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Costa VA, Holmes EC. Diversity, evolution, and emergence of fish viruses. J Virol 2024:e0011824. [PMID: 38785422 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00118-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The production of aquatic animals has more than doubled over the last 50 years and is anticipated to continually increase. While fish are recognized as a valuable and sustainable source of nutrition, particularly in the context of human population growth and climate change, the rapid expansion of aquaculture coincides with the emergence of highly pathogenic viruses that often spread globally through aquacultural practices. Here, we provide an overview of the fish virome and its relevance for disease emergence, with a focus on the insights gained through metagenomic sequencing, noting potential areas for future study. In particular, we describe the diversity and evolution of fish viruses, for which the majority have no known disease associations, and demonstrate how viruses emerge in fish populations, most notably at an expanding domestic-wild interface. We also show how wild fish are a powerful and tractable model system to study virus ecology and evolution more broadly and can be used to identify the major factors that shape vertebrate viromes. Central to this is a process of virus-host co-divergence that proceeds over many millions of years, combined with ongoing cross-species virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo A Costa
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Johan CAC, Abdullah MDD, Emilia SN, Zainathan SC. Molecular epidemiology of Megalocytivirus in freshwater angelfish ( Pterophyllum scalare) from Johor, Malaysia. Vet World 2023; 16:2158-2172. [PMID: 38023273 PMCID: PMC10668548 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2158-2172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Malaysia has more than 630 culturists who are involved in the ornamental fish industry and culture 250 species, including local and exotic species. Among these viruses, megalocytiviruses have been associated with severe systemic diseases and economic losses in ornamental fish. The intensity of Megalocytivirus infection in Pterophyllum scalare in Malaysia remains unknown. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Megalocytivirus while discovering its associated risk factors and the genotypes of its causative agents in an ornamental fish farm in Malaysia. Materials and Methods Seven broodstock pairs of P. scalare were used in this study to follow the life stages of fish, from egg to market size. Water samples and other samples, such as mucus swabs, gill swabs, P. scalare eggs, fries, juveniles, snails, snail eggs, live feed (Tubifex worms and Moina spp.), sediment samples, and wild fish, were collected periodically for initial environmental sampling from day 0 to day 60. Nested polymerase chain reaction amplifications were performed for megalocytivirus-related sequences. The phylogenetic tree, including the sampled causative agents of megalocytiviruses, was inferred from the major capsid protein genes of all known Iridoviridae species. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the strength of the correlation between the presence of megalocytiviruses in P. scalare samples and the associated risk factors. Results A total of 312 out of 935 pooled and individual samples tested positive for the presence of Megalocytivirus-related sequences, except snail eggs and wild fish (Poecilia reticulata). No clinical symptoms were observed in any fish samples. Megalocytivirus-associated viruses detected in water samples indicate horizontal transmission of the virus. All the nucleotide sequences found in this study had high nucleotide identities of 95%-99 % and were closely related to Megalocytivirus genotype I infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus. Risk factors associated with Megalocytivirus include water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and the life stages of P. scalare. High Megalocytivirus infection was detected when the water temperature, DO, and pH were high in P. scalare, high water temperature and nitrate in the water samples, and the same rate of Megalocytivirus infection in P. scalare fry and juveniles. Conclusion This is the first study to confirm the existence of different possible routes of megalocytivirus distribution in ornamental fish farms in Malaysia. Nevertheless, the connection between the mode of transmission and the risk factors for this virus needs to be explored further to recognize the evolution and potential new host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Azarulzaman Che Johan
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Muhd Danish Daniel Abdullah
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Noor Emilia
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Sandra Catherine Zainathan
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
