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Karim A, Tang CSM, Tam PKH. The Emerging Genetic Landscape of Hirschsprung Disease and Its Potential Clinical Applications. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:638093. [PMID: 34422713 PMCID: PMC8374333 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.638093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is the leading cause of neonatal functional intestinal obstruction. It is a rare congenital disease with an incidence of one in 3,500-5,000 live births. HSCR is characterized by the absence of enteric ganglia in the distal colon, plausibly due to genetic defects perturbing the normal migration, proliferation, differentiation, and/or survival of the enteric neural crest cells as well as impaired interaction with the enteric progenitor cell niche. Early linkage analyses in Mendelian and syndromic forms of HSCR uncovered variants with large effects in major HSCR genes including RET, EDNRB, and their interacting partners in the same biological pathways. With the advances in genome-wide genotyping and next-generation sequencing technologies, there has been a remarkable progress in understanding of the genetic basis of HSCR in the past few years, with common and rare variants with small to moderate effects being uncovered. The discovery of new HSCR genes such as neuregulin and BACE2 as well as the deeper understanding of the roles and mechanisms of known HSCR genes provided solid evidence that many HSCR cases are in the form of complex polygenic/oligogenic disorder where rare variants act in the sensitized background of HSCR-associated common variants. This review summarizes the roadmap of genetic discoveries of HSCR from the earlier family-based linkage analyses to the recent population-based genome-wide analyses coupled with functional genomics, and how these discoveries facilitated our understanding of the genetic architecture of this complex disease and provide the foundation of clinical translation for precision and stratified medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwarul Karim
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Clara Sze-Man Tang
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Dak-Sum Research Center, The University of Hong Kong—Karolinska Institute Collaboration in Regenerative Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul Kwong-Hang Tam
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Dak-Sum Research Center, The University of Hong Kong—Karolinska Institute Collaboration in Regenerative Medicine, Hong Kong, China
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Chen KC, Song ZM, Croaker GD. Brain size reductions associated with endothelin B receptor mutation, a cause of Hirschsprung's disease. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:42. [PMID: 34147087 PMCID: PMC8214790 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00646-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background ETB has been reported to regulate neurogenesis and vasoregulation in foetal development. Its dysfunction was known to cause HSCR, an aganglionic colonic disorder with syndromic forms reported to associate with both small heads and developmental delay. We therefore asked, "is CNS maldevelopment a more general feature of ETB mutation?" To investigate, we reviewed the micro-CT scans of an ETB−/− model animal, sl/sl rat, and quantitatively evaluated the structural changes of its brain constituents. Methods Eleven neonatal rats generated from ETB+/− cross breeding were sacrificed. Micro-CT scans were completed following 1.5% iodine-staining protocols. All scans were reviewed for morphological changes. Selected organs were segmented semi-automatically post-NLM filtering: TBr, T-CC, T-CP, OB, Med, Cer, Pit, and S&I Col. Volumetric measurements were made using Drishti rendering software. Rat genotyping was completed following analysis. Statistical comparisons on organ volume, organ growth rate, and organ volume/bodyweight ratios were made between sl/sl and the control groups based on autosomal recessive inheritance. One-way ANOVA was also performed to evaluate potential dose-dependent effect. Results sl/sl rat has 16.32% lower body weight with 3.53% lower growth rate than the control group. Gross intracranial morphology was preserved in sl/sl rats. However, significant volumetric reduction of 20.33% was detected in TBr; similar reductions were extended to the measurements of T-CC, T-CP, OB, Med, and Pit. Consistently, lower brain and selected constituent growth rates were detected in sl/sl rat, ranging from 6.21% to 11.51% reduction. Lower organ volume/bodyweight ratio was detected in sl/sl rats, reflecting disproportional neural changes with respect to body size. No consistent linear relationships exist between ETB copies and intracranial organ size or growth rates. Conclusion Although ETB−/− mutant has a normal CNS morphology, significant size reductions in brain and constituents were detected. These structural changes likely arise from a combination of factors secondary to dysfunctional ET-1/ET-3/ETB signalling, including global growth impairment from HSCR-induced malnutrition and dysregulations in the neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and cerebral vascular control. These changes have important clinical implications, such as autonomic dysfunction or intellectual delay. Although further human study is warranted, our study suggested comprehensive managements are required for HSCR patients, at least in ETB−/− subtype. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12868-021-00646-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Chin Chen
- Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Zan-Min Song
- Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Geoffrey D Croaker
- Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.,The Canberra Hospital, Yamba Drive, Garran, ACT, 2605, Australia
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Wang G, Wang H, Zhang L, Guo F, Wu X, Liu Y. MiR-195-5p inhibits proliferation and invasion of nerve cells in Hirschsprung disease by targeting GFRA4. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2061-2073. [PMID: 33515383 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies have reported that miR-195-5p plays a role in the Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). Our previous work found GDNF family receptor alpha 4 (GFRA4) is also associated with HSCR. In this study, we focused on whether miR-195-5p induces the absence of enteric neurons and enteric neural crest in HSCR by regulating GFRA4. The expression levels of GFRA4 and miR-195-5p in colon tissues were evaluated by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assay. We overexpressed GFRA4 or miR-195-5p in SH-SY5Y cells, the cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and invasion were subsequently investigated by CCK-8 assay, EdU staining, Flow cytometry analysis and Transwell assay, respectively. We also established the xenograft model to detect the effect of miR-195-5p on tumor growth and GFRA4 and p-RET expressions. GFRA4 expression was significantly downregulated in the HSCR colon tissues when compared with that in the control tissues. Overexpression of GFRA4 significantly promoted proliferation, invasion and cell cycle arrest, and inhibited apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells. We also proved that GFRA4 is a direct target of miR-195-5p, and miR-195-5p inhibited proliferation, invasion, cell cycle arrest and differentiation, and accelerated apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells which can be reversed by GFRA4 overexpression. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR-195-5p suppressed tumor growth, and observably decreased GFRA4 and p-RET expressions. Our findings suggest that miR-195-5p plays an important role in the pathogenesis of HSCR. MiR-195-5p inhibited proliferation, invasion and cell cycle arrest, and accelerated apoptosis of nerve cells by targeting GFRA4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
| | - Hefeng Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangyu Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
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Jiang Q, Wang Y, Li Q, Zhang Z, Xiao P, Wang H, Liu N, Wu J, Zhang F, Chakravarti A, Cai W, Li L. Sequence characterization of RET in 117 Chinese Hirschsprung disease families identifies a large burden of de novo and parental mosaic mutations. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:237. [PMID: 31666091 PMCID: PMC6822467 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is an inherited congenital disorder characterized by the absence of enteric ganglia in the distal part of the gut. RET is the major causative gene and contains > 80% of all known disease-causing mutations. RESULTS To determine the incidence of RET pathogenic variants, be they Mendelian inherited, mosaic in parents or true de novo variants (DNVs) in 117 Chinese families, we used high-coverage NGS and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) to identify 15 (12.8%) unique RET coding variants (7 are novel); one was inherited from a heterozygous unaffected mother, 11 were DNVs (73.3%), and 3 full heterozygotes were inherited from parental mosaicism (2 paternal, 1 maternal): two clinically unaffected parents were identified by NGS and confirmed by ddPCR, with mutant allele frequency (13-27%) that was the highest in hair, lowest in urine and similar in blood and saliva. An extremely low-level paternal mosaicism (0.03%) was detected by ddPCR in blood. Six positive-controls were examined to compare the mosaicism detection limit and sensitivity of NGS, amplicon-based deep sequencing and ddPCR. CONCLUSION Our findings expand the clinical and molecular spectrum of RET variants in HSCR and reveal a high frequency of RET DNVs in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Rd., Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children's Hospital, No. 2 Yabao Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children's Hospital, No. 2 Yabao Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Ping Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children's Hospital, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Na Liu
- MyGenostics Inc, Beijing, 101318, China
| | - Jian Wu
- MyGenostics Inc, Beijing, 101318, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- Center for Human Genetics and Genomics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Rd., Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Long Li
- Department of General Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children's Hospital, No. 2 Yabao Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
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Luzón‐Toro B, Villalba‐Benito L, Torroglosa A, Fernández RM, Antiñolo G, Borrego S. What is new about the genetic background of Hirschsprung disease? Clin Genet 2019; 97:114-124. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Berta Luzón‐Toro
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville Seville Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Seville Spain
| | - Leticia Villalba‐Benito
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville Seville Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Seville Spain
| | - Ana Torroglosa
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville Seville Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Seville Spain
| | - Raquel M. Fernández
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville Seville Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Seville Spain
| | - Guillermo Antiñolo
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville Seville Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Seville Spain
| | - Salud Borrego
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville Seville Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Seville Spain
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Wang X, Lin XJ, Tang X, Chai YC, Yu DH, Chen DY, Wu H. Genetic analysis of a Chinese family with members affected with Usher syndrome type II and Waardenburg syndrome type IV. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 102:114-118. [PMID: 29106856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to identify the genetic causes of a family presenting with multiple symptoms overlapping Usher syndrome type II (USH2) and Waardenburg syndrome type IV (WS4). METHODS Targeted next-generation sequencing including the exon and flanking intron sequences of 79 deafness genes was performed on the proband. Co-segregation of the disease phenotype and the detected variants were confirmed in all family members by PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing. RESULTS The affected members of this family had two different recessive disorders, USH2 and WS4. By targeted next-generation sequencing, we identified that USH2 was caused by a novel missense mutation, p.V4907D in GPR98; whereas WS4 due to p.V185M in EDNRB. This is the first report of homozygous p.V185M mutation in EDNRB in patient with WS4. CONCLUSION This study reported a Chinese family with multiple independent and overlapping phenotypes. In condition, molecular level analysis was efficient to identify the causative variant p.V4907D in GPR98 and p.V185M in EDNRB, also was helpful to confirm the clinical diagnosis of USH2 and WS4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200011, China; Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases (14DZ2260300), Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, People's Hospital of Kaihua, Kaihua, 324300, China
| | - Xiangrong Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, 545001, China
| | - Yong-Chuan Chai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200011, China; Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases (14DZ2260300), Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - De-Hong Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200011, China; Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases (14DZ2260300), Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Dong-Ye Chen
- Shanghai Jiahui International Hospital, Shanghai, 200000, China.
