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Aiello A, Ruggieri S, Navarra A, Tortorella C, Vanini V, Haggiag S, Prosperini L, Cuzzi G, Salmi A, Quartuccio ME, Altera AMG, Meschi S, Matusali G, Vita S, Galgani S, Maggi F, Nicastri E, Gasperini C, Goletti D. Anti-RBD Antibody Levels and IFN-γ-Specific T Cell Response Are Associated with a More Rapid Swab Reversion in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis after the Booster Dose of COVID-19 Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:926. [PMID: 39204049 PMCID: PMC11359508 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the incidence and severity of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections (BIs) and the time to swab reversion in patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) after the booster dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. We enrolled 64 PwMS who had completed the three-dose mRNA vaccine schedule and had never experienced COVID-19 before. Among the 64 PwMS, 43.8% had BIs with a median time since the third vaccine dose of 155 days. BIs occurred more frequently in ocrelizumab-treated patients (64.7%). Patients with a relapsing-remitting MS course showed a reduced incidence of BIs compared with those with a primary-progressive disease (p = 0.002). Having anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibodies represented a protective factor reducing the incidence of BIs by 60% (p = 0.042). The majority of BIs were mild, and the only severe COVID-19 cases were reported in patients with a high Expanded Disability Status Scale score (EDSS > 6). The median time for a negative swab was 11 days. Notably, fingolimod-treated patients take longer for a swab-negativization (p = 0.002). Conversely, having anti-RBD antibodies ≥ 809 BAU/mL and an IFN-γ-specific T cell response ≥ 16 pg/mL were associated with a shorter time to swab-negativization (p = 0.051 and p = 0.018, respectively). In conclusion, the immunological protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection may differ among PwMS according to DMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Aiello
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (V.V.); (G.C.); (A.S.); (A.M.G.A.)
| | - Serena Ruggieri
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy; (S.R.); (C.T.); (S.H.); (M.E.Q.); (S.G.); (C.G.)
| | - Assunta Navarra
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, National Institute for Infectious Disease Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carla Tortorella
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy; (S.R.); (C.T.); (S.H.); (M.E.Q.); (S.G.); (C.G.)
| | - Valentina Vanini
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (V.V.); (G.C.); (A.S.); (A.M.G.A.)
- Simple Operating Unit Technical Healthcare Professions , National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Shalom Haggiag
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy; (S.R.); (C.T.); (S.H.); (M.E.Q.); (S.G.); (C.G.)
| | - Luca Prosperini
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy; (S.R.); (C.T.); (S.H.); (M.E.Q.); (S.G.); (C.G.)
| | - Gilda Cuzzi
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (V.V.); (G.C.); (A.S.); (A.M.G.A.)
| | - Andrea Salmi
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (V.V.); (G.C.); (A.S.); (A.M.G.A.)
| | - Maria Esmeralda Quartuccio
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy; (S.R.); (C.T.); (S.H.); (M.E.Q.); (S.G.); (C.G.)
| | - Anna Maria Gerarda Altera
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (V.V.); (G.C.); (A.S.); (A.M.G.A.)
| | - Silvia Meschi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (G.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Giulia Matusali
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (G.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Serena Vita
- Clinical Division of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; (S.V.); (E.N.)
| | - Simonetta Galgani
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy; (S.R.); (C.T.); (S.H.); (M.E.Q.); (S.G.); (C.G.)
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (G.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- Clinical Division of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; (S.V.); (E.N.)
| | - Claudio Gasperini
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy; (S.R.); (C.T.); (S.H.); (M.E.Q.); (S.G.); (C.G.)
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (V.V.); (G.C.); (A.S.); (A.M.G.A.)