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Arianto SR, Syah FA, Sari LA, Nafisyah AL, Arsad S, Musa N. Analyze the toxicities of benzalkonium chloride as a COVID-19 disinfectant in physiological goldfish ( Carassius auratus). Vet World 2023; 16:1400-1407. [PMID: 37621530 PMCID: PMC10446731 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1400-1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) impacts increasing the use of disinfectants (benzalkonium chloride), which indirectly accumulate in water. The disinfectant accumulation in waters has been studied, but there has been no study of its impact on aquatic commodities, especially fish with a high sensitivity, one of which is goldfish (Carassius auratus). Benzalkonium chloride can potentially affect several body proteins, including the cytoskeleton, nervous and endocrine systems, and fish physiology. This study aimed to determine the impact of benzalkonium chloride as a disinfectant on the level of color brightness, growth, gill histopathology, and mortality in goldfish. This investigation provides input into the impact of using disinfectants to prevent COVID-19 on aquatic commodities. Materials and Methods This study utilized goldfish specimens sourced from Tulungagung, East Java, Indonesia. The experiment involved different concentration levels of benzalkonium chloride: (T1) 0 mg/L, (T2) 0.03 mg/L, (T3) 0.06 mg/L, (T4) 0.09 mg/L, and (T5) 0.12 mg/L. The research data were subjected to an analysis of variance for analysis. In cases where significant differences were observed, Duncan's test was conducted for color brightness, growth, and mortality data. Furthermore, if the gill histopathological data yielded significant differences, additional tests were applied (Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test). Results The findings of this study demonstrated significant differences (p < 0.05) in the level of color brightness, growth, gill histopathology, and mortality in goldfish in response to varying concentrations of benzalkonium chloride. The relationship between the length and weight of the goldfish was analyzed using regression coefficients (b values), which were determined as 4.86, -0.04, -0.2, 0.8, and -0.07, respectively. Notably, the brightness level in the T2 group exhibited positive color results with a hue value of 11.55°, while optimal growth was observed in the T4 group, as evidenced by b value of 0.8. The gill histopathological data showed significant differences (p < 0.05). The scoring of histopathological damage in the goldfish gills ranged from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating more severe damage. The highest total score of 10 was observed in the T5 group exposed to a concentration of 0.12 mg/L, resulting in an 85% mortality rate. This indicates that benzalkonium chloride, with its toxic compounds, can disrupt the respiratory system of fish and lead to death. Conclusion The effects of benzalkonium chloride were evident even at a concentration of 0.03 mg/L. With increasing concentration, there was an increase in mortality rate, a decrease in growth, and a rise in histopathological damage to the gills. These findings highlight the negative impact of using conventional disinfectants on water and its organisms, emphasizing the need for further research on environmentally friendly alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisilia Rivanda Arianto
- Program Study of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya 60115 East Java, Indonesia
| | - Fendi Aprian Syah
- Program Study of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya 60115 East Java, Indonesia
| | - Luthfiana Aprilianita Sari
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya 60115 East Java, Indonesia
| | - Ayu Lana Nafisyah
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya 60115 East Java, Indonesia
| | - Sulastri Arsad
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, ul. Mickiewicza 16a, 70-383 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Nadirah Musa
- Department of Fisheries Science and Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
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Fu W, Li Y, Fu Y, Zhang W, Luo P, Sun Q, Yu F, Weng S, Li W, He J, Dong C. The Inactivated ISKNV-I Vaccine Confers Highly Effective Cross-Protection against Epidemic RSIV-I and RSIV-II from Cultured Spotted Sea Bass Lateolabrax maculatus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0449522. [PMID: 37222626 PMCID: PMC10269448 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04495-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Megalocytivirus of the family Iridoviridae is composed of two distinct species, namely, infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) and scale drop disease virus (SDDV), and both are important causative agents in a variety of bony fish worldwide. Of them, the ISKNV species is subdivided into three genotypes, namely, red seabream iridovirus (RSIV), ISKNV, and turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV), and a further six subgenotypes, RSIV-I, RSIV-II, ISKNV-I, ISKNV-II, TRBIV-I, and TRBIV-II. Commercial vaccines derived from RSIV-I , RSIV-II and ISKNV-I have been available to several fish species. However, studies regarding the cross-protection effect among different genotype or subgenotype isolates have not been fully elucidated. In this study, RSIV-I and RSIV-II were demonstrated as the causative agents in cultured spotted seabass, Lateolabrax maculatus, through serial robust evidence, including cell culture-based viral isolation, whole-genome determination and phylogeny analysis, artificial challenge, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence as well as transmission electron microscope observation. Thereafter, a formalin-killed cell (FKC) vaccine generated from an ISKNV-I isolate was prepared to evaluate the protective effects against two spotted seabass original RSIV-I and RSIV-II. The result showed that the ISKNV-I-based FKC vaccine conferred almost complete cross-protection against RSIV-I and RSIV-II as well as ISKNV-I itself. No serotype difference was observed among RSIV-I, RSIV-II, and ISKNV-I. Additionally, the mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi is proposed as an ideal infection and vaccination fish species for the study of various megalocytiviral isolates. IMPORTANCE Red seabream iridovirus (RSIV) infects a wide mariculture bony fish and has resulted in significant annual economic loss worldwide. Previous studies showed that the phenotypic diversity of infectious RSIV isolates would lead to different virulence characteristics, viral antigenicity, and vaccine efficacy as well as host range. Importantly, it is still doubted whether a universal vaccine could confer the same highly protective effect against various genotypic isolates. Our study here presented enough experimental evidence that a water in oil (w/o) formation of inactivated ISKNV-I vaccine could confer almost complete protection against RSIV-I and RSIV-II as well as ISKNV-I itself. Our study provides valuable data for better understanding the differential infection and immunity among different genotypes of ISKNV and RSIV isolates in the genus Megalocytivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Li
