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Khan HA, Neyaz LA, Malak HA, Alshehri WA, Elbanna K, Organji SR, Asiri FH, Aldosari MS, Abulreesh HH. Diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clinical and environmental Salmonella enterica serovars in Western Saudi Arabia. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024:10.1007/s12223-024-01172-1. [PMID: 38767834 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-024-01172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The diverse environmental distribution of Salmonella makes it a global source of human gastrointestinal infections. This study aimed to detect Salmonella spp. and explore their diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in clinical and environmental samples. Pre-enrichment, selective enrichment, and selective plating techniques were adopted for the Salmonella detection whereas the API 20E test and Vitek Compact 2 system were used to confirm the identity of isolates. Salmonella serovars were subjected to molecular confirmation by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Disc diffusion method and Vitek 2 Compact system determined the antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella serovars. Multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was calculated to explore whether Salmonella serovars originate from areas with heavy antibiotic usage. Results depicted low Salmonella prevalence in clinical and environmental samples (3.5%). The main detected serovars included Salmonella Typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. Infantis, S. Newlands, S. Heidelberg, S. Indian, S. Reading, and S. paratyphi C. All the detected Salmonella serovars (27) exhibited multidrug resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes. The study concludes that the overall Salmonella serovars prevalence was found to be low in environmental and clinical samples of Western Saudi Arabia (Makkah and Jeddah). However, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of human and environmental Salmonella serovars revealed that all isolates exhibited multidrug-resistance (MDR) patterns to frequently used antibiotics, which might reflect antibiotic overuse in clinical and veterinary medicine. It would be suitable to apply and enforce rules and regulations from the One Health approach, which aim to prevent antibiotic resistance infections, enhance food safety, and improve human and animal health, given that all Salmonella spp. detected in this investigation were exhibiting MDR patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajrah A Khan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena A Neyaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham A Malak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa A Alshehri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Elbanna
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Sameer R Organji
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah H Asiri
- King Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hussein H Abulreesh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia.
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia.
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Kumawat M, Nabi B, Sharma P, Pal N, Sarma DK, Shubham S, Tiwari RR, Singh S, Kumar M. Assessment of multidrug-resistant profile, multi-locus sequence typing and efflux pump activity in Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from hospital sewage. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:162. [PMID: 37067651 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is becoming a leading cause of gastroenteritis and mortality. The use of antibiotics has increased natural resistance of S. Typhimurium to antibiotics. This study aims to isolate and characterize multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains from hospital sewage samples in Bhopal City, central India. The MDR isolates were characterized by molecular identification, antimicrobial resistance patterns, multi-locus sequence typing, and efflux pump activity. Specific genes (hilA, stn, invA, typh, and iroB) were used to confirm S. Typhimurium isolates. The Kirbey-Bauer method was employed to profile antimicrobial resistance using 20 antibiotics. Multi-locus sequence typing confirmed S. Typhimurium using seven housekeeping genes (aroC, dnaN, hemD, hisD, purE, sucA, and thr). Out of five strains, only four were confirmed as S. Typhimurium during MLST analysis. Efflux pump activity was determined using the ethidium bromide (EtBr) cartwheel test. Of the 160 isolates, 38 were presumptively confirmed as S. Typhimurium based on biochemical characterization, and only five MDR Salmonella strains were selected for their resistance against most antibiotics. Efflux pump activity revealed that five out of the four MDR isolates did not retain EtBr inside the cells, indicating pronounced efflux activity. Additionally, the isolated strains showed a specific correlation between the antimicrobial phenotypes and genotypes. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the characterization of S. Typhimurium serotype in Bhopal City. Future studies should focus on understanding changing antimicrobial resistance patterns, pathogenicity, and the genetic background of Salmonella serotypes. Further surveillance activities for antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in different environmental sources should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumawat
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Bilkees Nabi
- Department of Biochemistry & Biochemical Engineering, SHUATS, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Namrata Pal
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Devojit Kumar Sarma
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Swasti Shubham
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnarayan R Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Samradhi Singh