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2
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Chew KW, Taiwo BO, Moser C, Daar ES, Wohl DA, Ritz J, Javan AC, Li JZ, Fischer W, Greninger AL, Bausch C, Luke T, Call R, Neytman G, Giganti MJ, Fletcher CV, Hughes MD, Eron JJ, Currier JS, Smith DM. Safety and Efficacy of SAB-185 for Non-hospitalized Adults with COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Infect Dis 2024:jiae369. [PMID: 39028902 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To address the need for novel COVID-19 therapies, we evaluated the fully-human polyclonal antibody product SAB-185 in a phase 3 clinical trial. METHODS Non-hospitalized high-risk adults within 7 days of COVID-19 symptom onset were randomized 1:1 to open-label SAB-185 3,840 units/kg or casirivimab/imdevimab 1200 mg. Non-inferiority comparison was undertaken for the pre-Omicron population (casirivimab/imdevimab expected to be fully active) and superiority comparison for the Omicron population (casirivimab/imdevimab not expected to be active). Primary outcomes were the composite of all-cause hospitalizations/deaths and grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) through day 28. Secondary outcomes included time to sustained symptom improvement and resolution. RESULTS Enrollment was terminated early due to low hospitalization/death rates upon Omicron emergence. 733 adults were randomized, 255 included in pre-Omicron and 392 in Omicron analysis populations. Hospitalizations/deaths occurred in 6 (5.0%) and 3 (2.2%) of pre-Omicron SAB-185 and casirivimab/imdevimab arms, respectively (absolute difference [95% CI] 2.7% [-2.3%, 8.6%]), inconclusive for non-inferiority; and 5 (2.5%) versus 3 (1.5%) (absolute difference 1.0% [-2.3%, 4.5%]) for Omicron. Risk ratios for grade ≥3 TEAEs were 0.94 [0.52, 1.71] (pre-Omicron) and 1.71 [0.96, 3.07] (Omicron). Time to symptom improvement and resolution were shorter for SAB-185, median 11 vs 14 (pre-Omicron) and 11 vs 13 days (Omicron) (symptom improvement), and 16 vs 24 days and 18 vs >25 days (symptom resolution), p<0.05 for symptom resolution for Omicron only. CONCLUSIONS SAB-185 had an acceptable safety profile with faster symptom resolution in the Omicron population. Additional studies are needed to characterize its efficacy for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara W Chew
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Babafemi O Taiwo
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carlee Moser
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric S Daar
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - David Alain Wohl
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC, USA
| | - Justin Ritz
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Z Li
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William Fischer
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Luke
- SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc. Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Robert Call
- Clinical Research Partners, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Mark J Giganti
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Courtney V Fletcher
- UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Joseph J Eron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC, USA
| | - Judith S Currier
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Davey M Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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3
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Orosz L, Sárvári KP, Dernovics Á, Rosztóczy A, Megyeri K. Pathogenesis and clinical features of severe hepatitis E virus infection. World J Virol 2024; 13:91580. [PMID: 38984076 PMCID: PMC11229844 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v13.i2.91580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus (HEV), a member of the Hepeviridae family, is a small, non-enveloped icosahedral virus divided into eight distinct genotypes (HEV-1 to HEV-8). Only genotypes 1 to 4 are known to cause diseases in humans. Genotypes 1 and 2 commonly spread via fecal-oral transmission, often through the consumption of contaminated water. Genotypes 3 and 4 are known to infect pigs, deer, and wild boars, often transferring to humans through inadequately cooked meat. Acute hepatitis caused by HEV in healthy individuals is mostly asymptomatic or associated with minor symptoms, such as jaundice. However, in immunosuppressed individuals, the disease can progress to chronic hepatitis and even escalate to cirrhosis. For pregnant women, an HEV infection can cause fulminant liver failure, with a potential mortality rate of 25%. Mortality rates also rise amongst cirrhotic patients when they contract an acute HEV infection, which can even trigger acute-on-chronic liver failure if layered onto pre-existing chronic liver disease. As the prevalence of HEV infection continues to rise worldwide, highlighting the particular risks associated with severe HEV infection is of major medical interest. This text offers a brief summary of the characteristics of hepatitis developed by patient groups at an elevated risk of severe HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Orosz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Csongrád-Csanád, Hungary
| | - Károly Péter Sárvári