- Zhuhai Modern Agriculture Development Center, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yuting Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Panpan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangzhao Yu
- Zhuhai Modern Agriculture Development Center, Zhuhai, China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wangdong Li
- Zhuhai Modern Agriculture Development Center, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuanfu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Jeong YJ, Kim KI. A New Cell Line Derived from the Caudal Fin of the Dwarf Gourami ( Trichogaster lalius) and Its Susceptibility to Fish Viruses. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:829. [PMID: 37372114 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The detection of megalocytiviruses, especially the infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), in ornamental fish has increased with the rapid growth of the ornamental fish industry. In this study, dwarf gourami fin (DGF) cells derived from the caudal fin of the dwarf gourami (Trichogaster lalius), which is highly susceptible to red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) and ISKNV, were established and characterized. The DGF cells were grown at temperatures ranging from 25 °C to 30 °C in Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum and were subcultured for more than 100 passages, predominantly with epithelial-like cells. DGF cells had a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 44. Although the initial purpose of this study was to establish a cell line for the causative agents of red sea bream iridoviral disease (RSIV and ISKNV), DGF cells were also susceptible to rhabdoviruses (viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, hirame rhabdovirus, and spring viraemia of carp virus), exhibiting a significant cytopathic effect characterized by cell rounding and lysis. Additionally, viral replication and virion morphology were confirmed using virus-specific conventional polymerase chain reaction and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, both RSIV and ISKNV were replicated at high concentrations in DGF cells compared to other cell lines. Notably, the DGF cells maintained a monolayer during ISKNV infection, indicating the possibility of persistent infection. Thus, DGF can be used for viral diagnosis and may play a critical role in advancing our understanding of ISKNV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Jin Jeong
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Il Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, An Z, Zhang X, Vakharia VN, Lin L. Isolation, identification and the pathogenicity characterization of a Santee-Cooper ranavirus and its activation on immune responses in juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 135:108641. [PMID: 36858328 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The largemouth bass virus (LMBV) isolate of Santee-Cooper ranavirus showed evidence of widespread infection in adult fish, but disease presentation caused by different viral strains exhibited considerable difference. In this study, a highly pathogenic LMBV-like resembling Santee-Cooper ranavirus was isolated and identified from juvenile largemouth bass. The pathogenicity and dynamic distribution of LMBV-like strain, histopathological analysis and host immune response of juvenile largemouth bass infected with LMBV-like were investigated. The results show that LMBV-like was highly pathogenic to juvenile fish, and the infected fish showed typical signs of acute haemorrhages and visceral enlargement. LMBV-like positive cells were found in the liver, spleen, kidney, gills, and intestinal tissue, and the virus content in spleen was the highest. Histopathological analysis showed different pathological changes in major tissues of diseased fish, mostly manifested as infiltration of inflammatory cell and histiocyte necrosis. In addition, humoral immune factors such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and acid phosphatase (ACP) were used as serum indicators to evaluate the immune response of juvenile fish after infection. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate the expression patterns of immune-related genes (CD40, IFN-γ, IgM, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12a, Mxd3, TGF-β, and TNFα) in liver, spleen, and head kidney tissues. The results showed that immunological activity of the juvenile largemouth bass was significantly enhanced by LMBV-like infection. This research comprehensively systematically revealed the pathogenic characteristics of LMBV-like separated from juvenile largemouth bass and properties of the host's immune response caused by the virus infection, which providing a basis for further exploring the interaction between the virus and the host, and prevention and treatment of disease caused by Santee-Cooper ranavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Yanbing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zheling Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhenhua An
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Vikram N Vakharia
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore Country, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China.