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Patil V, Hedau M, Kaore M, Badar S, Kadam M, Chaudhari S, Rawool D, Barbuddhe S, Vergis J, Kurkure N. Potential of cinnamaldehyde essential oil as a possible antimicrobial against fowl typhoid in layers. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:126. [PMID: 36944831 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Fowl typhoid (FT) is an economically significant bacterial disease of layers leading to a drastic drop in egg production. Due to increased public health concerns about antibiotics in poultry feed, a search for new safe antimicrobials for treating fowl typhoid is crucial. The antimicrobial effect of cinnamaldehyde essential oil (CnEO) against fowl typhoid in layers was investigated in this experiment. The 60-week-old BV300-layer birds (n = 100) were divided into five groups: the non-challenged control group A, only cinnamaldehyde-treated group B (CnEO @ 1:8000 dilutions through drinking water for 60 days), the challenged group C, challenged plus cinnamaldehyde therapy group D (CnEO @ 1:8000 dilutions through drinking water from 16 to 30 dpi), and challenged plus antibiotic therapy group E (chloramphenicol @ 1 gm/5lit through drinking water from 16 to 30 dpi). Hens from all challenged groups were challenged with Salmonella Gallinarum (VTCCBAA588) @ 1 × 108 CFU/ml orally. Various parameters such as clinical signs, mortality, egg production and egg weight, colony-forming unit (CFU) count of cecal content, eggshell surface, and egg yolk were evaluated all through 60 days of an experimental trial. Results indicated that, in the case of the cinnamaldehyde therapeutic group, there was a significant improvement in egg production, mild clinical signs, lower feed conversion ratio (FCR), and a significantly lower bacterial count in ceca and on the eggshell surface compared to the control challenge group. Thus, CnEO @ 1:8000 dilutions through drinking water can be a potential antimicrobial for controlling fowl typhoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Patil
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Seminary Hills, Nagpur, 440006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Madhuri Hedau
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Seminary Hills, Nagpur, 440006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Megha Kaore
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Seminary Hills, Nagpur, 440006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shweta Badar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Seminary Hills, Nagpur, 440006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mukund Kadam
- Department of Poultry Sciences, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, 440006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhari
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, 440006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Rawool
- ICAR-National Research Centre On Meat, Chengicherla, Hyderabad, 500 092, Telanagana, India
| | - Sukhadeo Barbuddhe
- ICAR-National Research Centre On Meat, Chengicherla, Hyderabad, 500 092, Telanagana, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode Kerala Veterinary, and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | - Nitin Kurkure
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Seminary Hills, Nagpur, 440006, Maharashtra, India.
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Facile synthesis of silver-zinc oxide nanocomposites using Curcuma longa extract and its in vitro antimicrobial efficacy against multi-drug resistant pathogens of public health importance. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Unni V, Abishad P, Prasastha Ram V, Niveditha P, Yasur J, John L, Prejit N, Juliet S, Latha C, Vergis J, Kurkure NV, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Green synthesis, and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Piper longum catkin extract and its in vitro antimicrobial activity against multi-drug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2022.2078356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Unni
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, India
| | - Padikkamannil Abishad
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, India
| | | | | | | | - Lijo John
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, India
| | - Nambiar Prejit
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, India
| | - Sanis Juliet
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, India
| | - C. Latha
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, India
| | - Nitin Vasantrao Kurkure
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, India
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Chukwu VA, Smith JU, Strachan NJC, Avery LM, Obiekezie SO. Impacts of different treatment methods for cattle manure on the spread of faecal indicator organisms from soil to lettuce in Nigeria. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:618-632. [PMID: 34161637 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study investigated impacts of different organic waste treatment methods on reduction and spread of faecal indicator organisms to food crops in a developing country. METHODS AND RESULTS Fresh cattle manure was subjected to three different treatments; anaerobic digestion, burning and composting. Escherichia coli, coliforms and nitrogen content of cattle manure were measured before and after treatment in the amended soil and harvested lettuce. All treatments significantly reduced E. coli and coliform counts but differed in the ratio of E. coli or coliforms to nitrogen. Application of the recommended nitrogen dose of 120 kg ha-1 as bioslurry resulted in significantly lower E. coli and coliform contamination of soil than the same nitrogen rate applied as compost or ash. The E. coli content of lettuces grown on soil amended with treated wastes at recommended rates did not differ between treatments but was significantly lower than in lettuces grown on soil amended with untreated manure. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of manure before use as an organic fertilizer significantly reduces potential contamination of both soil and food crops with E. coli and coliforms. To best reduce the spread of E. coli from organic fertilizers, manures should be treated by anaerobic digestion. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Information from this study quantifies potential risks associated with use of manures in growing food crops by determining the ratio between pathogen content and required nitrogen application rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vince A Chukwu
- Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jo U Smith
- Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Norval J C Strachan
- Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Smart O Obiekezie
- Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
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Nishanth MAD, Bhoomika S, Gourkhede D, Dadimi B, Vergis J, Malik SVS, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Antibacterial efficacy of in-house designed cell-penetrating peptide against multi-drug resistant strains of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:2747-2758. [PMID: 34528343 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro antibacterial efficacy of an in-house designed cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) variant of Cecropin A (1-7)-Melittin (CAMA) (CAMA-CPP) against the characterized multi-drug resistant (MDR) field strains of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium were evaluated and compared with two identified CPPs namely, P7 and APP, keeping CAMA as control. Initially, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (μg ml-1 ) of in-house designed CAMA-CPP, APP and CAMA was determined to be 3.91, whereas that of P7 was 7.81; however, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of all the peptides were twice the MIC. CAMA-CPP and CAMA were found to be stable under different conditions (high-end temperatures, proteinase-K, cationic salts, pH and serum) when compared to the other CPPs. Moreover, CAMA-CPP exhibited negligible cytotoxicity in HEp-2 and RAW 264.7 cell lines as well as haemolysis in the sheep and human erythrocytes with no adverse effects against the commensal gut lactobacilli. In vitro time-kill assay revealed that the MBC levels of CAMA-CPP and APP could eliminate the intracellular MDR-Salmonella infections from mammalian cell lines; however, CAMA and P7 peptides were ineffective. CAMA-CPP appears to be a promising antimicrobial candidate and opens up further avenues for its in vivo clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anto Dani Nishanth
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Sirsant Bhoomika
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Bihar Veterinary College, Bihar Animal Sciences University, Patna, Bihar, 800 014, India
| | - Diksha Gourkhede
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Bhargavi Dadimi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | - Satya Veer Singh Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | | | - Deepak Bhiwa Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India.,ICAR-National Research Centre on Meat, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 092, India
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Abishad P, Niveditha P, Unni V, Vergis J, Kurkure NV, Chaudhari S, Rawool DB, Barbuddhe SB. In silico molecular docking and in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of phytochemicals against multi-drug-resistant enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. Gut Pathog 2021; 13:46. [PMID: 34273998 PMCID: PMC8286599 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the wake of emergence of antimicrobial resistance, bioactive phytochemical compounds are proving to be important therapeutic agents. The present study envisaged in silico molecular docking as well as in vitro antimicrobial efficacy screening of identified phytochemical ligands to the dispersin (aap) and outer membrane osmoporin (OmpC) domains of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) and non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (NTS), respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS The evaluation of drug-likeness, molecular properties, and bioactivity of the identified phytocompounds (thymol, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde) was carried out using Swiss ADME, while Protox-II and StopTox servers were used to identify its toxicity. The in silico molecular docking of the phytochemical ligands with the protein motifs of dispersin (PDB ID: 2jvu) and outer membrane osmoporin (PDB ID: 3uu2) were carried out using AutoDock v.4.20. Further, the antimicrobial efficacy of these compounds against multi-drug resistant EAEC and NTS strains was determined by estimating the minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations. Subsequently, these phytochemicals were subjected to their safety (sheep and human erythrocytic haemolysis) as well as stability (cationic salts, and pH) assays. RESULTS All the three identified phytochemicals ligands were found to be zero violators of Lipinski's rule of five and exhibited drug-likeness. The compounds tested were categorized as toxicity class-4 by Protox-II and were found to be non- cardiotoxic by StopTox. The docking studies employing 3D model of dispersin and ompC motifs with the identified phytochemical ligands exhibited good binding affinity. The identified phytochemical compounds were observed to be comparatively stable at different conditions (cationic salts, and pH); however, a concentration-dependent increase in the haemolytic assay was observed against sheep as well as human erythrocytes. CONCLUSIONS In silico molecular docking studies provided useful insights to understand the interaction of phytochemical ligands with protein motifs of pathogen and should be used routinely before the wet screening of any phytochemicals for their antibacterial, stability, and safety aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padikkamannil Abishad
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, KVASU, 673 576, Pookode, Wayanad, India
| | - Pollumahanti Niveditha
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Meat, Chengicherla, Boduppal Post, 500 092, Hyderabad, India
| | - Varsha Unni
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, KVASU, 673 576, Pookode, Wayanad, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, KVASU, 673 576, Pookode, Wayanad, India