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Csongrád-Csanád, Hungary
| | - Áron Dernovics
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Csongrád-Csanád, Hungary
| | - András Rosztóczy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Szeged, Szeged 6725, Csongrád-Csanád, Hungary
| | - Klára Megyeri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Csongrád-Csanád, Hungary
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4
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Dick JK, Hicks D, Krishna VD, Sangala JA, Zandstra BT, Baehr C, Verbeek JS, Cragg MS, Cheeran MCJ, Pravetoni M, Hart GT. ACE2 decoy Fc-fusions and bi-specific killer engager (BiKEs) require Fc engagement for in vivo efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.20.599956. [PMID: 38948747 PMCID: PMC11212978 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.20.599956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus has continued to evolve over time necessitating the adaptation of vaccines to maintain efficacy. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 were a key line of defense for unvaccinated or immunocompromised individuals. However, these mAbs are now ineffective against current SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, we tested three aspects of αSARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. First, we tested whether Fc engagement is necessary for in vivo clearance of SARS-CoV-2. Secondly, we tested bi-specific killer engagers (BiKEs) that simultaneously engage SARS-CoV-2 and a specific Fc receptor. Benefits of these engagers include the ease of manufacturing, stability, more cell-specific targeting, and high affinity binding to Fc receptors. Using both mAbs and BiKEs, we found that both neutralization and Fc receptor engagement were necessary for effective SARS-CoV-2 clearance. Thirdly, due to ACE2 being necessary for viral entry, ACE2 will maintain binding to SARS-CoV-2 despite viral evolution. Therefore, we used an ACE2 decoy Fc-fusion or BiKE, instead of an anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody sequence, as a potential therapeutic that would withstand viral evolution. We found that the ACE2 decoy approach also required Fc receptor engagement and, unlike traditional neutralizing antibodies against specific variants, enabled the clearance of two distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants. These data show the importance of Fc engagement for mAbs, the utility of BiKEs as therapies for infectious disease, and the in vivo effectiveness of the ACE2 decoy approach. With further studies, we predict combining neutralization, the cellular response, and this ACE2 decoy approach will benefit individuals with ineffective antibody levels. Abbreviations ACE2, scFv, mAb, BiKE, COVID-19, Fc, CD16, CD32b, CD64, d.p.i. Key points With equal dosing, both neutralization and Fc engagement are necessary for the optimal efficacy of in vivo antibodies and bi-specific killer engagers (BiKEs) against SARS-CoV-2. BiKEs can clear SARS-CoV-2 virus and protect against severe infection in the hACE2-K18 mouse model. ACE2 decoys as part of Fc-fusions or BiKEs provide in vivo clearance of two disparate SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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5
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Gehring AJ, Salimzadeh L. Current and future use of antibody-based passive immunity to prevent or control HBV/HDV infections. Antiviral Res 2024; 226:105893. [PMID: 38679166 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
With the increasing momentum and success of monoclonal antibody therapy in conventional medical practices, there is a revived emphasis on the development of monoclonal antibodies targeting the hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis D (HDV). Combination therapies of anti-HBs monoclonal antibodies, and novel anti-HBV compounds and immunomodulatory drugs presenting a promising avenue to enhanced therapeutic outcomes in HBV/HDV cure regimens. In this review, we will cover the role of antibodies in the protection and clearance of HBV infection, the association of anti-HBV surface antigen antibodies (anti-HBs) in protection against HBV and how antibody effector functions, beyond neutralization, are likely necessary. Lastly, we will review clinical data from previous and ongoing clinical trials of passive antibody therapy to provide a state-of-the-are perspective on passive antibody therapies in combinations with additional novel agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Gehring
- Schwartz-Reisman Liver Research Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Loghman Salimzadeh