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Fonseca AA, Laguardia-Nascimento M, Ferreira APS, Pinto CDA, da Silva Gonçalves VL, Barbosa AAS, Rivetti Junior AV, Camargos MF. Genetic differentiation of Megalocytivirus by real time PCR and sequencing. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:3439-3450. [PMID: 36757549 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08282-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Megalocytiviruses (MCV) are double-stranded DNA viruses that infect fish. Two species within the genus are epidemiologically important for fish farming: red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) and infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV). The objective of this work was to study regions that allow the differentiation and correct diagnosis of RSIV and ISKNV. METHODS The regions ORF450L, ORF342L, ORF077, and the intergenic region between ORF37 and ORF42R were sequenced and compared with samples from the database. RESULTS The tree constructed using the sequencing of the PCR product Megalocytivirus. ORF077 separated the three major clades of MCV. RISV genotypes were well divided, but not ISKNV. All qPCRs tests showed acceptable repeatability values, that is, less than 5%. CONCLUSION Two qPCRs for ISKNV detection and two for RSIV were considered suitable for use in the diagnosis and typing of MCV. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of an accurate evaluation of methodologies for the differentiation of MCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Augusto Fonseca
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Brazil. .,UNIFEMM - Centro Universitário, Sete Lagoas, Brazil.
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Koda SA, Subramaniam K, Hick PM, Hall E, Waltzek TB, Becker JA. Partial validation of a TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the detection of the three genotypes of Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281292. [PMID: 36735738 PMCID: PMC9897559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Megalocytiviruses (MCVs) are double-stranded DNA viruses known to infect important freshwater and marine fish species in the aquaculture, food, and ornamental fish industries worldwide. Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is the type species within the genus Megalocytivirus that causes red seabream iridoviral disease (RSIVD) which is a reportable disease to the World Animal Health Organization (WOAH). To better control the transboundary spread of this virus and support WOAH reporting requirements, we developed and partially validated a TaqMan real-time qPCR assay (ISKNV104R) to detect all three genotypes of ISKNV, including the two genotypes that cause RSIVD. Parameters averaged across 48 experiments used a 10-fold dilution series of linearized plasmid DNA (107-101 copies), carrying a fragment of the three-spot gourami iridovirus (TSGIV) hypothetical protein revealed that the assay was linear over 7 orders of magnitude (107-101), a mean efficiency of 99.97 ± 2.92%, a mean correlation coefficient of 1.000 ± 0.001, and a limit of detection (analytical sensitivity) of ≤10 copies of TSGIV DNA. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the ISKNV104R qPCR assay was evaluated and compared to other published assays using a panel of 397 samples from 21 source populations with different prevalence of ISKNV infection (0-100%). The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the ISKNV104R qPCR assay was 91.99% (87.28-95.6; 95% CI) and 89.8% (83.53-94.84). The latent class analysis showed that the ISKNV104R qPCR assay had similar diagnostic sensitivities and specificities with overlapping confidence limits compared to a second TaqMan qPCR assay and a SYBR green assay. This newly developed TaqMan assay represents a partially validated qPCR assay for the detection of the three genotypes of the species ISKNV. The ISKNV104R qPCR assay once fully validated, will serve as an improved diagnostic tool that can be used for ISKNV surveillance efforts and diagnosis in subclinical fish to prevent further spread of MCVs throughout the aquaculture and ornamental fish industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A. Koda
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Hick
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Evelyn Hall
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas B. Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JAB); (TBW)
| | - Joy A. Becker
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (JAB); (TBW)