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200011, China; Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases (14DZ2260300), Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Heidet L, Morinière V, Henry C, De Tomasi L, Reilly ML, Humbert C, Alibeu O, Fourrage C, Bole-Feysot C, Nitschké P, Tores F, Bras M, Jeanpierre M, Pietrement C, Gaillard D, Gonzales M, Novo R, Schaefer E, Roume J, Martinovic J, Malan V, Salomon R, Saunier S, Antignac C, Jeanpierre C. Targeted Exome Sequencing Identifies PBX1 as Involved in Monogenic Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:2901-2914. [PMID: 28566479 PMCID: PMC5619971 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) occur in three to six of 1000 live births, represent about 20% of the prenatally detected anomalies, and constitute the main cause of CKD in children. These disorders are phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous. Monogenic causes of CAKUT in humans and mice have been identified. However, despite high-throughput sequencing studies, the cause of the disease remains unknown in most patients, and several studies support more complex inheritance and the role of environmental factors and/or epigenetics in the pathophysiology of CAKUT. Here, we report the targeted exome sequencing of 330 genes, including genes known to be involved in CAKUT and candidate genes, in a cohort of 204 unrelated patients with CAKUT; 45% of the patients were severe fetal cases. We identified pathogenic mutations in 36 of 204 (17.6%) patients. These mutations included five de novo heterozygous loss of function mutations/deletions in the PBX homeobox 1 gene (PBX1), a gene known to have a crucial role in kidney development. In contrast, the frequency of SOX17 and DSTYK variants recently reported as pathogenic in CAKUT did not indicate causality. These findings suggest that PBX1 is involved in monogenic CAKUT in humans and call into question the role of some gene variants recently reported as pathogenic in CAKUT. Targeted exome sequencing also proved to be an efficient and cost-effective strategy to identify pathogenic mutations and deletions in known CAKUT genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Heidet
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique
| | - Vincent Morinière
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique, and
| | - Charline Henry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Lara De Tomasi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
- Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Madeline Louise Reilly
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
- Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Camille Humbert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Alibeu
- Genomic Platform, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, and
| | - Cécile Fourrage
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique, and
- Bioinformatic Plateform, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Christine Bole-Feysot
- Genomic Platform, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, and
| | - Patrick Nitschké
- Bioinformatic Plateform, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Tores
- Bioinformatic Plateform, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Marc Bras
- Bioinformatic Plateform, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Marc Jeanpierre
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | | | - Dominique Gaillard
- Service de Génétique clinique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Reims, Reims, France
| | - Marie Gonzales
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Armand Trousseau and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Robert Novo
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Lille, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique, Lille, France
| | - Elise Schaefer
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joëlle Roume
- Unité de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Poissy, St. Germain en Laye, Poissy, France; and
| | - Jelena Martinovic
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Unit of Fetal Pathology, Antoine Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France
| | - Valérie Malan
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Cytogénétique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Salomon
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Saunier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Antignac
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique, and
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Jeanpierre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases,
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
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Rossi V, Mosconi M, Nozza P, Murgia D, Mattioli G, Ceccherini I, Pini Prato A. Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction in a child harboring a founder Hirschsprung RET mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:2400-3. [PMID: 27273837 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic intestinal pseudo obstruction (CIPO) is a rare clinical entity characterized by symptoms and signs of intestinal obstruction without either recognizable anatomical abnormalities or intestinal aganglionosis. A Chinese female infant presented to our institution with a clinical diagnosis of CIPO. Aganglionosis was ruled out by full thickness colonic and ileal biopsies and by rectal suction biopsies. Unexpectedly, direct sequencing and PCR amplification of RET proto-oncogene from peripheral blood extracted DNA identified a RET R114H mutation. This mutation has already been reported as strongly associated with Asian patients affected by Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) and is considered a founder mutation in Asia. The same mutation has never been reported in patients with CIPO, so far. These findings support the role of RET in the development of the enteric nervous system but underline the importance of other genetic or environmental factors contributing to the gastrointestinal phenotype of the disease. Somehow, this RET R114H mutation proved to have a role in the etiology of both CIPO and HSCR and could contribute to a more diffuse imbalance of gut dysmotility. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rossi
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Girolamo Mattioli
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Understanding the true nature of the disease provided the basis for appropriate surgery for Hirschsprung's disease some 60 years ago. Nevertheless, surgical outcome remains unsatisfactory. Advances in diagnosis and treatment will depend on the elucidation of the pathogenesis and disease heterogeneity. METHODS This lecture outlines the author's attempt in the past 30 years to bridge some of the gaps of knowledge in Hirschsprung's disease. RESULTS Studies of human fetal gut and aganglionic gut gave insight into the complexity of the human enteric nervous system, but the more fruitful studies came from genetic studies in which disease-causing genes were discovered, and the importance of noncoding mutations conferring disease susceptibility was unraveled. Animal models and pluripotent stem cell studies allowed elucidation of the interacting gene-cell-microenvironment signaling pathways for neural crest proliferation, migration, and differentiation. CONCLUSION Hirschsprung's disease has been a bridge for science and surgery. An integrative approach could provide breakthroughs in the diagnosis and treatment strategies of this complex condition, leading to improved outcome.