| | | | - Sandeep Chaudhari
- Nagpur Veterinary College, MAFSU, Seminary Hills, 440 006, Nagpur, India
| | - Deepak Bhiwa Rawool
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Meat, Chengicherla, Boduppal Post, 500 092, Hyderabad, India
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An overview on endophytic bacterial diversity habitat in vegetables and fruits. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 66:715-725. [PMID: 34259998 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00896-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, scientific research revolution is going on in many areas, and the human health is one of them. However, in the earlier studies, it was observed that most of the people health in the world affects by consumptions of contaminated food which is dangerous for human health and country economy. Recent studies showed that the fresh vegetables and fruits are the major habitat for endophytic bacterial communities. Salmonella and Escherichia coli both are the very common bacteria founds in fresh vegetables and fruits. Generally, many people eat vegetables and fruits without cooking (in the form of salad). The continued assumption of such food increases the health risk factor for foodborne diseases. So, from the last decades, many researchers working to understand about the relationship of endophytic microbes with plants either isolated bacteria are pathogenic or nonpathogenic. Moreover, most of the endophytes were identified by using 16S rRNA sequencing method. Hence, this review elaborates on the differences and similarities between nonpathogenic and pathogenic endophytes in terms of host plant response, colonization strategy, and genome content. Furthermore, it is emphasized on the environmental effects and biotic interactions within plant microbiota that influence pathogenesis and the pathogenesis.
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Yang SM, Kim E, Kim D, Baek J, Yoon H, Kim HY. Rapid Detection of Salmonella Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Thompson by Specific Peak Analysis Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2021; 10:933. [PMID: 33922774 PMCID: PMC8146886 DOI: 10.3390/foods10050933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid detection of Salmonella serovars is important for the effective control and monitoring of food industries. In this study, we evaluate the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the rapid detection of three serovars, Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Thompson, that are epidemiologically important in Korea. All strains were identified at the genus level, with a mean score of 2.319 using the BioTyper database, and their protein patterns were confirmed to be similar by principal component analysis and main spectrum profile dendrograms. Specific peaks for the three serovars were identified by analyzing 65 reference strains representing 56 different serovars. Specific mass peaks at 3018 ± 1 and 6037 ± 1, 7184 ± 1, and 4925 ± 1 m/z were uniquely found in the reference strains of serovars Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Thompson, respectively, and they showed that the three serovars can be differentiated from each other and 53 other serovars. We verified the reproducibility of these mass peaks in 132 isolates, and serovar classification was achieved with 100% accuracy when compared with conventional serotyping through antisera agglutination. Our method can rapidly detect a large number of strains; hence, it will be useful for the high-throughput screening of Salmonella serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (S.-M.Y.); (E.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Eiseul Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (S.-M.Y.); (E.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Dayoung Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (S.-M.Y.); (E.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Jiwon Baek
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (J.B.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hyunjin Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (J.B.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hae-Yeong Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (S.-M.Y.); (E.K.); (D.K.)
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Hazarika P, Chattopadhyay I, Umpo M, Choudhury Y, Sharma I. Phylogeny, Biofilm Production, and Antimicrobial Properties of Fecal Microbial Communities of Adi Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:1675-1687. [PMID: 33660220 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The fecal flora consists of trillions of bacteria influencing human health and several host factors. Such population-based fecal flora studies are critical to uplift the health status of ethnic tribes from Arunachal Pradesh. This study aimed to analyze the ethnic tribe's biofilm producing antibiotic resistant bacteria and their phyllogenetic analysis in 15 stool samples collected from Adi tribes of Arunachal Pradesh. Of the analyzed samples, 42.85% were Escherichia, 20% lactic acid bacteria, 20% Salmonella, and 17.14% Enterococcus. Escherichia coli, lactic acid bacteria, and Enterococcus sp. emerged as strong biofilm producers; however, Salmonella declined to exhibit characters for a strong biofilm producer. Tetracycline resistance dominated in all the gut bacterial profiles. The 16SrRNA amplified PCR product was used for sequencing, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed exhibiting the relationship between the isolates. The test sequences were compared with the non-redundant Gene bank collection of the database with the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Hazarika
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | - Indranil Chattopadhyay
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, 610 101, India
| | - Mika Umpo
- Department of Microbiology, Tomo Riba Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Naharlagun, 791110, India
| | - Yashmin Choudhury
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | - Indu Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India.