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Mocho JP, von Krogh K. A FELASA Working Group Survey on Fish Species Used for Research, Methods of Euthanasia, Health Monitoring, and Biosecurity in Europe, North America, and Oceania. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091259. [PMID: 36138738 PMCID: PMC9495953 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary An international survey was conducted regarding species used for research, methods of euthanasia, health monitoring, and biosecurity in fish laboratories. A total of 145 facilities from 23 countries contributed. Over 80 different species were reported to be used for research, of which zebrafish (Danio rerio) was the most common by far. Anesthetic overdose was the preferred method for euthanasia for adults, fry, and larvae not capable of independent feeding. For all developmental stages, the most popular anesthetic compound was tricaine. Around half of the respondents did not perform a completion method to ensure death. One-quarter of the responding facilities did not have a health monitoring system in place. Only a small fraction reported quarantine routines to ensure reliable biological barriers. There was little consensus amongst facilities in how to perform biosecurity measures. Abstract An international survey was conducted regarding species used for research, methods of euthanasia, health monitoring, and biosecurity in fish laboratories. A total of 145 facilities from 23 countries contributed. Collectively, over 80 different species (or groups of species) were reported to be used for research, of which zebrafish (Danio rerio) was the most common by far. About half of the participating laboratories used multiple species. Anesthetic overdose was the preferred method for euthanasia for adult, fry (capable of independent feeding), and larval (not capable of independent feeding) fish. For all developmental stages, the most popular anesthetic compound was tricaine (MS-222), a substance associated with distress and aversion in several species. Moreover, around half of the respondents did not perform a completion method to ensure death. One-quarter of the responding facilities did not have a health monitoring system in place. While most respondents had some form of quarantine process for imported fish, only a small fraction reported quarantine routines that ensure reliable biological barriers. Furthermore, less than one in five screened fish for pathogens while in quarantine. In sum, there was little consensus amongst facilities in how to perform biosecurity measures. Regarding euthanasia, health monitoring, and biosecurity processes, there is a need for updated and universal guidelines and for many laboratories to adjust their practices.
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Deng H, Li Y, Li J, Shen W, Chen Q, Weng S, He J, Xu X. Neomycin inhibits Megalocytivirus infection in fish by antagonizing the increase of intracellular reduced glutathione. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:148-154. [PMID: 35714896 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is the type species of the Megalocytivirus genus that infects a number of marine and freshwater fishes, causing huge economic losses in aquaculture. The ISKNV infection leads to increase of reducing power in cells. As the antibiotic neomycin can promote the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in animal cells, in the current study, the potential therapeutic effect of neomycin on ISKNV infection was explored. We showed that neomycin could decrease the reducing power in cultured MFF-1 cells and inhibit ISKNV infection by antagonizing the shift of the cellular redox balance toward reduction. In vivo experiments further demonstrated that neomycin treatment significantly suppresses ISKNV infection in mandarin fish. Expression of the major capsid protein (MCP) and the proportion of infected cells in tissues were down-regulated after neomycin treatment. Furthermore, neomycin showed complex effects on expression of a set of antiviral related genes of the host. Taking together, the current study suggested that the viral-induced redox imbalance in the infected cells could be used as a target for suppressing ISKNV infection. Neomycin can be potentially utilized for therapeutic treatment of Megalocytivirus diseases by antagonizing intracellular redox changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yeyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jinling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenjie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qiankang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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11
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Yang J, Xu W, Wang W, Pan Z, Qin Q, Huang X, Huang Y. Largemouth Bass Virus Infection Induced Non-Apoptotic Cell Death in MsF Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071568. [PMID: 35891548 PMCID: PMC9321053 DOI: 10.3390/v14071568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Largemouth bass virus (LMBV), belonging to the genus Ranavirus, causes high mortality and heavy economic losses in largemouth bass aquaculture. In the present study, a novel cell line, designated as MsF, was established from the fin of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), and applied to investigate the characteristics of cell death induced by LMBV. MsF cells showed susceptibility to LMBV, evidenced by the occurrence of a cytopathic effect (CPE), increased viral gene transcription, protein synthesis, and viral titers. In LMBV-infected MsF cells, two or more virus assembly sites were observed around the nucleus. Notably, no