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Widowati T, Melhem S, Patria SY, de Graaf BM, Sinke RJ, Viel M, Dijkhuis J, Sadewa AH, Purwohardjono R, Soenarto Y, Hofstra RM, Sribudiani Y. RET and EDNRB mutation screening in patients with Hirschsprung disease: Functional studies and its implications for genetic counseling. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 24:823-9. [PMID: 26395553 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a major cause of chronic constipation in children. HSCR can be caused by germline mutations in RET and EDNRB. Defining causality of the mutations identified is difficult and almost exclusively based on in silico predictions. Therefore, the reported frequency of pathogenic mutations might be overestimated. We combined mutation analysis with functional assays to determine the frequencies of proven pathogenic RET and EDNRB mutations in HSCR. We sequenced RET and EDNRB in 57 HSCR patients. The identified RET-coding variants were introduced into RET constructs and these were transfected into HEK293 cells to determine RET phosphorylation and activation via ERK. An exon trap experiment was performed to check a possible splice-site mutation. We identified eight rare RET-coding variants, one possible splice-site variant, but no rare EDNRB variants. Western blotting showed that three coding variants p.(Pr270Leu), p.(Ala756Val) and p.(Tyr1062Cys) resulted in lower activation of RET. Moreover, only two RET variants (p.(Ala756Val) and p.(Tyr1062Cys)) resulted in reduced ERK activation. Splice-site assays on c.1880-11A>G could not confirm its pathogenicity. Our data suggest that indeed almost half of the identified rare variants are proven pathogenic and that, hence, functional studies are essential for proper genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titis Widowati
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Prof.Dr Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Shamiram Melhem
- Department of Clinical Genetic, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suryono Y Patria
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Prof.Dr Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Bianca M de Graaf
- Department of Clinical Genetic, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J Sinke
- Department of Genetic, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Viel
- Department of Genetic, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Dijkhuis
- Department of Genetic, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmad H Sadewa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rochadi Purwohardjono
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Prof.Dr Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yati Soenarto
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Prof.Dr Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Robert Mw Hofstra
- Department of Clinical Genetic, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yunia Sribudiani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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Huang J, Dang R, Torigoe D, Li A, Lei C, Sasaki N, Wang J, Agui T. Genetic variation in the GDNF promoter affects its expression and modifies the severity of Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) in rats carrying Ednrb(sl) mutations. Gene 2015; 575:144-8. [PMID: 26318480 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is necessary for the migration of neural crest stem cells in the gut. However, mutations in GDNF per se are deemed neither necessary nor sufficient to cause Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR). In a previous study, a modifier locus on chromosome 2 in rats carrying Ednrb(sl) mutations was identified, and several mutations in the putative regulatory region of the Gdnf gene in AGH-Ednrb(sl) rats were detected. Specifically, the mutation -232C>T has been shown to be strongly associated with the severity of HSCR. In the present study, the influence of genetic variations on the transcription of the Gdnf gene was tested using dual-luciferase assay. Results showed that the mutation -613C>T, located near the mutation -232C>T in AGH-Ednrb(sl) rats, decreased Gdnf transcription in an in vitro dual-luciferase expression assay. These data suggested an important role of -613C in Gdnf transcription. Expression levels of the Gdnf gene may modify the severity of HSCR in rats carrying Ednrb(sl) mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieping Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruihua Dang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Daisuke Torigoe
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan; Division of Microbiology and Genetics, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Anqi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Nobuya Sasaki
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Jinxi Wang
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Agui
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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12
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Mc Laughlin D, Puri P. Familial Hirschsprung's disease: a systematic review. Pediatr Surg Int 2015; 31:695-700. [PMID: 26179259 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-015-3730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a multi-genetic disorder with complex inheritance patterns. Population risk is 1 in 5000 but is reported to be increased in families of patients with HSCR. Appropriate counseling of affected families could be assisted by data from a large volume of patients. It was the aim of this study to systematically analyse the patterns of familial HSCR in the published literature. METHODS Pubmed (®) database was searched using the terms "Hirschsprung's disease" and "familial" for studies published between 1980 and 2015 on cohorts of index patients with HSCR reporting on familial recurrence. Studies giving rates of familial HSCR together with the total number of HSCR cases at that centre were included. RESULTS In 4331 index cases of HSCR, an overall rate of 7.6% familial recurrence was found. In total colonic aganglionosis, 20% of cases were familial. Recurrence of HSCR within families predominantly occurred in siblings (62%) and was reported between parent and offspring in 22% and in other relatives in 16%. Multiple generations were affected in 15% of families. CONCLUSION Familial recurrence of HSCR occurs frequently and should be discussed with families of diagnosed patients. Genetic counseling should be offered in these families and in particular for those patients with long segment and total colonic aganglionosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Mc Laughlin
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
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13
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Cui L, Wong EHM, Cheng G, Firmato de Almeida M, So MT, Sham PC, Cherny SS, Tam PKH, Garcia-Barceló MM. Genetic Analyses of a Three Generation Family Segregating Hirschsprung Disease and Iris Heterochromia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66631. [PMID: 23840513 PMCID: PMC3694150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the genetic analyses conducted on a three-generation family (14 individuals) with three members affected with isolated-Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) and one with HSCR and heterochromia iridum (syndromic-HSCR), a phenotype reminiscent of Waardenburg-Shah syndrome (WS4). WS4 is characterized by pigmentary abnormalities of the skin, eyes and/or hair, sensorineural deafness and HSCR. None of the members had sensorineural deafness. The family was screened for copy number variations (CNVs) using Illumina-HumanOmni2.5-Beadchip and for coding sequence mutations in WS4 genes (EDN3, EDNRB, or SOX10) and in the main HSCR gene (RET). Confocal microscopy and immunoblotting were used to assess the functional impact of the mutations. A heterozygous A/G transition in EDNRB was identified in 4 affected and 3 unaffected individuals. While in EDNRB isoforms 1 and 2 (cellular receptor) the transition results in the abolishment of translation initiation (M1V), in isoform 3 (only in the cytosol) the replacement occurs at Met91 (M91V) and is predicted benign. Another heterozygous transition (c.-248G/A; -predicted to affect translation efficiency-) in the 5'-untranslated region of EDN3 (EDNRB ligand) was detected in all affected individuals but not in healthy carriers of the EDNRB mutation. Also, a de novo CNVs encompassing DACH1 was identified in the patient with heterochromia iridum and HSCR Since the EDNRB and EDN3 variants only coexist in affected individuals, HSCR could be due to the joint effect of mutations in genes of the same pathway. Iris heterochromia could be due to an independent genetic event and would account for the additional phenotype within the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Cui
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Emily Hoi-Man Wong
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Guo Cheng
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Man-Ting So
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pak-Chung Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Reproduction, Development, and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stacey S. Cherny
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul Kwong-Hang Tam
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Reproduction, Development, and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Maria-Mercè Garcia-Barceló
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Reproduction, Development, and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Alves MM, Sribudiani Y, Brouwer RWW, Amiel J, Antiñolo G, Borrego S, Ceccherini I, Chakravarti A, Fernández RM, Garcia-Barcelo MM, Griseri P, Lyonnet S, Tam PK, van Ijcken WFJ, Eggen BJL, te Meerman GJ, Hofstra RMW. Contribution of rare and common variants determine complex diseases-Hirschsprung disease as a model. Dev Biol 2013; 382:320-9. [PMID: 23707863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Finding genes for complex diseases has been the goal of many genetic studies. Most of these studies have been successful by searching for genes and mutations in rare familial cases, by screening candidate genes and by performing genome wide association studies. However, only a small fraction of the total genetic risk for these complex genetic diseases can be explained by the identified mutations and associated genetic loci. In this review we focus on Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) as an example of a complex genetic disorder. We describe the genes identified in this congenital malformation and postulate that both common 'low penetrant' variants in combination with rare or private 'high penetrant' variants determine the risk on HSCR, and likely, on other complex diseases. We also discuss how new technological advances can be used to gain further insights in the genetic background of complex diseases. Finally, we outline a few steps to develop functional assays in order to determine the involvement of these variants in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Alves
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Dr. Molewaterplein, 50, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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15