- Schwartz-Reisman Liver Research Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Jacob-Dolan C, Lifton M, Powers OC, Miller J, Hachmann NP, Vu M, Surve N, Mazurek CR, Fisher JL, Rodrigues S, Patio RC, Anand T, Le Gars M, Sadoff J, Schmidt AG, Barouch DH. B cell somatic hypermutation following COVID-19 vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S. iScience 2024; 27:109716. [PMID: 38655202 PMCID: PMC11035370 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The viral vector-based COVID-19 vaccine Ad26.COV2.S has been recommended by the WHO since 2021 and has been administered to over 200 million people. Prior studies have shown that Ad26.COV2.S induces durable neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) that increase in coverage of variants over time, even in the absence of boosting or infection. Here, we studied humoral responses following Ad26.COV2.S vaccination in individuals enrolled in the initial Phase 1/2a trial of Ad26.COV2.S in 2020. Through 8 months post vaccination, serum NAb responses increased to variants, including B.1.351 (Beta) and B.1.617.2 (Delta), without additional boosting or infection. The level of somatic hypermutation, measured by nucleotide changes in the VDJ region of the heavy and light antibody chains, increased in Spike-specific B cells. Highly mutated mAbs from these sequences neutralized more SARS-CoV-2 variants than less mutated comparators. These findings suggest that the increase in NAb breadth over time following Ad26.COV2.S vaccination is mediated by affinity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Jacob-Dolan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Lifton
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivia C. Powers
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Miller
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole P. Hachmann
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mya Vu
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nehalee Surve
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camille R. Mazurek
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jana L. Fisher
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefanie Rodrigues
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert C. Patio
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Trisha Anand
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mathieu Le Gars
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA
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Girl P, von Buttlar H, Mantel E, Antwerpen MH, Wölfel R, Müller K. Comparative Analysis of Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing Antibodies against the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron Variants of SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:515. [PMID: 38793766 PMCID: PMC11126034 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has infected more than 660 million people and caused nearly seven million deaths worldwide. During the pandemic, a number of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were rapidly developed, and several are currently licensed for use in Europe. However, the optimization of vaccination regimens is still ongoing, particularly with regard to booster vaccinations. At the same time, the emergence of new virus variants poses an ongoing challenge to vaccine efficacy. In this study, we focused on a comparative analysis of the neutralization capacity of vaccine-induced antibodies against four different variants of concern (i.e., Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron) after two and three doses of COVID-19 vaccine. We were able to show that both two (prime/boost) and three (prime/boost/boost) vaccinations elicit highly variable levels of neutralizing antibodies. In addition, we did not observe a significant difference in antibody levels after two and three vaccinations. We also observed a significant decrease in the neutralization susceptibility of all but one SARS-CoV-2 variants to vaccine-induced antibodies. In contrast, a SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection between the second and third vaccination results in overall higher levels of neutralizing antibodies with a concomitant improved neutralization of all virus variants. Titer levels remained highly variable across the cohort but a common trend was observed. This may be due to the fact that at the time of this study, all licensed vaccines were still based exclusively on wild-type SARS-CoV-2, whereas infections were caused by virus variants. Overall, our data demonstrate the importance of (booster) vaccinations, but at the same time emphasize the need for the continued adaptation of vaccines to induce a protective immune response against virus variants in order to be prepared for future (seasonal) SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Girl
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany; (P.G.); (H.v.B.); (E.M.); (M.H.A.); (R.W.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80937 Munich, Germany
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Munich, 85784 Garching, Germany
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Heiner von Buttlar
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany; (P.G.); (H.v.B.); (E.M.); (M.H.A.); (R.W.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Enrico Mantel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany; (P.G.); (H.v.B.); (E.M.); (M.H.A.); (R.W.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus H. Antwerpen
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany; (P.G.); (H.v.B.); (E.M.); (M.H.A.); (R.W.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Wölfel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany; (P.G.); (H.v.B.); (E.M.); (M.H.A.); (R.W.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Müller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany; (P.G.); (H.v.B.); (E.M.); (M.H.A.); (R.W.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80937 Munich, Germany
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8