apoptotic bodies occurred in LMBV-infected MsF cells after nucleus staining, suggesting that cell death induced by LMBV in host cells was distinct from apoptosis. Consistently, DNA fragmentation was not detected in LMBV-infected MsF cells. Furthermore, only caspase-8 and caspase-3 were significantly activated in LMBV-infected MsF cells, suggesting that caspases were involved in non-apoptotic cell death induced by LMBV in host cells. In addition, the disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were detected in both LMBV-infected MsF cells and fathead minnow (FHM) cells. Combined with our previous study, we propose that cell death induced by LMBV infection was cell type dependent. Although LMBV-infected MsF cells showed the characteristics of non-apoptotic cell death, the signal pathways might crosstalk and interconnect between apoptosis and other PCD during LMBV infection. Together, our results not only established the in vitro LMBV infection model for the study of the interaction between LMBV and host cells but also shed new insights into the mechanisms of ranavirus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yang
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Weihua Xu
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Wenji Wang
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Zanbin Pan
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (Y.H.)
| | - Youhua Huang
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (Y.H.)
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12
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Mandrioli L, Codotto V, D’Annunzio G, Volpe E, Errani F, Eishi Y, Uchida K, Morini M, Sarli G, Ciulli S. Pathological and Tissue-Based Molecular Investigation of Granulomas in Cichlids Reared as Ornamental Fish. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111366. [PMID: 35681830 PMCID: PMC9179505 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The global ornamental fish trade has an estimated value of USD 15–30 billion per year and more than a 10% average annual growth. Despite their economic importance, the management of ornamental fish is challenged by a paucity of information, including data on the fish health status. Pathological and microbiological investigations were conducted on ornamental cichlids sampled during routine management activities held at an aquarium commercial facility, in order to evaluate the presence of granuloma in the organs. Cutibacterium acnes and Mycobacterium spp. were detected by molecular methods and immunohistochemistry. These bacteria represent potential zoonotic agents, and the advancement of their knowledge could significantly improve the management of ornamental fish and reduce the risk of exposure for people, such as hobbyists, fish handlers, aquarists, and dedicated personnel. Abstract Cichlids include hundreds of species with a high economic value for aquaculture. These fish are subjected to intensive trade and farming that expose them to the risk of infectious diseases. This work focuses on ornamental cichlids held in an aquarium commercial facility presenting emaciation, in order to evaluate the presence of lesions in fish skin and organs. The fish were sampled during routine management activities and subjected to pathological and molecular investigations. The presence of lymphocystis disease virus, typically associated with cutaneous nodular disease, was ruled out. Histologically, they presented granulomas in the spleen, sometimes extending to the other visceral organs. Bacterial heat-shock protein 65 PCR products were detected in tissues associated, in the majority of cases, with granulomas; molecular investigation identified Mycobacterium spp. in two cases and Cutibacterium acnes in seven cases. Immunoreactivity to anti-Mycobacterium and anti-C. acnes antibodies was detected within granulomas. The presence of C. acnes within granuloma is elucidated for the first time in fish; however, similarly to what is found in humans, this bacterium could be harmless in normal conditions, whereas other contributing factors would be required to trigger a granulomatogenous response. Further confirmation by bacterial culture, as well as using large-scale studies in more controlled situations, is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Mandrioli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.C.); (G.D.); (E.V.); (F.E.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-207972
| | - Victorio Codotto
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.C.); (G.D.); (E.V.); (F.E.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Giulia D’Annunzio
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.C.); (G.D.); (E.V.); (F.E.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Enrico Volpe
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.C.); (G.D.); (E.V.); (F.E.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Francesca Errani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.C.); (G.D.); (E.V.); (F.E.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Yoshinobu Eishi
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; (Y.E.); (K.U.)