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Ngo DN, So MT, Gui H, Tran AQ, Bui DH, Cherny S, Tam PKH, Nguyen TL, Garcia-Barcelo MM. Screening of the RET gene of Vietnamese Hirschsprung patients identifies 2 novel missense mutations. J Pediatr Surg 2012; 47:1859-64. [PMID: 23084198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Hirschsprung disease (HSCR; megacolon, congenital aganglionosis) is a congenital disorder characterized by the absence of ganglion cells along variable segments of the gut. Both rare (RV) and common variants of the RET gene are associated with HSCR. The aim of this study is to assess, for the first time, the variation in the RET gene of Vietnamese HSCR patients. METHODS We used Sanger sequencing to screen the coding sequence of the RET gene of 97 Vietnamese HSCR patients of Southern Chinese ancestry. The healthy population consisted of 250 Southern Chinese individuals with no diagnosis of HSCR. RESULTS We detected 8 heterozygous RVs distributed among 13 patients (13.40%) and that were not present in healthy individuals. Among those variants, there were 2 novel and deleterious (R133C [c.397 C>T]; R144C [c.430 C>T]) missense amino acid substitutions, 2 novel silent variants (P667P [c.2001 A>T]; Y809Y [c.2427 C>T]), and 4 previously described missense substitutions (R114H [c.341 G>A]; V292M [c.874 G>A]; G533S [c.1597 G>A]; R982C [c.2944 C>T]). As expected, the common RET coding sequence variants rs1800858 (A45A [c.135 G>A]) and rs1800861 (L769L [c.2307 T>G]) were highly associated with the disease. CONCLUSIONS The identification of novel deleterious variants together with the fact RET RVs are virtually unique to HSCR patients indicates that the RET gene is a target for mutations among Hirschsprung patients of any population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diem-Ngoc Ngo
- Department of Human Genetics, National Hospital of Pediatrics, Hanoi, Vietnam
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16
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Hyndman BD, Gujral TS, Krieger JR, Cockburn JG, Mulligan LM. Multiple functional effects of RET kinase domain sequence variants in Hirschsprung disease. Hum Mutat 2012; 34:132-42. [PMID: 22837065 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The REarranged during Transfection (RET) gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase required for maturation of the enteric nervous system. RET sequence variants occur in the congenital abnormality Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), characterized by absence of ganglia in the intestinal tract. Although HSCR-RET variants are predicted to inactivate RET, the molecular mechanisms of these events are not well characterized. Using structure-based models of RET, we predicted the molecular consequences of 23 HSCR-associated missense variants and how they lead to receptor dysfunction. We validated our predictions in biochemical and cell-based assays to explore mutational effects on RET protein functions. We found a minority of HSCR-RET variants abrogated RET kinase function, while the remaining mutants were phosphorylated and transduced intracellular signals. HSCR-RET sequence variants also impacted on maturation, stability, and degradation of RET proteins. We showed that each variant conferred a unique combination of effects that together impaired RET protein activity. However, all tested variants impaired RET-mediated cellular functions, including cell transformation and migration. Our data indicate that the molecular mechanisms of impaired RET function in HSCR are highly variable. Although a subset of variants cause loss of RET kinase activity and downstream signaling, enzymatic inactivation is not the sole mechanism at play in HSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy D Hyndman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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17
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Association of genetic polymorphisms in the RET-protooncogene and NRG1 with Hirschsprung disease in Thai patients. J Hum Genet 2012; 57:286-93. [PMID: 22377709 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2012.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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So MT, Leon TYY, Cheng G, Tang CSM, Miao XP, Cornes BK, Ngo DN, Cui L, Ngan ESW, Lui VCH, Wu XZ, Wang B, Wang H, Yuan ZW, Huang LM, Li L, Xia H, Zhu D, Liu J, Nguyen TL, Chan IHY, Chung PHY, Liu XL, Zhang R, Wong KKY, Sham PC, Cherny SS, Tam PKH, Garcia-Barcelo MM. RET mutational spectrum in Hirschsprung disease: evaluation of 601 Chinese patients. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28986. [PMID: 22174939 PMCID: PMC3235168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare (RVs) and common variants of the RET gene contribute to Hirschsprung disease (HSCR; congenital aganglionosis). While RET common variants are strongly associated with the commonest manifestation of the disease (males; short-segment aganglionosis; sporadic), rare coding sequence (CDS) variants are more frequently found in the lesser common and more severe forms of the disease (females; long/total colonic aganglionosis; familial). Here we present the screening for RVs in the RET CDS and intron/exon boundaries of 601 Chinese HSCR patients, the largest number of patients ever reported. We identified 61 different heterozygous RVs (50 novel) distributed among 100 patients (16.64%). Those include 14 silent, 29 missense, 5 nonsense, 4 frame-shifts, and one in-frame amino-acid deletion in the CDS, two splice-site deletions, 4 nucleotide substitutions and a 22-bp deletion in the intron/exon boundaries and 1 single-nucleotide substitution in the 5′ untranslated region. Exonic variants were mainly clustered in RET the extracellular domain. RET RVs were more frequent among patients with the most severe phenotype (24% vs. 15% in short-HSCR). Phasing RVs with the RET HSCR-associated haplotype suggests that RVs do not underlie the undisputable association of RET common variants with HSCR. None of the variants were found in 250 Chinese controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Ting So
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Guo Cheng
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Xiao-Ping Miao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Diem Ngoc Ngo
- Department of Human Genetics, National Hospital of Pediatrics, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Long Cui
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Elly Sau-Wai Ngan
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Reproduction, Development and Growth, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vincent Chai-Hang Lui
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Reproduction, Development and Growth, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xuan-Zhao Wu
- Department of Surgery, Guiyang Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Zheng-Wei Yuan
- Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Long Li
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Xia
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deli Zhu
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juncheng Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Thanh Liem Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, National Hospital of Pediatrics, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ivy Hau-Yee Chan
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Xue-Lai Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruizhong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Pak-Chung Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Reproduction, Development and Growth, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Genome Research Centre of the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stacey S. Cherny
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul Kwong-Hang Tam
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Reproduction, Development and Growth, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maria-Mercè Garcia-Barcelo
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Reproduction, Development and Growth, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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19
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Leon TYY, So MT, Lui VCH, Hofstra RMW, Tam PKH, Ngan ESW, Garcia-Barceló MM. Functional analyses of RET mutations in Chinese Hirschsprung disease patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 94:47-51. [PMID: 22131258 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.22863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital disease characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in various length of distal digestive tract. The rearranged during transfection gene (RET) is considered the major gene in HSCR. Although an increasing number of HSCR-associated RET coding sequence (CDS) mutations have been identified in recent years, not many have been investigated for functional consequence on the RET protein. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined the functional implications of the de novo RET-CDS mutations V145G, Y483X, V636fsX1, and F961L that we first identified in sporadic Chinese patients with HSCR. The V145G disrupted RET glycosylation and F961L RET phosphorylation. Presumably, the truncation mutations would affect the translocation or the anchoring of the RET protein onto the cellular membrane. CONCLUSION The study of RET-CDS mutations that appear de novo is essential not only for understanding the mechanistic of the disease but also for penetrance and recurrence risk estimations, being the ultimate goal for the improvement in disease management and counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Y Y Leon
- Division of Paediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
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20
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Pan ZW, Lou J, Luo C, Yu L, Li JC. Association analysis of the SOX10 polymorphism with Hirschsprung disease in the Han Chinese population. J Pediatr Surg 2011; 46:1930-4. [PMID: 22008330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hirschsprung disease (HSCR, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 142623) is a typical developmental disorder of the enteric nervous system in which ganglion cells fail to innervate the lower gastrointestinal tract during embryonic development. SOX10 gene is involved in the normal development of the enteric nervous system. Heterozygous SOX10 mutations have been identified in patients with syndromic HSCR. However, no mutations have been reported to date to be associated to isolated HSCR patient. We thus sought to investigate whether mutations in the SOX10 are associated with isolated HSCR in the Chinese population. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct sequencing were used to screen 4 exons of the SOX10 gene for mutations and polymorphisms in 104 patients with sporadic HSCR and 96 ethnically matched controls in Han Chinese populations. RESULTS In this study, 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified: SNP1: c.18C>T (GAC→GAT) in exon 2; SNP2: c.122G>T (GGC→GTC) in exon 2; SNP3: IVS2+10 (C→G) in intron 2; and SNP4: c.927T>C (CAT→CAC) in exon 4. SNP1 and SNP2 were novel described polymorphisms in the Chinese population. No SOX10 mutations were found in Han Chinese with isolated HSCR. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that there was no association between the 4 SNPs of the SOX10 gene and HSCR. This study showed that the SOX10 gene is unlikely to be a major HSCR gene in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wen Pan