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12
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Meena B, Anburajan L, Selvaganapathi K, Vinithkumar NV, Dharani G. Characteristics and dynamics of Salmonella diversity and prevalence of biomarker genes in Port Blair Bays, South Andaman, India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 160:111582. [PMID: 32882603 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans worldwide, and the infection with multidrug-resistant strains can cause severe diseases. Many coastal cities around the world discharge their wastewaters into the marine environment. These wastewaters contain a variety of pathogenic microorganisms that may have a role in the contamination of this ecosystem and have potential risks for public health. Using an environmental approach, the present study investigated the presence of Salmonella in sediment and water samples collected from Port Blair Bays. In this environmental approach, the provided information about the diversity of the Salmonella serovars, antibiotic resistance and the prevalence of virulence factors in Salmonella, especially from the coastal waters of Port Blair Bays. The occurrence of Salmonellae was significantly higher in water column samples (2.9%) than in those taken from the marine sediments (0.7%). Of the 133 positive Salmonella strains, 22 different serovars were identified. Salmonella enterica serovar Senftenberg was the predominant serovar, being represented by 54 isolates (42.5%), followed by serovar Typhimurium (19 isolates [15%]) and serovar Agona (12 isolates [9.4%]). The presence of virulence genes (filC, sitC, hilA, invA, sipC, hilD, hilC, invF, invE, invH, sipF, aadA, pare, gyrA, spaP and parC) and susceptibility studies with 10 selected antibiotics were also performed. The results of this study revealed that all Salmonella isolates were positive for targeted virulence genes and were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Antibiotic susceptibility studies revealed the presence of multidrug resistant Salmonella strains in coastal water, which usually from land base sources end up in the marine environment and may pose a significant risk on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balakrishnan Meena
- Atal Centre for Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Port Blair 744103, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
| | - Lawrance Anburajan
- Atal Centre for Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Port Blair 744103, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Karuppaiya Selvaganapathi
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nambali Valsalan Vinithkumar
- Atal Centre for Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Port Blair 744103, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Gopal Dharani
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Ocean Science and Technology for Islands Group, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Chennai 600100, Tamil Nadu, India
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13
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Burjaq SZ, Abu-Romman SM. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella spp. From Irrigation Water in Two Major Sources in Jordan. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:3760-3766. [PMID: 32918569 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Irrigation water could be a direct source of pathogenic microorganisms that contaminates fresh produce and causes human diseases. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and its serotypes Typhimurium and Enteritidis, antimicrobial susceptibility and multidrug resistance (MDR) status, and seasonal variation, of Salmonella spp. in irrigation water of King Abdullah Canal (KAC) and Wadi Shueib (WS) in Jordan. The study results demonstrated that 32.2% (29/90) of irrigation water was contaminated with Salmonella spp. and the irrigation water of WS was found highly contaminated (62.1%) with Salmonella spp. compared to KAC (37.9%). In addition, higher prevalence of Salmonella were recorded in spring (33.3%) and summer (36.3%) seasons, compared to winter seasons. Among the contaminated irrigation water samples, prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium serotype was found in (37.9%) (11/29) samples, while S. Enteritidis was absent. The most common antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates was observed as tetracycline (11/29, 37.9%) and 6 (20.7%) Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were found multidrug resistance (MDR). Thus, this study results confirmed that the irrigation water was contaminated with pathogenic MDR Salmonella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen Z Burjaq
- Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, P.O. Box 206, Salt, 19117, Jordan.