| | - Keisuke Uchida
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; (Y.E.); (K.U.)
| | - Maria Morini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.C.); (G.D.); (E.V.); (F.E.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Sarli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.C.); (G.D.); (E.V.); (F.E.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Sara Ciulli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.C.); (G.D.); (E.V.); (F.E.); (M.M.); (G.S.); (S.C.)
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13
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Narendrakumar L, Sudhagar A, Preena PG, Nithianantham SR, Mohandas SP, Swaminathan TR. Detection of Mycobacterium marinum and multidrug-resistant bacteria in a chronic progressive disease outbreak among Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) in India. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Fonseca AA, Laguardia-Nascimento M, Scotá Ferreira AP, Pinto CA, Pereira Freitas TR, Rivetti Júnior AV, Ferreira Homem VS, Camargos MF. Detection of megalocytivirus in Oreochromis niloticus and Pseudoplatystoma corruscans in Brazil. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 149:25-32. [PMID: 35510818 DOI: 10.3354/dao03657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) belongs to the genus Megalocytivirus (MCV), a group of double-stranded DNA genome viruses. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze samples from suspected foci of MCV infection in freshwater fish in Brazil. Samples were collected from infected fish between 2017 and 2021. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 2 groups of MCV circulating in the country. A genetically homogeneous group formed a clade with ISKNV samples from different parts of the world. Only 2 of the sequences from the state of Goiás showed a small genetic distance when compared to the larger group in the same clade. This study describes the validation of 3 qPCR methods and the presence of MCV in Brazil since 2017, including a genotype not previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Augusto Fonseca
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, LFDA-MG/MAPA, 33600-000 Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brazil
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15
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Swaminathan TR, Raj NS, Preena PG, Pradhan PK, Sood N, Kumar RG, Sudhagar A, Sood NK. Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus-associated large-scale mortality in farmed giant gourami, Osphronemus goramy, in India. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:2043-2053. [PMID: 34449899 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Megalocytivirus cause diseases that have serious economic impacts on aquaculture, mainly in East and South-East Asia. Five primary genotypes are known: infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV), threespine stickleback iridovirus (TSIV) and scale drop disease virus (SDDV). ISKNV-mediated infectious spleen and kidney necrosis disease (ISKND) is a major viral disease in both freshwater and marine fish species. In this study, we report the isolation of ISKNV from diseased giant gourami, Osphronemus goramy, in India. Transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of kidney and spleen revealed the presence of numerous polygonal naked viral particles having an outer nucleocapsid layer within the cytoplasm of enlarged cells (115-125 nm). Molecular and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the presence of ISKNV and the major capsid protein (MCP) (1,362 bp) gene in the infected fish had a high similarity to the other ISKNV-I isolates. Moreover, ISKNV was propagated in the Astronotus ocellatus fin (AOF) cell line and further confirmed genotypically. A high mortality rate (60%) was observed in gourami fish injected with ISKNV-positive tissue homogenate through challenge studies. Considering the lethal nature of ISKNV, the present study spotlights the implementation of stringent biosecurity practices for the proper control of the disease in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaraj Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, India
| | - Nithianantham Sundar Raj
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, India
| | - Prasannan Geetha Preena
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, India
| | | | - Neeraj Sood
- ICAR- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India
| | - Rahul Girish Kumar
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, India
| | - Arun Sudhagar
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Sood
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
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