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University Medical School, Hangzhou 310058, China
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21
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Jabeen R, Babar ME, Ahmad J, Awan AR. Novel mutations of endothelin-B receptor gene in Pakistani patients with Waardenburg syndrome. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:785-8. [PMID: 21547364 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0799-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in EDNRB gene have been reported to cause Waardenburg-Shah syndrome (WS4) in humans. We investigated 17 patients with WS4 for identification of mutations in EDNRB gene using PCR and direct sequencing technique. Four genomic mutations were detected in four patients; a G to C transversion in codon 335 (S335C) in exon 5 and a transition of T to C in codon (S361L) in exon 5, a transition of A to G in codon 277 (L277L) in exon 4, a non coding transversion of T to A at -30 nucleotide position of exon 5. None of these mutations were found in controls. One of the patients harbored two novel mutations (S335C, S361L) in exon 5 and one in Intronic region (-30exon5 A>G). All of the mutations were homozygous and novel except the mutation observed in exon 4. In this study, we have identified 3 novel mutations in EDNRB gene associated with WS4 in Pakistani patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheela Jabeen
- Institute of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Outfall Road, CivilLines, Lahore, Pakistan
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Cornes BK, Tang CS, Leon TYY, Hui KJWS, So MT, Miao X, Cherny SS, Sham PC, Tam PKH, Garcia-Barcelo MM. Haplotype analysis reveals a possible founder effect of RET mutation R114H for Hirschsprung's disease in the Chinese population. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10918. [PMID: 20532249 PMCID: PMC2880000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a congenital disorder associated with the lack of intramural ganglion cells in the myenteric and sub-mucosal plexuses along varying segments of the gastrointestinal tract. The RET gene is the major gene implicated in this gastrointestinal disease. A highly recurrent mutation in RET (RETR114H) has recently been identified in ∼6–7% of the Chinese HSCR patients which, to date, has not been found in Caucasian patients or controls nor in Chinese controls. Due to the high frequency of RETR114H in this population, we sought to investigate whether this mutation may be a founder HSCR mutation in the Chinese population. Methodology and Principal Findings To test whether all RETR114 were originated from a single mutational event, we predicted the approximate age of RETR114H by applying a Bayesian method to RET SNPs genotyped in 430 Chinese HSCR patients (of whom 25 individuals had the mutation) to be between 4–23 generations old depending on growth rate. We reasoned that if RETR114H was a founder mutation then those with the mutation would share a haplotype on which the mutation resides. Including SNPs spanning 509.31 kb across RET from a recently obtained 500 K genome-wide dataset for a subset of 181 patients (14 RETR114H patients), we applied haplotype estimation methods to determine whether there were any segments shared between patients with RETR114H that are not present in those without the mutation or controls. Analysis yielded a 250.2 kb (51 SNP) shared segment over the RET gene (and downstream) in only those patients with the mutation with no similar segments found among other patients. Conclusions This suggests that RETR114H is a founder mutation for HSCR in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda K. Cornes
- Paediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Clara S. Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas Y. Y. Leon
- Paediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Kenneth J. W. S. Hui
- Paediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Ting So
- Paediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Miao
- Paediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Stacey S. Cherny
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Pak C. Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Paul K. H. Tam
- Paediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Maria-Merce Garcia-Barcelo
- Paediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Wu TT, Tsai TW, Chang H, Su CC, Li SY, Lai HS, Li C. Polymorphisms of the RET gene in hirschsprung disease, anorectal malformation and intestinal pseudo-obstruction in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2010; 109:32-8. [PMID: 20123584 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(10)60019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase RET gene are associated with Hirschsprung disease (HD), which is also known as congenital intestinal aganglionosis. We found an association with specific alleles in five single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites of the RET gene in our HD patients. METHODS We compared the association of specific RET SNP alleles in patients with severe GI disorders such as anorectal malformation (ARM) or pediatric intestinal pseudo-obstruction (IPO) to that in HD patients. Sixty-four HD, 23 ARM and 35 IPO patients were included. Genomic DNA extracted from blood samples was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing analysis. RESULTS The allele distributions of all five RET SNPs in the HD patients deviated from those in the normal population (p < 0.05), whereas those of the ARM patients did not. The allele distributions of these RET SNPs in the IPO patients were all significantly different from those in the HD patients. Allele distributions of exon 2 and 13 in the IPO patients were also significantly different from those of the normal population. The frequencies of all the HD-predominant alleles were lower in the HD patients than the normal population, and were even lower in the IPO patients. CONCLUSION This study strengthens the association of specific RET SNP alleles with typical HD in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang-Tiau Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Pingault V, Ente D, Dastot-Le Moal F, Goossens M, Marlin S, Bondurand N. Review and update of mutations causing Waardenburg syndrome. Hum Mutat 2010; 31:391-406. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Miao X, Leon TYY, Ngan ESW, So MT, Yuan ZW, Lui VCH, Chen Y, Wong KKY, Tam PKH, Garcia-Barceló M. Reduced RET expression in gut tissue of individuals carrying risk alleles of Hirschsprung's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:1461-7. [PMID: 20089534 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RET) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with the Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR). We investigated whether the amount of RET expressed in the ganglionic gut of human was dependent on the genotype of three regulatory SNPs (-5G>A rs10900296 and -1A>C rs10900297 in the promoter, and C>T rs2435357 in intron 1). We examined the effects of three regulatory SNPs on the RET gene expression in 67 human ganglionic gut tissues using quantitative real-time PCR. Also, 315 Chinese HSCR patients and 325 ethnically matched controls were genotyped for the three SNPs by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing. The expression of RET mRNA in human gut tissue did indeed correlate with the genotypes of the individuals. The lowest RET expression was found for those individuals homozygous for the three risk alleles (A-C-T/A-C-T), and the highest for those homozygous for the 'wild-type' counterpart (G-A-C/G-A-C), with expression values ranging from 218.32 +/- 125.69 (mean +/- SE) in tissues from individuals carrying G-A-C/G-A-C to 31.42 +/- 8.42 for individuals carrying A-C-T/A-C-T (P = 0.018). As expected, alleles -5A, -1C and intron 1 T were associated with HSCR (P = 5.94 x 10(-31), 3.12 x 10(-24) and 5.94 x 10(-37), respectively) as was the haplotype encompassing the three associated alleles (A-C-T) when compared with the wild-type counterpart G-A-C (chi2 = 155.29, P << 0.0001). To our knowledge, this is the first RET expression genotype-phenotype correlation study conducted on human subjects to indicate common genetic variants in the regulatory region of RET may play a role in mediating susceptibility to HSCR, by conferring a significant reduction of the RET expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Miao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Zhu X, Rivera A, Golub MS, Peng J, Sha Q, Wu X, Song X, Kumarathasan P, Ho M, Redman CM, Lee S. Changes in red cell ion transport, reduced intratumoral neovascularization, and some mild motor function abnormalities accompany targeted disruption of the Mouse Kell gene (Kel). Am J Hematol 2009; 84:492-8. [PMID: 19544475 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Kell (ECE-3), a highly polymorphic blood group glycoprotein, displays more than 30 antigens that produce allo-antibodies and, on red blood cells (RBCs), is complexed through a single disulfide bond with the integral membrane protein, XK. XK is a putative membrane transporter whose absence results in a late onset form of neuromuscular abnormalities known as the McLeod syndrome. Although Kell glycoprotein is known to be an endothelin-3-converting enzyme, the full extent of its physiological function is unknown. To study the functions of Kell glycoprotein, we undertook targeted disruption of the murine Kel gene by homologous recombination. RBCs from Kel(-/-) mice lacked Kell glycoprotein, Kell/XK complex, and endothelin-3-converting enzyme activity and had reduced levels of XK. XK mRNA levels in spleen, brain, and testis were unchanged. In Kel(-/-) mice RBC Gardos channel activity was increased and the normal enhancement by endothelin-3 was blunted. Analysis of the microvessels of tumors produced from LL2 cells indicated that the central portion of tumors from wild-type mice were populated with many mature blood vessels, but that vessels in tumors from Kel(-/-) mice were fewer and smaller. The absence of Kell glycoprotein mildly affected some motor activities identified by foot splay on the drop tests. The targeted disruption of Kel in mouse enabled us to identify phenotypes that would not be easily detected in humans lacking Kell glycoprotein. In this regard, the Kell knockout mouse provides a good animal model for the study of normal and/or pathophysiological functions of Kell glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhu
- Department of Pathology, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a developmental disorder characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in the lower digestive tract. Aganglionosis is attributed to a disorder of the enteric nervous system (ENS) whereby ganglion cells fail to innervate the lower gastrointestinal tract during embryonic development. HSCR is a complex disease that results from the interaction of several genes and manifests with low, sex-dependent penetrance and variability in the length of the aganglionic segment. The genetic complexity observed in HSCR can be conceptually understood in light of the molecular and cellular events that take place during the ENS development. DNA alterations in any of the genes involved in the ENS development may interfere with the colonization process, and represent a primary etiology for HSCR. This review will focus on the genes known to be involved in HSCR pathology, how they interact, and on how technology advances are being employed to uncover the pathological processes underlying this disease.