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Hoang PT, Luong QXT, Ayun RQ, Lee Y, Oh KJ, Kim T, Lee TK, Lee S. A synergistic therapy against influenza virus A/H1N1/PR8 by a HA1 specific neutralizing single-domain V L and an RNA hydrolyzing scFv. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1355599. [PMID: 38706966 PMCID: PMC11066198 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1355599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of anti-influenza drug-resistant strains poses a challenge for influenza therapy due to mutations in the virus's surface protein. Recently, there has been increasing interest in combination therapy consisting of two or more drugs as a potential alternative approach, aiming to enhance therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we investigated a novel synergistic therapy with a vertical effect using a single-domain VL-HA1-specific antibody against H1N1/PR8 and a horizontal effect using an RNA catalytic antibody with broad-spectrum influenza antiviral drug. We isolated a single-domain VL-HA1-specific (NVLH8) antibody binding to the virus particles showing a neutralizing activity against influenza virus A, specifically H1N1/PR8, as determined by the reduction in plaque number and lower viral HA protein expression in vitro. The neutralizing antibody likely prevented the viral entry, specifically at the viral genome-releasing step. Additionally, the 3D8 scFv hydrolyzed viral RNAs in the cytoplasm, including mRNA, vRNA, and cRNA in MDCK cells. The combined treatment of neutralizing antibodies for a vertical effect and 3D8 scFv for a horizontal effect produced a synergistic effect providing a novel approach against viral diseases when compared with a single treatment. Our results indicated that combining treatment, in particular two proteins exhibiting different mechanisms of action increased the antiviral activity against the influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thi Hoang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Novelgen Co., Ltd., R&D Center, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Quynh Xuan Thi Luong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramadhani Qurrota Ayun
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjun Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Ji Oh
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Novelgen Co., Ltd., R&D Center, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyun Kim
- Novelgen Co., Ltd., R&D Center, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Kyun Lee
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukchan Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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9
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Mader K, Dustin LB. Beyond bNAbs: Uses, Risks, and Opportunities for Therapeutic Application of Non-Neutralising Antibodies in Viral Infection. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:28. [PMID: 38651408 PMCID: PMC11036282 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of antibodies generated against a virus will be non-neutralising. However, this does not denote an absence of protective capacity. Yet, within the field, there is typically a large focus on antibodies capable of directly blocking infection (neutralising antibodies, NAbs) of either specific viral strains or multiple viral strains (broadly-neutralising antibodies, bNAbs). More recently, a focus on non-neutralising antibodies (nNAbs), or neutralisation-independent effects of NAbs, has emerged. These can have additive effects on protection or, in some cases, be a major correlate of protection. As their name suggests, nNAbs do not directly neutralise infection but instead, through their Fc domains, may mediate interaction with other immune effectors to induce clearance of viral particles or virally infected cells. nNAbs may also interrupt viral replication within infected cells. Developing technologies of antibody modification and functionalisation may lead to innovative biologics that harness the activities of nNAbs for antiviral prophylaxis and therapeutics. In this review, we discuss specific examples of nNAb actions in viral infections where they have known importance. We also discuss the potential detrimental effects of such responses. Finally, we explore new technologies for nNAb functionalisation to increase efficacy or introduce favourable characteristics for their therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynn B. Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK;
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10