| | - Saeid M Abu-Romman
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt, Jordan
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14
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Adesoji AT, Liadi AM. Antibiogram studies of Escherichia coli and Salmonella species isolated from diarrheal patients attending Malam Mande General Hospital Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 37:110. [PMID: 33425143 PMCID: PMC7757212 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.37.110.24851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction antibiotics resistant bacteria (ARB) is a worldwide problem. Information on ARB associated with diarrheal stool samples from Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria is scare. Methods this study examines 41 stool samples of diarrhea patients from a selected hospital in Dutsin-Ma. Questionnaires were used to collect demographic information and used antibiotics. Bacteria isolation and antibiotics susceptibility tests were determined using standard microbiological techniques. Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria were selected based on resistant to ≥3 classes of antibiotics. Results twenty bacteria that include Escherichia coli (n = 15) and Salmonella spp. (n = 5) were isolated. Pediatric age group (0-5 years) showed highest prevalence of 73.3 and 60% respectively. Illiterate patients showed highest (60%) frequency of Salmonella spp. Tetracycline was mostly observed for treating diarrhea among patients; high resistance to amoxicillin (80%), ampicillin (100%) and tetracycline (73.3%) was noticed in E. coli. To each of amoxicillin and ampicillin, 100% resistance was observed among Salmonella spp. Two and one MDR E. coli and Salmonella spp. were identified respectively. Conclusion high occurrence of studied bacteria among infants and aged adults coupled with some displaying MDR characteristics calls for urgent public health attention, hence, comprehensive studies are needed for the determination of molecular epidemiology of these bacteria for public health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodele Timilehin Adesoji
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
| | - Ahmad Mansur Liadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
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15
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Gourkhede DP, Bhoomika S, Pathak R, Yadav JP, Nishanth D, Vergis J, Malik SVS, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Antimicrobial efficacy of Cecropin A (1-7)- Melittin and Lactoferricin (17-30) against multi-drug resistant Salmonella Enteritidis. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104405. [PMID: 32707313 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated intracellular antibacterial efficacy of two short-chain cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) namely, Cecropin A (1-7)-Melittin and lactoferricin (17-30) against three field strains of multi-drug resistant Salmonella Enteritidis. Initially, antimicrobial ability of both the AMPs was evaluated for their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against multi-drug resistant S. Enteritidis strains. Besides, the AMPs were evaluated for its in vitro stability (high-end temperatures, proteases, physiological concentrations of cationic salts and pH) and safety (haemolytic assay in sheep erythrocytes; cytotoxicity assay in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line and human epithelioma HEp-2 cell line and beneficial gut lactobacilli). Later, a time-kill assay was performed to assess the intracellular antibacterial activity of Cecropin A (1-7)-Melittin and lactoferricin (17-30) against multi-drug resistant S. Enteritidis in RAW 264.7 and HEp-2 cells. The observed MBC values of Cecropin A (1-7)-Melittin and lactoferricin (17-30) against multi-drug resistant S. Enteritidis (128 μM; 256 μM) were generally twice or four-fold greater than the MIC values (64 μM). Further, both the AMPs were found variably stable after exposure at high-end temperatures (70 °C and 90 °C), protease treatment (trypsin, proteinase K, lysozyme), higher concentration of physiological salts (150 mM NaCl and 2 mM MgCl2) and hydrogen ion concentrations (pH 4.0 to 8.0). Both the AMPs were found non-haemolytic on sheep erythrocytes, revealed minimal cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 and HEp-2 cells, and was tested safe against beneficial gut lactobacilli (L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus). Intracellular bacteriostatic effect with both cationic AMPs against multi-drug resistant S. Enteritidis was evident in RAW 264.7 cells; however, in both the cell lines, the significant bactericidal effect was not observed (P > 0.05) with both cationic AMPs understudy against multi-drug resistant S. Enteritidis. Based on the results of the present study, both the cationic AMPs understudy may not be useful for the intracellular elimination of multi-drug resistant S. Enteritidis; hence, further studies such as conjugation of these AMPs with either cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) and/or nanoparticles (NPs) are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha P Gourkhede
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sirsant Bhoomika
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Richa Pathak
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jay Prakash Yadav
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dani Nishanth
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, KVASU, 673 576, Kerala, India
| | - S V S Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S B Barbuddhe
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Meat, Hyderabad, 500 092, Telangana, India
| | - D B Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Yanagimoto K, Yamagami T, Uematsu K, Haramoto E. Characterization of Salmonella Isolates from Wastewater Treatment Plant Influents to Estimate Unreported Cases and Infection Sources of Salmonellosis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010052. [PMID: 31936747 PMCID: PMC7168602 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a major cause of gastroenteritis usually caused by animal-based contaminated foods. Since the current passive surveillance is not sufficient to detect all infections and infection sources, we determined the prevalence of Salmonella isolated from sewage influent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and compared the characteristics of human and food isolates to identify the infection sources. Sewage influent samples were collected monthly from two WWTPs located in the Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan, for three years. Serotypes, antimicrobial resistances, isolation periods, isolated areas, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of six isolates belonging to five serotypes were consistent with those of the isolates from patients. Real-time PCR for Salmonella indicated that sewage influents reflect cases of patients infected with Salmonella, including unreported cases. Serovars Schwarzengrund and Anatum were predominant in sewage, but not in humans, and their characteristics were closely related or identical to those isolated from poultry heart and liver, respectively. These results suggest that sewage influent contains Salmonella isolates from humans and that some originated from unreported human cases infected by poultry-associated products. Therefore, it is necessary to take countermeasures against Salmonella infection based on the unreported cases, which would be disclosed by analysis of sewage influent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Yanagimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Yamanashi Institute of Public Health and Environment, 1-7-31 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0027, Japan; (K.Y.); (T.Y.); (K.U.)