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Yang Y, Houle AM, Letendre J, Richter A. RET Gly691Ser mutation is associated with primary vesicoureteral reflux in the French-Canadian population from Quebec. Hum Mutat 2008; 29:695-702. [PMID: 18273880 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Primary vesicoureteral reflux (pVUR) is a common, genetically heterogeneous congenital urinary tract abnormality in children. It causes urine to flow backward from the bladder to the ureter due to a developmental defect at the vesicoureteral junction, whose formation requires rearrangement during transformation (Ret)-mediated signaling pathways. To study the genetic causes of pVUR in Quebec patients, we used a sequencing-based candidate gene approach to screen the RET gene and found that 83 out of 118 pVUR patients are carriers of the rare A allele of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1799939:G>A that results in a Gly691Ser mutation, a statistically significant increase in allelic frequency, that is absent at six flanking RET SNPs tested. Ser691 is a predicted phosphorylation site and our analysis of transfected cells showed that the Gly691Ser Ret mutant can efficiently interact and associate with a 75-80-kD tyrosine phosphorylated cellular protein, an event not seen with wild-type Ret. This interaction and/or the steric or electric hindrance created by phospho-Ser691 may interfere with the known regulatory functions of the normally phosphorylated phospho-Tyr687 and phospho-Ser696 on the cytoskeleton actin reorganization that are responsible for cell motility and morphology, which consequently may lead to the deficiency in ureteral development observed in pVUR. Our study demonstrates that the Ret Gly691Ser mutation is associated with pVUR and may be one of the genetic causes of this condition in the French-Canadian population in Quebec.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoming Yang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mère-Enfant, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Chin TW, Chiu CY, Tsai HL, Liu CS, Wei CF, Jap TS. Analysis of the RET gene in subjects with sporadic Hirschsprung's disease. J Chin Med Assoc 2008; 71:406-10. [PMID: 18772120 DOI: 10.1016/s1726-4901(08)70091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR), or aganglionic megacolon, is a hereditable disease of the enteric nervous system. It is an embryonic developmental disorder characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in the lower enteric plexus. Gut motility is compromised in HSCR, with consequent risk of intestinal obstruction. METHODS We sequenced the RET gene and characterized the clinical manifestations in 15 unrelated Chinese patients (9 males, 6 females; age range, 2-21 years) with sporadic HSCR. Genomic DNA extraction, PCR and DNA sequence analysis were performed according to standard procedures. RESULTS We identified heterozygous RET gene mutations in 2 patients. The mutations included a missense mutation in exon 2 (CGC --> CAC) resulting in a substitution of arginine by histidine at codon 67 (patient 1), and a missense mutation in exon 3 (TAC --> AAC) resulting in a substitution of tyrosine by asparagine at codon 146 (patient 2). The pathological findings disclosed short-segment HSCR in patient 1 and long-segment HSCR in patient 2, respectively. CONCLUSION We identified RET gene mutations in 2 of 15 patients with HSCR in Taiwan. The Y146N mutation we identified was novel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Wai Chin
- Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelin-B receptor (EDNRB) signaling pathway is associated for Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). The aim of this study was to investigate the EDNRB gene mutation in patients with HSCR in Taiwan and correlate the genotype and phenotype. PATIENTS AND METHODS Using polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct sequencing, we screened for mutations in the coding regions and intron/exon boundaries of the EDNRB gene in 39 isolated HSCR cases and compared them with those in 400 control chromosomes. RESULTS In 3 cases, heterozygous variations in exon 1 and 2 of the EDNRB gene predicted missense mutations of the first cytosolic (M132I), second transmembrane (I157V), second exoplasmic (M173T), and third transmembrane (V185M) domains of the EDNRB protein. Three of the 4 mutations in our study have not been reported previously. For total 39 unrelated cases, the mutation rates were estimated to be 10% (3 of 30) for short-segment HSCR and 7.7% (3 of 39) for all HSCR cases. CONCLUSIONS We did not detect a significant genotype-phenotype correlation. In conclusion, this study identified 4 mutations within the EDNRB gene associated with HSCR. Because HSCR is a multifactorial and multigene disorder, the higher mutation rate of 10% for short-segment HSCR suggests the important role that the EDNRB gene plays in the pathogenesis of short-segment HSCR in Taiwan.