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Vasmehjani AA, Pouriayevali MH, Shahmahmoodi S, Salehi-Vaziri M. Persistence of IgG and neutralizing antibodies in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever survivors. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29581. [PMID: 38572939 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The World Health Organization classified Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) as a high-priority infectious disease and emphasized the performance of research studies and product development against it. Little information is available about the immune response due to natural CCHF virus (CCHFV) infection in humans. Here, we investigated the persistence of IgG and neutralizing antibodies in serum samples collected from 61 Iranian CCHF survivors with various time points after recovery (<12, 12-60, and >60 months after disease). The ELISA results showed IgG seropositivity in all samples while a pseudotyped based neutralization assay findings revealed the presence of neutralizing antibody in 29 samples (46.77%). For both IgG and neutralizing antibodies, a decreasing trend of titer was observed with the increase in the time after recovery. Not only the mean titer of IgG (772.80 U/mL) was higher than mean neutralizing antibody (25.64) but also the IgG persistence was longer. In conclusion, our findings provide valuable information about the long-term persistence of humoral immune response in CCHF survivors indicating that IgG antibody can be detected at least 8 years after recovery and low titers of neutralizing antibody can be detected in CCHF survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ahmadi Vasmehjani
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Pouriayevali
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Shahmahmoodi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Soliman RM, Nishioka K, Murakoshi F, Nakaya T. Use of live attenuated recombinant Newcastle disease virus carrying avian paramyxovirus 2 HN and F protein genes to enhance immune responses against species A rotavirus VP6 protein. Vet Res 2024; 55:16. [PMID: 38317245 PMCID: PMC10845738 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous infectious diseases in cattle lead to reductions in body weight, milk production, and reproductive performance. Cattle are primarily vaccinated using inactivated vaccines due to their increased safety. However, inactivated vaccines generally result in weaker immunity compared with live attenuated vaccines, which may be insufficient in certain cases. Over the last few decades, there has been extensive research on the use of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as a live vaccine vector for economically significant livestock diseases. A single vaccination dose of NDV can sufficiently induce immunity; therefore, a booster vaccination dose is expected to yield limited induction of further immune response. We previously developed recombinant chimeric NDV (rNDV-2F2HN), in which its hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) proteins were replaced with those of avian paramyxovirus 2 (APMV-2). In vitro analysis revealed that rNDV-2F2HN expressing human interferon-gamma had potential as a cancer therapeutic tool, particularly for immunized individuals. In the present study, we constructed rNDV-2F2HN expressing the bovine rotavirus antigen VP6 (rNDV-2F2HN-VP6) and evaluated its immune response in mice previously immunized with NDV. Mice primarily inoculated with recombinant wild-type NDV expressing VP6 (rNDV-WT-VP6), followed by a booster inoculation of rNDV-2F2HN-VP6, showed a significantly stronger immune response than that in mice that received rNDV-WT-VP6 as both primary and booster inoculations. Therefore, our findings suggest that robust immunity could be obtained from the effects of chimeric rNDV-2F2HN expressing the same or a different antigen of a particular pathogen as a live attenuated vaccine vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rofaida Mostafa Soliman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases Division), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, El‑Beheira, Egypt
| | - Keisuke Nishioka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumi Murakoshi
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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12
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Chippaux JP. Gaston Ramon's Big Four. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:33. [PMID: 38251249 PMCID: PMC10819242 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
When immunology was still in its infancy, Gaston Ramon made several major contributions to humoral immunology [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Chippaux
- MERIT, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
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13
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Zhang M, Wang X, Li J, Peng F, Liu Z, Chen ZS. Ligands and receptors in human cytomegalovirus entry: Current therapies and new directions. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103833. [PMID: 37992888 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The demand for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) vaccines was first raised by a committee convened during the 1990s. A comprehensive investigation into the mechanism of viral infection supports the prioritization of developing drugs or vaccines that specifically target receptors and ligands involved in the infection process. As primary targets for neutralizing antibodies to combat HCMV, viral ligands (trimer, pentamer, and glycoprotein B) have crucial roles and exhibit substantial antiviral potential, which could be exploited for breakthroughs in antiviral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Basic Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Jianshe Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Fujun Peng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Basic Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
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