- Environmental and Social System Science Course, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Takaya Yamagami
- Department of Microbiology, Yamanashi Institute of Public Health and Environment, 1-7-31 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0027, Japan; (K.Y.); (T.Y.); (K.U.)
| | - Kosei Uematsu
- Department of Microbiology, Yamanashi Institute of Public Health and Environment, 1-7-31 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0027, Japan; (K.Y.); (T.Y.); (K.U.)
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-55-220-8725
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Zafar H, Rahman SU, Ali S, Javed MT. Evaluation of a Salmonella Strain Isolated from Honeybee Gut as a Potential Live Oral Vaccine Against Lethal Infection of Salmonella Typhimurium. Pol J Microbiol 2019; 68:173-183. [PMID: 31257790 DOI: 10.21307/pjm-2019-017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, Salmonella species were isolated from the animal, insect and human enteric sources in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. These species were characterized by different microbiological and molecular techniques including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. Furthermore, sequencing of the amplicons confirmed all ten isolates as Salmonella strains. The antigenic cross-reactivity was found maximum between the HB1 (strain isolated from honeybee) antiserum and its antigen with an antibody titer of 1:128, while the HB1 antiserum showed a cross-reactive titer range of 1:8 to 1:64. On the basis of the highest geometric mean titer (GMT) shown by the antiserum of the HB1 antigen, it was selected as the best candidate for a cross-reactive live Salmonella oral antigen. Moreover, the HB1 antigen was used a live oral antigen (1 × 1010 CFU/ml) in a safety test in rabbits and proved to be avirulent. During the animal trial, three different oral doses of the HB1 live oral antigen were evaluated in four different rabbits' groups (R1, R2, R3, and R4). The dose number 2 of 0.5 ml (two drops orally and repeated after one week) gave the best GMT measured by indirect hemagglutination (IHA) as compared to the other two doses, while R4 group was kept as control. Results of the challenge protection test also validated the efficacy of the double dose of the HB1 live vaccine, which gave the highest survival percentage. Results of this study lay the foundation for a potential cross-reactive live oral Salmonella vaccine that has proved to be immunogenic in rabbits. In this research, Salmonella species were isolated from the animal, insect and human enteric sources in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. These species were characterized by different microbiological and molecular techniques including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. Furthermore, sequencing of the amplicons confirmed all ten isolates as Salmonella strains. The antigenic cross-reactivity was found maximum between the HB1 (strain isolated from honeybee) antiserum and its antigen with an antibody titer of 1:128, while the HB1 antiserum showed a cross-reactive titer range of 1:8 to 1:64. On the basis of the highest geometric mean titer (GMT) shown by the antiserum of the HB1 antigen, it was selected as the best candidate for a cross-reactive live Salmonella oral antigen. Moreover, the HB1 antigen was used a live oral antigen (1 × 1010 CFU/ml) in a safety test in rabbits and proved to be avirulent. During the animal trial, three different oral doses of the HB1 live oral antigen were evaluated in four different rabbits’ groups (R1, R2, R3, and R4). The dose number 2 of 0.5 ml (two drops orally and repeated after one week) gave the best GMT measured by indirect hemagglutination (IHA) as compared to the other two doses, while R4 group was kept as control. Results of the challenge protection test also validated the efficacy of the double dose of the HB1 live vaccine, which gave the highest survival percentage. Results of this study lay the foundation for a potential cross-reactive live oral Salmonella vaccine that has proved to be immunogenic in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Zafar
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture , Faisalabad, Punjab , Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ur Rahman
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture , Faisalabad, Punjab , Pakistan
| | - Sultan Ali
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture , Faisalabad, Punjab , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq Javed
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agriculture , Faisalabad, Punjab , Pakistan
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18