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Ghoul A, Serova M, Le Tourneau C, Aïssat N, Hammel P, Raymond E, Faivre S. Role of the endothelins and endothelin receptors in cancer cell signaling and angiogenesis. Target Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11523-007-0056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang XN, Zhou MN, Qiu YQ, Ding SP, Qi M, Li JC. Genetic analysis of RET, EDNRB, and EDN3 genes and three SNPs in MCS + 9.7 in Chinese Patients with isolated Hirschsprung disease. Biochem Genet 2007; 45:523-7. [PMID: 17554617 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-007-9093-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Ning Zhang
- National Education Base for Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
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Martucciello G, Luinetti O, Romano P, Magrini U. Molekularbiologie, Grundlagenforschung und Diagnose des Morbus Hirschsprung. DER PATHOLOGE 2007; 28:119-24. [PMID: 17279407 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-007-0897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The proto-oncogene RET is the major gene responsible for Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR), with RET mutations also implied in different pathologies. A variety of mutations of the RET proto-oncogene have been detected in HSCR patients. Special attention should be paid to rare patients who carry mutations of one of the critical cysteine residues of these exons, known to predispose to MEN2A. In these cases, HSCR can be associated with the development of neuroendocrine tumors such as medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) or MEN2A, for which a prophylactic thyroidectomy is advisable in the presence of a tumor causing RET mutation. In combined MEN2A/HSCR families, RET gene testing, tumor screening and prophylactic thyroidectomy are indicated as in MEN2A. The multigenic origin of HSCR and the absence of a "standard" RET mutation associated with HSCR currently make a routine molecular diagnosis impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Martucciello
- Chirurgia pediatrica, Scientific Insitute IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo di Pavia, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Asai N, Fukuda T, Wu Z, Enomoto A, Pachnis V, Takahashi M, Costantini F. Targeted mutation of serine 697 in the Ret tyrosine kinase causes migration defect of enteric neural crest cells. Development 2006; 133:4507-16. [PMID: 17050626 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The RET receptor tyrosine kinase plays a critical role in the development of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the kidney. Upon glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) stimulation, RET can activate a variety of intracellular signals, including the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, and RAC1/JUN NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways. We recently demonstrated that the RAC1/JNK pathway is regulated by serine phosphorylation at the juxtamembrane region of RET in a cAMP-dependent manner. To determine the importance of cAMP-dependent modification of the RET signal in vivo, we generated mutant mice in which serine residue 697, a putative protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation site, was replaced with alanine (designated S697A mice). Homozygous S697A mutant mice lacked the ENS in the distal colon, resulting from a migration defect of enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs). In vitro organ culture showed an impaired chemoattractant response of the mutant ENCCs to GDNF. JNK activation by GDNF but not ERK, AKT and SRC activation was markedly reduced in neurons derived from the mutant mice. The JNK inhibitor SP600125 and the PKA inhibitor KT5720 suppressed migration of the ENCCs in cultured guts from wild-type mice to comparable degrees. Thus, these findings indicated that cAMP-dependent modification of RET function regulates the JNK signaling responsible for proper migration of the ENCCs in the developing gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Asai
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Kim JH, Yoon KO, Kim H, Kim JK, Kim JW, Lee SK, Seo JM. New variations of the EDNRB gene and its association with sporadic Hirschsprung's disease in Korea. J Pediatr Surg 2006; 41:1708-12. [PMID: 17011274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2006.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The endothelin receptor B (EDNRB) signaling pathway, which is the second major susceptible gene for Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR), is crucial for the development of the enteric nervous system. The allele frequency of polymorphisms was mostly tested in the American and European population, but the data of an ethnically diverse, non-Caucasian population are unclear. To further investigate the variants and haplotypes of the EDNRB gene, this study examined sequence variations in Korean patients with sporadic HSCR. METHODS All 8 exons and intron/exon boundaries of the EDNRB gene in 18 Korean patients with sporadic HSCR and 84 healthy individuals were screened using PCR amplification and direct sequencing. RESULTS A total of 8 different nucleotide substitutions were identified. Of these, 4 were new variants (promoter-116C>T; 5'UTR-121G>T; IVS4+62C>A; IVS5+121G>C) and the others were previously described variants. The distribution of variations was even different from that reported for Chinese and Japanese subjects as well as other ethnic groups. This study also analyzed the haplotypes for an association between the variants identified with HSCR. CONCLUSIONS This study identified additional sequence variants of the EDNRB gene, but the estimated EDNRB haplotypes did not show any disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyun Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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Sangkhathat S, Kusafuka T, Chengkriwate P, Patrapinyokul S, Sangthong B, Fukuzawa M. Mutations and polymorphisms of Hirschsprung disease candidate genes in Thai patients. J Hum Genet 2006; 51:1126-1132. [PMID: 17009072 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-006-0064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mutation and polymorphism data for Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) varies among ethnic groups. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of RET proto-oncogene (RET) were recently shown to be associated with the disease, and with disease severity, in different populations. In this study, comprehensive analysis of RET, GDNF, EDNRB, ET-3, and SOX-10 genes among sporadic HSCR in Thailand was conducted by standard PCR-SSCP, RFLP, and sequencing methods. Of 41 patients, 30 cases had rectosigmoid disease (RSD) and 11 cases were assigned to the long-segment disease (LSD) group. Four missense mutations of RET, S100M, R231H, T278N, and G533S, were identified in three patients. One novel missense mutation, V111Q, was detected in EDNRB. For ET-3, two novel missense mutations, D166E and C173R, occurred concomitantly in a patient. The incidence of missense mutation was significantly higher in our female HSCR patient than in the male counterpart. Statistical analysis of the SNPs revealed a significant difference between allele distribution of RET L769L in patients in the LSD and RSD groups. The predominant genotype construct of RET A45A/L769L in our HSCR was GG/GG, which is obviously different from results from all previous studies. The GG/GG genotype construct was associated with RSD and with males. The study also detected a variant allele of RET S836S which has never been reported in Asian cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surasak Sangkhathat
- Pediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hadyai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Kusafuka
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchikami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Piyawan Chengkriwate
- Pediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hadyai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Sakda Patrapinyokul
- Pediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hadyai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Burapat Sangthong
- Pediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hadyai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Masahiro Fukuzawa
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Kim JH, Yoon KO, Kim JK, Kim JW, Lee SK, Kong SY, Seo JM. Novel mutations of RET gene in Korean patients with sporadic Hirschsprung's disease. J Pediatr Surg 2006; 41:1250-4. [PMID: 16818057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2006.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a congenital abnormality that can cause an intestinal obstruction. Although HSCR demonstrates a sex-modified polygenic inheritance with contributions from multiple genes, mutations in the RET gene are believed to be the major sign of susceptibility in the development of disease. The allele frequency of polymorphisms was mostly tested in the American and European population, but the data of an ethnically diverse nonwhite population are unclear. METHODS All 21 exons and intron/exon boundaries of the RET gene in 18 Korean patients with sporadic HSCR and 84 normal individuals were screened using polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct sequencing. RESULTS A total of 11 different nucleotide substitutions were identified. Of these, 2 were new missense mutations (C558Y, cysteine-rich domain; R844W, tyrosine kinase domain) and 9 previously described variants. This study also analyzed the haplotypes for the association between the variants identified with HSCR, but the estimated RET haplotypes did not show any disease risk. CONCLUSIONS This study identified additional mutations of RET gene, which represents the first comprehensive genetic dissection of sporadic HSCR disease in Koreans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyun Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
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Moore SW. The contribution of associated congenital anomalies in understanding Hirschsprung's disease. Pediatr Surg Int 2006; 22:305-15. [PMID: 16518596 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-006-1655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a complex congenital disorder which, from a molecular perspective, appears to result due to disruption of normal signalling during development of enteric nerve cells, resulting in aganglionosis of the distal bowel. Associated congenital anomalies occur in at least 5-32% (mean 21%) of patients and certain syndromic phenotypes have been linked to distinct genetic sites, indicating underlying genetic associations of the disease and probable gene-gene interaction in its pathogenesis. Clear-cut associations with HSCR include Down's syndrome, dominant sensorineural deafness, Waardenburg syndrome, neurofibromatosis, neuroblastoma, phaeochromocytoma, the MEN type IIB syndrome and other abnormalities. Individual anomalies vary from 2.97% to 8%, the most frequent being the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) (8.05%), the central nervous system (CNS) and sensorineural anomalies (6.79%) and the genito-urinary tract (6.05%). Other associated systems include the musculoskeletal (5.12%), cardiovascular systems (4.99%), craniofacial and eye abnormalities (3%) and less frequently the skin and integumentary system (ectodermal dysplasia) and syndromes related to cholesterol and fat metabolism. In addition to associations with neuroblastoma and tumours related to MEN2B, HSCR may also be associated with tumours of neural origin such as ganglioneuroma, ganglioneuroblastoma, retinoblastoma and tumours associated with neurofibromatosis and other autonomic nervous system disturbances. The contribution of the major susceptibility genes on chromosome 10 (RET) and chromosome 13 (EDNRB) is well established in the phenotypic expression of HSCR. Whereas major RET mutations may result in HSCR by haploinsufficiency in 20-25% of cases, the etiology of the majority of sporadic HSCR is not as clear, appearing to arise from the combined cumulative effects of susceptibility loci at critical genes controlling the mechanisms of cell proliferation, differentiation and maturation. In addition, potential "modifying" associations exist with chromosome 2, 9, 20, 21 and 22, and we explore the importance of certain flanking genes of critical areas in the final phenotypic expression of HSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Moore
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, P.O. Box 19063, 7505, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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Soufir N, Meziani R, Lacapère JJ, Bertrand G, Fumeron F, Bourillon A, Gérard B, Descamps V, Crickx B, Ollivaud L, Archimbaud A, Lebbe C, Basset-Seguin N, Saiag P, Grandchamp B. Association Between Endothelin Receptor B Nonsynonymous Variants and Melanoma Risk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 97:1297-301. [PMID: 16145050 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dji253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The endothelin signaling pathway plays a crucial role in melanocyte differentiation and migration. In this study, we investigated whether germline mutations of endothelin receptor B (EDNRB), a gene involved in Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), could also predispose for malignant melanoma (MM). The coding region of EDNRB was sequenced in 137 MM patients and in 130 ethnically matched Caucasian control subjects. Six nonsynonymous EDNRB variants were found in 15 patients (11%), but only two were found in four control subjects (3%, odds ratio [OR] = 3.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.25 to 12; P = .012). Overall, 14 out of 15 MM patients carried EDNRB mutations reported in HSCR, some of which had previously been shown to lead to loss of function. In multivariable logistic regression analysis including skin type, eye and hair color, number of nevi, and dorsal lentigines (freckles), the association between EDNRB mutations and MM risk remained statistically significant (OR = 19.9, 95% CI = 1.34 to 296.2; P = .03). Our data strongly suggest that EDNRB is involved in predisposition for two different multigenic disorders, HSCR and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadem Soufir
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Hormonale et Génétique, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine, Paris VII, Paris, France.
