoz-Fontela
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lina Widerspick
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Randy A. Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Pandemic Sciences Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, United Kingdom
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - William E. Dowling
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Washington, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Simon G. P. Funnell
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Rineke de Jong
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Douglas S. Reed
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | | | - Chad J. Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | | | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Robert A. Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus UAB, and Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Seshadri S. Vasan
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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21
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Wagner TR, Schnepf D, Beer J, Ruetalo N, Klingel K, Kaiser PD, Junker D, Sauter M, Traenkle B, Frecot DI, Becker M, Schneiderhan‐Marra N, Ohnemus A, Schwemmle M, Schindler M, Rothbauer U. Biparatopic nanobodies protect mice from lethal challenge with SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern. EMBO Rep 2021; 23:e53865. [PMID: 34927793 PMCID: PMC8811630 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic and the emergence of new SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern (VOCs) requires continued development of effective therapeutics. Recently, we identified high‐affinity neutralizing nanobodies (Nbs) specific for the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) of SARS‐CoV‐2. Taking advantage of detailed epitope mapping, we generate two biparatopic Nbs (bipNbs) targeting a conserved epitope outside and two different epitopes inside the RBD:ACE2 interface. Both bipNbs bind all currently circulating VOCs with high affinities and are capable to neutralize cellular infection with VOC B.1.351 (Beta) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) in vitro. To assess if the bipNbs NM1267 and NM1268 confer protection against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in vivo, human ACE2 transgenic mice are treated intranasally before infection with a lethal dose of SARS‐CoV‐2 B.1, B.1.351 (Beta) or B.1.617.2 (Delta). Nb‐treated mice show significantly reduced disease progression and increased survival rates. Histopathological analyses further reveal a drastically reduced viral load and inflammatory response in lungs. These data suggest that both bipNbs are broadly active against a variety of emerging SARS‐CoV‐2 VOCs and represent easily applicable drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Eberhard Karls University Tübingen Germany
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen Reutlingen Germany
| | - Daniel Schnepf
- Institute of Virology Medical Center University Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Julius Beer
- Institute of Virology Medical Center University Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Natalia Ruetalo
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases University Hospital Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Karin Klingel
- Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology University Hospital Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Philipp D Kaiser
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen Reutlingen Germany
| | - Daniel Junker
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen Reutlingen Germany
| | - Martina Sauter
- Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology University Hospital Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Bjoern Traenkle
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen Reutlingen Germany
| | - Desiree I Frecot
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Eberhard Karls University Tübingen Germany
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen Reutlingen Germany
| | - Matthias Becker
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen Reutlingen Germany
| | | | - Annette Ohnemus
- Institute of Virology Medical Center University Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology Medical Center University Freiburg Freiburg Germany
- Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Michael Schindler
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases University Hospital Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Ulrich Rothbauer
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Eberhard Karls University Tübingen Germany
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen Reutlingen Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image‐Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies” Eberhard Karls University Tübingen Germany
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