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Zafar H, Rahman SU, Ali S, Javed MT. Evaluation of a Salmonella Strain Isolated from Honeybee Gut as a Potential Live Oral Vaccine Against Lethal Infection of Salmonella Typhimurium. Pol J Microbiol 2019. [PMID: 31257790 PMCID: PMC7260634 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2019-017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, Salmonella species were isolated from the animal, insect and human enteric sources in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. These species were characterized by different microbiological and molecular techniques including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. Furthermore, sequencing of the amplicons confirmed all ten isolates as Salmonella strains. The antigenic cross-reactivity was found maximum between the HB1 (strain isolated from honeybee) antiserum and its antigen with an antibody titer of 1:128, while the HB1 antiserum showed a cross-reactive titer range of 1:8 to 1:64. On the basis of the highest geometric mean titer (GMT) shown by the antiserum of the HB1 antigen, it was selected as the best candidate for a cross-reactive live Salmonella oral antigen. Moreover, the HB1 antigen was used a live oral antigen (1 × 1010 CFU/ml) in a safety test in rabbits and proved to be avirulent. During the animal trial, three different oral doses of the HB1 live oral antigen were evaluated in four different rabbits’ groups (R1, R2, R3, and R4). The dose number 2 of 0.5 ml (two drops orally and repeated after one week) gave the best GMT measured by indirect hemagglutination (IHA) as compared to the other two doses, while R4 group was kept as control. Results of the challenge protection test also validated the efficacy of the double dose of the HB1 live vaccine, which gave the highest survival percentage. Results of this study lay the foundation for a potential cross-reactive live oral Salmonella vaccine that has proved to be immunogenic in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Zafar
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture , Faisalabad, Punjab , Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ur Rahman
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture , Faisalabad, Punjab , Pakistan
| | - Sultan Ali
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture , Faisalabad, Punjab , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq Javed
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agriculture , Faisalabad, Punjab , Pakistan
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Kalambhe DG, Zade NN, Chaudhari SP, Shinde SV, Khan W, Patil AR. Isolation, antibiogram and pathogenicity of Salmonella spp. recovered from slaughtered food animals in Nagpur region of Central India. Vet World 2016; 9:176-81. [PMID: 27051204 PMCID: PMC4819368 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.176-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To determine the prevalence, antibiogram and pathogenicity of Salmonella spp. in the common food animals slaughtered for consumption purpose at government approved slaughter houses located in and around Nagpur region during a period of 2010-2012. Materials and Methods: A total of 400 samples comprising 50 each of blood and meat from each slaughtered male cattle, buffaloes, pigs and goats were collected. Isolation was done by pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water and enrichment in Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth with subsequent selective plating onto xylose lysine deoxycholate agar. Presumptive Salmonella colonies were biochemically confirmed and analyzed for pathogenicity by hemolysin production and Congo red dye binding assay (CRDA). An antibiotic sensitivity test was performed to assess the antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates. Results: A total of 10 isolates of Salmonella spp. from meat (3 from cattle, 1 from buffaloes and 6 from pigs) with an overall prevalence of 5% among food animals was recorded. No isolation was reported from any blood samples. Pathogenicity assays revealed 100% and 80% positivity for CRDA and hemolytic activity, respectively. Antimicrobial sensitivity test showed multi-drug resistance. The overall resistance of 50% was noted for trimethoprim followed by ampicillin (20%). A maximum sensitivity (80%) was reported to gentamycin followed by 40% each to ampicillin and trimethoprim, 30% to amikacin and 10% to kanamycin. Conclusion: The presence of multidrug resistant and potentially pathogenic Salmonella spp. in slaughtered food animals in Nagpur region can be a matter of concern for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Kalambhe
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - N N Zade
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - S P Chaudhari
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - S V Shinde
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - W Khan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - A R Patil
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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