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Dvoráková S, Dvoráková K, Malíková M, Skába R, Vlcek P, Bendlová B. A novel Czech kindred with familial medullary thyroid carcinoma and Hirschsprung's disease. J Pediatr Surg 2005; 40:e1-6. [PMID: 15991157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The RET proto-oncogene is involved in neural crest disorders. Activating germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene cause the development of familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC) or medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) as a part of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) syndrome. Inactivating germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene are detected in Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR). Only in a very small number of families are these 2 diseases expressed together. METHODS This study presents a novel Czech kindred with FMTC-HSCR phenotype. Two family members (mother and daughter) were tested for RET germline mutations in exons 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, and 16. RESULTS Direct fluorescent sequencing of genomic DNA revealed a heterozygous mutation in the RET proto-oncogene in exon 10 at codon C609Y in both persons tested. This family was reclassified, thanks to genetic screening from the apparently sporadic MTC-HSCR to FMTC-HSCR. CONCLUSION The germline mutation was detected because of the systematic genetic screening of the RET proto-oncogene, which is useful for genetic counseling of potential risk of HSCR and MTC in other family members. This family could be added to the small worldwide cohort of families with MEN2A/FMTC-HSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sárka Dvoráková
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague 11694, Czech Republic.
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Wu TT, Tsai TW, Chu CT, Lee ZF, Hung CM, Su CC, Li SY, Hsieh M, Li C. Low RET mutation frequency and polymorphism analysis of the RET and EDNRB genes in patients with Hirschsprung disease in Taiwan. J Hum Genet 2005; 50:168-174. [PMID: 15834508 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-005-0236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), or congenital intestinal aganglionosis, is a relatively common disorder characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in the nerve plexuses of the lower digestive tract, resulting in intestinal obstruction in neonates. Mutations in genes of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase and endothelin receptor B (EDNRB) signaling pathways have been shown to be associated in HSCR patients. In this study, we collected genomic DNA samples from 55 HSCR patients in central Taiwan and analyzed the coding regions of the RET and EDNRB genes by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. In the 55 patients, an A to G transition was detected in two (identical twin brothers). The mutation was at the end of RET exon 19 at codon 1062 (Y1062C), a reported critical site for the signaling pathways. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in exons 2, 7, 11, 13, and 15 of RET and exon 4 of EDNRB in the HSCR patients or controls were detected. The differences between patients and controls in allele distribution of the five RET polymorphic sites were statistically significant. The most frequent genotype encompassing exons 2 and 13 SNPs (the polymorphic sites with the highest percentage of heterozygotes) was AA/GG in patients, which was different from the AG/GT in the normal controls. Transmission disequilibrium was observed in exons 2, 7, and 13, indicating nonrandom association of the susceptibility alleles with the disease in the patients. This study represents the first comprehensive genetic analysis of HSCR disease in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang-Tiau Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsui-Wei Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, 110 Sec. 1, Chein-Kuo North Road, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chao-Ta Chu
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, 110 Sec. 1, Chein-Kuo North Road, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Zen-Fung Lee
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, God's Heart Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Mao Hung
- Institute of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, 110 Sec. 1, Chein-Kuo North Road, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Chyuan Su
- Institute of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Tong Kang, Pin-Tong, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shuan-Yow Li
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, 110 Sec. 1, Chein-Kuo North Road, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mingli Hsieh
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, 110 Sec. 1, Chein-Kuo North Road, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biology, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, 110 Sec. 1, Chein-Kuo North Road, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Guan T, Li JC, Li MJ, Tou JF. Polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism analysis of rearranged during transfection proto-oncogene in Chinese familial hirschsprung’s disease. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:275-9. [PMID: 15633231 PMCID: PMC4205417 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i2.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between mutations of rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene and Chinese patients with Hirschsprung’s disease (HD), and to elucidate the genetic mechanism of familial HD patient at the molecular level.
METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood of probands and their relatives in two genealogies. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products, which were amplified using specific primers (RET, exons 11, 13, 15 and 17), were electrophoresed to analyze the single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) patterns. The positive amplified products were sequenced. Forty-eight sporadic HD patients and 30 normal children were screened for mutations of RET proto-oncogene simultaneously.
RESULTS: Three cases with HD in one family were found to have a G heterozygous insertion at nucleotide 18974 in exon 13 of RET cDNA (18974insG), which resulted in a frameshift mutation. In another family, a heterozygosity for T to G transition at nucleotide 18888 in the same exon which resulted in a synonymous mutation of Leu at codon 745 was detected in the proband and his father. Eight RET mutations were confirmed in 48 sporadic HD patients.
CONCLUSION: Mutations of RET proto-oncogene may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Chinese patients with HD. Detection of mutated RET proto-oncogene carriers may be used for genetic counseling of potential risk for HD in the affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Guan
- Department of Lymphology, Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou 310031, Zhejiang Province, China
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Garcia-Barcelo M, Ganster RW, Lui VCH, Leon TYY, So MT, Lau AMF, Fu M, Sham MH, Knight J, Zannini MS, Sham PC, Tam PKH. TTF-1 and RET promoter SNPs: regulation of RET transcription in Hirschsprung's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 14:191-204. [PMID: 15548547 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the coding regions of receptor tyrosine kinase gene (RET) are associated with Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR, aganglionic megacolon). These SNPs, individually or combined, may act as a low penetrance susceptibility locus and/or be in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with another susceptibility locus located in RET regulatory regions. Because two RET promoter SNPs have been found associated with HSCR, in LD with HSCR-associated RET coding region haplotypes, their implication in the transcriptional regulation of RET is of major interest. Analysis of 172 sporadic HSCR patients also revealed the presence of HSCR-associated RET promoter SNPs in LD with the main coding region RET haplotype observed in Chinese patients. By using a weighted logistic regression approach, we determined that of all SNPs tested in our study, the promoter SNPs are the most correlated to the disease. Functional analysis of the RET promoter SNPs in the context of additional 5' regulatory regions demonstrated that the HSCR-associated alleles decrease RET transcription. These SNPs overlap a TTF-1 binding site and TTF-1-activated RET transcription is also decreased by the HSCR-associated SNPs. Moreover, we identified an HSCR patient with a Gly322Ser TTF-1 mutation that compromises activation of transcription from HSCR-associated RET promoter haplotypes. Interestingly, we show that the pattern of RET and TTF-1 expression is coincident in developing human gut. We also present a detailed profile of the RET gene in our population, which provides an insight into the higher incidence of the disease in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K H Tam
- Department of Surgery and Genome Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital K15, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, P.R. China.
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